PROBLEMS Chapter 6

6.2 Composite Beams q = 3.2 kN/m

10 kN
To solve the problems for Section 6.2, assume that the
component parts of the beams are securely bonded by C
adhesives or connected by fasteners. Also, be sure to A B
use the general theory for composite beams described
in Section 6.2. 3m 1m
(b)
Introductory Problems
PRoblEm 6.2-2
6.2-1 A composite beam is constructed using a steel
plate (0.5 in. × 6 in.) with two wood beams (3 in. ×
6 in.) on either side. The wood and steel are securely fas-
tened to act as a single beam. The beam is subjected to 6.2-3 A composite beam consisting of fiberglass
a positive bending moment M z 5 60 kip-in. Calculate faces and a core of particle board has the cross section
the maximum tensile and compressive stresses in the shown in the figure. The width of the beam is 2.0 in.,
wood and steel if E w 5 1500 ksi and Es 5 29,500 ksi. the thickness of the faces is 0.10 in., and the thickness
of the core is 0.50 in. The beam is subjected to a bend-
y ing moment of 250 lb-in. acting about the z axis.
—t Find the maximum bending stresses s f and s c in
b 2
the faces and the core, respectively, if their respective
moduli of elasticity are 4 3 10 6 psi and 1.5 3 10 6 psi.

h
z
y
Steel

Wood 0.10 in.

PRoblEm 6.2-1 z 0.50 in.
C
6.2-2 A wood beam is strengthened using two steel 0.10 in.
plates as shown in Fig. a. The beam has simple sup- 2.0 in.
ports and an overhang and is subjected to a point
load and a uniform load as shown in Fig. b. Calculate PRoblEm 6.2-3
the maximum tensile and compressive stresses of the
beam. Assume that E w 5 11 GPa and Es 5 200 GPa.
6.2-4 A wood beam with cross-sectional dimen-
1 y sions 200 mm × 300 mm is reinforced on its sides by
6 mm
A steel plates 12 mm thick (see figure). The moduli of
elasticity for the steel and wood are Es 5 190 GPa
and E w 5 11 GPa , respectively. Also, the corre-
sponding allowable stresses are σ s 5 110 MPa and
s w 5 7.5 MPa .
O 150 mm (a) Calculate the maximum permissible bending
z
moment M max when the beam is bent about the
z axis.
(b) Repeat part (a) if the beam is now bent about its
C y axis.
6 mm
B (c) Find the required thickness of the steel plates on
2 100 mm the beam bent about the y axis so that M max is
(a) the same for both beam orientations.
616
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 y copper (Assume that the moduli of elasticity
z for the titanium and copper are E Ti and ECu ,
12 mm respectively.)
(b) If d 2 5 40 mm, d1 5 36 mm, E Ti 5 120 GPa ,
ECu 5 110 GPa , s Ti 5 840 MPa , and

300 mm

200 mm
z s Cu 5 700 MPa , what is the maximum
C C y
bending moment M?
(c) What new value of copper diameter d1 will result
300 mm in a balanced design? (i.e., a balanced design is
200 mm 12 mm
12 mm
that in which titanium and copper reach allow-
12 mm
able stress values at the same time).
(a) (b)
PRoblEm 6.2-4
Ti
6.2-5 A hollow box beam is constructed with webs
of Douglas-fir plywood and flanges of pine, as shown Cu
in the figure in a cross-sectional view. The plywood is
1 in. thick and 12 in. wide; the flanges are 2 in. × 4 in.
(nominal size). The modulus of elasticity for the ply-
wood is 1,800,000 psi and for the pine is 1,400,000 psi. d1
(a) If the allowable stresses are 2000 psi for the ply-
d2
wood and 1750 psi for the pine, find the allow-
able bending moment M max when the beam is PRoblEm 6.2-6
bent about the z axis.
(b) Repeat part (a) if the beam is now bent about its
y axis. 6.2-7 A beam with a guided support and 10-ft span
supports a distributed load of intensity q 5 660 lb/ft
y over its first half (see figure part a) and a moment
z M 0 5 300 ft-lb at joint B. The beam consists of a wood
1.5 in.
1.5 in. 1.5 in. member (nominal dimensions 6 in. × 12 in. and actual
dimensions 5.5 in. × 11.5 in. in cross section, as shown
1 in. in the figure part b) that is reinforced by 0.25-in.-
thick steel plates on top and bottom. The moduli of
12 in.

