Scribd
Upload
53 views3 pages

Carbon and Its Compounds: Class 10 Notes

Carbon is a versatile element due to its tetravalency and catenation, allowing it to form a wide variety of compounds. It primarily forms covalent bonds and includes important families such as hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, and acids. Notable carbon allotropes include diamond, graphite, and fullerenes.

Uploaded by

soniyaprince1986
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
53 views3 pages

Carbon and Its Compounds: Class 10 Notes

Carbon is a versatile element due to its tetravalency and catenation, allowing it to form a wide variety of compounds. It primarily forms covalent bonds and includes important families such as hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, and acids. Notable carbon allotropes include diamond, graphite, and fullerenes.

Uploaded by

soniyaprince1986
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

CLASS 10 CBSE SCIENCE – CHAPTER 4

CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS – NOTES

1. INTRODUCTION

• Carbon is a versatile element found in all living organisms and many non-living substances.

• It forms a large number of compounds due to catenation and tetravalency.

2. IMPORTANT PROPERTIES OF CARBON

A. Tetravalency

• Atomic number = 6 → Electronic configuration = 2, 4

• Needs 4 electrons to complete octet, so forms 4 covalent bonds.

B. Catenation

• Ability of carbon to form long chains or rings with other carbon atoms.

• Responsible for millions of carbon compounds.

3. COVALENT BONDING

• Carbon forms covalent bonds (sharing of electrons).

• Types of covalent bonds:

– Single bond (−)

– Double bond (=)

– Triple bond (≡)

4. ALLOTROPES OF CARBON

• Diamond – Hardest natural substance, poor conductor of electricity.

• Graphite – Soft, good conductor of electricity.

• Fullerenes – Spherical molecules like C60 (Buckyball).

5. HYDROCARBONS
• Compounds made only of carbon and hydrogen.

• Types:

– Saturated (alkanes: CnH2n+2)

– Unsaturated (alkenes: CnH2n, alkynes: CnH2n−2)

6. FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

• Atoms/groups replacing hydrogen in hydrocarbons. Examples:

– Alcohol: –OH

– Aldehyde: –CHO

– Carboxylic acid: –COOH

– Ketone: –CO–

7. HOMOLOGOUS SERIES

• Series of compounds with same functional group and general formula.

• Successive members differ by –CH2– and mass by 14 u.

• Show similar chemical properties.

8. ETHANOL AND ETHANOIC ACID

• Ethanol: Used in alcoholic drinks, hand sanitizers, fuels (ethanol–petrol blend).

• Ethanoic acid: Gives vinegar its sour taste and smell.

9. SOAP AND DETERGENTS

• Soap: Sodium or potassium salts of fatty acids; form scum in hard water.

• Detergents: Work well in hard water; used in washing powders.

10. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF CARBON COMPOUNDS

• Combustion → CO2 + water + heat

• Oxidation → Alcohol → Aldehyde → Acid

• Addition (unsaturated compounds)


• Substitution (saturated compounds)

SUMMARY

• Carbon’s tetravalency and catenation make it extremely versatile.

• Forms covalent bonds and large variety of compounds.

• Important families include hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, and acids.

You might also like