1.
ALGEBRA
A. Expressions & Equations
● Expression: A combination of numbers, variables, and operations (e.g., 3x + 5).
● Equation: States that two expressions are equal (e.g., 2x + 7 = 15).
Simplifying Expressions
● Combine like terms (e.g., 3x + 5x = 8x).
● Apply the distributive property:
a(b + c) = ab + ac
Solving Linear Equations
● Perform inverse operations to isolate the variable.
Example:
3x – 4 = 14
3x = 18
x = 6
Solving Linear Inequalities
● Follow the same rules as equations.
● Flip the inequality sign when multiplying/dividing by a negative number.
2. LINEAR FUNCTIONS
A. Slope
Slope = rise/run = (y₂ – y₁) / (x₂ – x₁)
B. Slope-Intercept Form
y = mx + b
m = slope, b = y-intercept
C. Graphing Linear Functions
● Plot the y-intercept (0, b)
● Use slope (m) to find additional points
3. SYSTEMS OF EQUATIONS
Methods of Solving
1. Substitution Method
2. Elimination Method
3. Graphing Method
Possible Outcomes
● One solution: lines intersect
● No solution: parallel lines
● Infinite solutions: same line
4. POLYNOMIALS
Operations
● Addition/Subtraction: combine like terms
● Multiplication:
○ Distribute (FOIL for binomials):
(a + b)(c + d) = ac + ad + bc + bd
● Factoring:
Common methods:
○ GCF
○ Trinomial factoring (ax² + bx + c)
○ Difference of squares: a² – b² = (a – b)(a + b)
5. RATIONAL EXPRESSIONS
Simplifying
● Factor numerator and denominator
● Cancel common factors
Operations
● Multiply: multiply across
● Divide: multiply by reciprocal
● Add/Subtract: find common denominator
6. SQUARE ROOTS & RADICALS
Simplifying Radicals
● √ab = √a × √b
● Factor inside to remove perfect squares.
Operations
● Add/subtract only like radicals
● Multiply any radicals
● Rationalize denominators when needed
Example:
1 / √3 × √3/√3 = √3/3
7. QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
A. Standard Form
ax² + bx + c = 0
B. Methods of Solving
1. Factoring
2. Completing the Square
3. Quadratic Formula:
x = (−b ± √(b² − 4ac)) / 2a
4. Graphing (Parabolas)
Vertex form: y = a(x – h)² + k
8. GEOMETRY (INTERMEDIATE)
A. Angles
● Complementary: sum = 90°
● Supplementary: sum = 180°
● Vertical angles: equal
● Adjacent angles: share a side
B. Triangles
● Sum of interior angles = 180°
● Pythagorean Theorem:
a² + b² = c² (right triangle)
C. Polygons
● Sum of interior angles = (n – 2) × 180°
● Exterior angle (one angle): 360° ÷ n
D. Circles
● Circumference = 2πr
● Area = πr²
● Arc length = (θ/360°)(2πr)
9. DATA & STATISTICS
Measures of Central Tendency
● Mean = average
● Median = middle
● Mode = most frequent
Measures of Spread
● Range = max – min
● Variance and standard deviation (intro level)
Graphs
● Histogram
● Line graphs
● Bar graphs
● Box-and-whisker plot
10. PROBABILITY
Basic Probability
P(event) = number of favorable outcomes ÷ total outcomes
Compound Events
● Independent events: P(A and B) = P(A) × P(B)
● Dependent events: P(A and B) = P(A) × P(B after A)
Permutations & Combinations
● Order matters → permutation
● Order doesn’t matter → combination