3.5 in.

z
C C y elasticity for the steel and wood are Es 5 30 3 10 6 psi
and E w 5 1.5 3 10 6 psi , respectively.
1 in.
1.5 in. 12 in.

y
1 in. 3.5 in. 1 in.

(a) (b)
0.25 in.
PRoblEm 6.2-5
q
M0 11.5 in.
Representative Problems z C
6.2-6 A round titanium tube of outside diameter d 2 A 5 ft C 5 ft
B
and a copper core of diameter d1 are bonded to form 0.25 in.
a composite beam, as shown in the figure.
(a)
(a) Derive formulas for the allowable bending 5.5 in.
moment M that can be carried by the beam
based upon an allowable stress s Ti in the (b)
titanium and an allowable stress s Cu in the PRoblEm 6.2-7
617
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 (a) Calculate the maximum bending stresses s s in core is shown in the figure. The width b of the beam
the steel plates and s w in the wood member due is 50 mm, the thickness t of the faces is 4 mm, and
to the applied loads. the height hc of the core is 92 mm (total height
(b) If the allowable bending stress in the steel h 5 100 mm). The moduli of elasticity are 75 GPa for
plates is s as 5 14, 000 psi and that in the wood the fiberglass and 1.2 GPa for the plastic. A bending
is s aw 5 900 psi , find q max . (Assume that the moment M 5 275 N ? m acts about the z axis.
moment at B, M 0 , remains at 300 ft-lb.) Determine the maximum stresses in the faces and
(c) If q 5 660 lb/ft and allowable stress values in the core using (a) the general theory for composite beams
part (b) apply, what is M 0,max at B? and (b) the approximate theory for sandwich beams.
y
6.2-8 A plastic-lined steel pipe has the cross- t
sectional shape shown in the figure. The steel pipe
has an outer diameter d 3 5 100 mm and an inner
diameter d 2 5 94 mm . The plastic liner has an inner
diameter d1 5 82 mm. The modulus of elasticity of z hc h
the steel is 75 times the modulus of the plastic. C

(a) Determine the allowable bending moment M allow

if the allowable stress in the steel is 35 MPa and
b t
in the plastic is 600 kPa.
(b) If pipe and liner diameters remain unchanged, PRoblEms 6.2-9 and 6.2-10
what new value of allowable stress for the steel
pipe will result in the steel pipe and plastic liner 6.2-11 A bimetallic beam used in a temperature-
reaching their allowable stress values under control switch consists of strips of aluminum and cop-
the same maximum moment (i.e., a balanced per bonded together as shown in the figure, which is a
design)? What is the new maximum moment? cross-sectional view. The width of the beam is 1.0 in.,
and each strip has a thickness of 1/16 in.
Under the action of a bending moment
y M 5 12 lb-in. acting about the z axis, what are the
maximum stresses s a and s c in the aluminum and
copper, respectively? (Assume E Al 5 10.5 3 10 6 psi
and ECu 5 16.8 3 10 6 psi.)
z d1 d2 d3
C
y 1
— in.
16
Al
PRoblEm 6.2-8 z
O Cu
1
6.2-9 The cross section of a sandwich beam consist- 1.0 in. — in.
16
ing of aluminum alloy faces and a foam core is shown
in the figure. The width b of the beam is 8.0 in., the PRoblEm 6.2-11
thickness t of the faces is 0.25 in., and the height hc of
the core is 5.5 in. (total height h 5 6.0 in.). The moduli
6.2-12 A simply supported composite beam 3 m
long carries a uniformly distributed load of intensity
of elasticity are 10.5 3 10 6 psi for the aluminum faces
q 5 30 kN/m (see figure). The beam is constructed of
and 12,000 psi for the foam core. A bending moment
a wood member, 100 mm wide by 150 mm deep, and is
M 5 40 kip-in. acts about the z axis.
reinforced on its lower side by a steel plate 8 mm thick
Determine the maximum stresses in the faces and
and 100 mm wide.
the core using (a) the general theory for composite beams
and (b) the approximate theory for sandwich beams. (a) Find the maximum bending stresses s w and s s in
the wood and steel, respectively, due to the uniform
6.2-10 The cross section of a sandwich beam con- load if the moduli of elasticity are E w 5 10 GPa
sisting of fiberglass faces and a lightweight plastic for the wood and Es 5 210 GPa for the steel.
618
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 (b) Find the required thickness of the steel plate so 6.2-14 A simply supported composite beam with a
that the steel plate and wood reach their allowable 3.6 m span supports a triangularly distributed load of
stress values, s as 5 100 MPa and s aw 5 8.5 MPa, peak intensity q0 at mid-span (see figure part a). The
simultaneously under the maximum moment. beam is constructed of two wood joists, each 50 mm ×
280 mm, fastened to two steel plates, one of dimen-
y sions 6 mm × 80 mm and the lower plate of dimensions
6 mm × 120 mm (see figure part b). The modulus of elas-
ticity for the wood is 11 GPa and for the steel is 210 GPa.
q = 3.0 kN/m If the allowable stresses are 7 MPa for the wood
and 120 MPa for the steel, find the allowable peak
150 mm
load intensity q0,max when the beam is bent about the
z O z axis. Neglect the weight of the beam.
8
mm y
3m 6 mm × 80 mm
100 mm steel plate

PRoblEm 6.2-12 50 mm × 280 mm

wood joist 280 mm
C
z
6.2-13 A simply supported wooden I-beam with 6 mm × 120 mm
a 12-ft span supports a distributed load of intensity q0 steel plate
q 5 90 lb/ft over its length (see figure part a). The
beam is constructed with a web of Douglas-fir ply- A 1.8 m 1.8 m B
wood and flanges of pine glued to the web, as shown
in the figure part b. The plywood is 3/8 in. thick; the
flanges are 2 in. × 2 in. (actual size). The modulus of (a) (b)
elasticity for the plywood is 1,600,000 psi and for the PRoblEm 6.2-14
pine is 1,200,000 psi.
6.2-15 A composite beam is constructed from
(a) Calculate the maximum bending stresses in the a wood beam (3 in. × 6 in.) and a steel plate (3 in.
pine flanges and in the plywood web. wide). The wood and the steel are securely fastened
(b) What is q max if allowable stresses are 1600 psi in to act as a single beam. The beam is subjected to a
the flanges and 1200 psi in the web? positive bending moment M z 5 75 kip-in. Calculate
the required thickness of the steel plate based on the
following limit states:
q
(a) Allowable compressive stress in the
wood 5 2 ksi
A 12 ft B (b) Allowable tensile stress in the wood 5 2 ksi
(c) Allowable tensile stress in the steel plate 5 16 ksi
Assume that Ew = 1,500 ksi and E s = 30,000 ksi.
(a)
1 y

y 2 in. × 2 in. pine flange A

1
— in.
2 in. 2
C
z h1
8 in. 3 6 in.
— in. plywood
8
(Douglas fir)
2 in. z
O
2 in. h2 C
t
B
(b) 2 3 in.
PRoblEm 6.2-13 PRoblEm 6.2-15
619
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6.2-16 A wood beam in a historic theater is rein- be sure to use the transformed-section method in the
forced with two angle sections at the outside lower solutions.
corners (see figure). If the allowable stress in the Introductory Problems
wood is 12 MPa and that in the steel is 140 MPa,
6.3-1 Repeat Problem 6.2-17 but now use a trans-
what is ratio of the maximum permissible moments
formed-section approach.
for the beam before and after reinforcement with
the angle sections? See Appendix F Table F-5(b) for 6.3-2 A sandwich beam having steel faces enclos-
angle section properties. Assume that E w 5 12 GPa ing a plastic core is subjected to a bending moment
and Es 5 210 GPa. M 5 5 kN ? m . The thickness of each steel face is
t 5 3 mm with modulus of elasticity Es 5 200 GPa.
The height of the plastic core is hp 5 140 mm , and
240 mm its modulus of elasticity is E p 5 800 MPa. The over-
all dimensions of the beam are h 5 146 mm and
b 5 175 mm.
Using the transformed-section method, deter-
mine the maximum tensile and compressive stresses
480 mm in the faces and the core.

102 mm y
1 t = 3 mm
L 102 × 76 × 6.4 6.4 mm

PRoblEm 6.2-16
h = 146 mm

z 2 hp = 140 mm
O
6.2-17 Repeat Problem 6.2-1 but now assume h
—
that the steel plate is smaller (0.5 in. × 5 in.) and is 2
aligned with the top of the beam as shown in the
figure. b = 175 mm t = 3 mm

1
y PRoblEm 6.3-2
—t
b 2

6.3-3 A wood beam 8 in. wide and 12 in. deep

h
(nominal dimensions) is reinforced on top and bot-
z tom by 0.25-in.-thick steel plates (see figure part a).
Steel (a) Find the allowable bending moment M max about
the z axis if the allowable stress in the wood is
Wood 1100 psi and in the steel is 15,000 psi. (Assume
PRoblEms 6.2-17 and 6.3-1 that the ratio of the moduli of elasticity of steel
and wood is 20.)
(b) Compare the moment capacity of the beam
6.3 Transformed-Section Method in part a with that shown in the figure part b
To solve the problems for Section 6.3, assume that which has two 4 in. × 12 in. joists (nominal
the component parts of the beams are securely dimensions) attached to a 1/4 in. × 11.0 in. steel
bonded by adhesives or connected by fasteners. Also, plate.

620
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 1
— in. × 11.0 in. the allowable load qallow? Note: Disregard the
y 4 weight of the beam, and see Table F-3(a) of
steel plate
3.5 in. Appendix F for the dimensions and properties
0.25 in of the C-shape beam.
(b) If the beam is rotated 908 to bend about its

11.25 in.
y

11.5 in.
z
y axis (see figure part b) and uniform load
C C
q 5 250 lb/ft is applied, find the maximum
z
stresses s s and s w in the steel and wood, respec-
0.25 in 4 × 12 tively. Include the weight of the beam. (Assume
joists weight densities of 35 lb/ft 3 and 490 lb/ft 3 for the
7.5 in.
wood and steel, respectively.)
(a) (b)
PRoblEm 6.3-3 y C 8 × 11.5 z

6.3-4 A simple beam of span length 3.2 m carries a

C y
uniform load of intensity 48 kN/m. The cross section z
of the beam is a hollow box with wood flanges and
steel side plates, as shown in the figure. The wood
flanges are 75 mm × 100 mm in cross section, and the C
steel plates are 300 mm deep. C 8 × 11.5 Wood beam Wood beam
What is the required thickness t of the steel plates
(a) (b)
if the allowable stresses are 120 MPa for the steel and
6.5 MPa for the wood? (Assume that the moduli of elas- PRoblEm 6.3-5
ticity for the steel and wood are 210 GPa and 10 GPa,
respectively, and disregard the weight of the beam.) 6.3-6 The composite beam shown in the figure is
simply supported and carries a total uniform load of
y 40 kN/m on a span length of 4.0 m. The beam is built of
a southern pine wood member having cross-sectional
dimensions of 150 mm × 250 mm and two brass plates
75 mm
of cross-sectional dimensions 30 mm × 150 mm.
(a) Determine the maximum stresses s B and s w in
z 300 mm the brass and wood, respectively, if the moduli of
C
elasticity are EB 5 96 GPa and E w 5 14 GPa.
(Disregard the weight of the beam.)
75 mm (b) Find the required thickness of the brass
plates so that the plate and wood reach their
100 mm allowable stress values of s aB 5 70 MPa and
t t s aw 5 8.5 MPa simultaneously under the maxi-
PRoblEm 6.3-4 mum moment. What is the maximum moment?

y
6.3-5 A simple beam that is 18 ft long supports
a uniform load of intensity q. The beam is con- 40 kN/m
structed of two C 8 × 11.5 sections (channel sections 30 mm
or C-shapes) on either side of a 4 × 8 (actual dimen-
z 250 mm
sions) wood beam (see the cross section shown in the C
figure part a). The modulus of elasticity of the steel
4.0 m 30 mm
( Es 5 30, 000 ksi) is 20 times that of the wood ( E w ).
(a) If the allowable stresses in the steel and wood 150 mm
are 12,000 psi and 900 psi, respectively, what is PRoblEm 6.3-6

621
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Representative Problems 4 in.
yC
6.3-7 The cross section of a beam made of thin strips
of aluminum separated by a lightweight plastic is shown
in the figure. The beam has width b 5 3.0 in., the alu- 6 in. z
minum strips have thickness t 5 0.1 in., and the plastic 8 in.
segments have heights d 5 1.2 in. and 3d 5 3.6 in. The
total height of the beam is h 5 6.4 in. Steel angle Wood beam
The moduli of elasticity for the aluminum and plas-
tic are E Al 5 11 3 10 6 psi and E p 5 440 3 10 3 psi,
2 in.
respectively.
Determine the maximum stresses s Al and s p (a)
in the aluminum and plastic, respectively, due to a
Wood flange
bending moment of 6.0 kip-in. 4 in. C
y
y

z
t d

z Wood beam
3d h = 4t + 5d Steel angle
C
2 in.
d
(b)
b PRoblEm 6.3-9
PRoblEms 6.3-7 and 6.3-8
6.3-10 The cross section of a composite beam made
6.3-8 Consider the preceding problem if the beam of aluminum and steel is shown in the figure. The mod-
has width b 5 75 mm, the aluminum strips have uli of elasticity are E Al 5 75 GPa and Es 5 200 GPa.
thickness t 5 3 mm, the plastic segments have heights (a) Under the action of a bending moment that pro-
d 5 40 mm and 3d 5 120 mm, and the total height of duces a maximum stress of 50 MPa in the alumi-
the beam is h 5 212 mm. Also, the moduli of elastic- num, what is the maximum stress s s in the steel?
ity are E AI 5 75 GPa and E p 5 3 GPa, respectively. (b) If the height of the beam remains at 120 mm
Determine the maximum stresses s AI and s p and allowable stresses in steel and aluminum are
in the aluminum and plastic, respectively, due to a defined as 94 MPa and 40 MPa, respectively,
bending moment of 1.0 kN ? m. what heights hAl and hs are required for alumi-
num and steel, respectively, so that both steel
6.3-9 A simple beam that is 18 ft long supports a uni- and aluminum reach their allowable stress values
form load of intensity q. The beam is constructed of under the maximum moment?
two angle sections, each L 6 × 4 × 1/2, on either side of
a 2 in. × 8 in. (actual dimensions) wood beam (see the
cross section shown in the figure part a). The modulus y
of elasticity of the steel is 20 times that of the wood.
Aluminum
(a) If the allowable stresses in the steel and wood 40 mm
are 12,000 psi and 900 psi, respectively, what is Steel
the allowable load qallow? Note: Disregard the
z
weight of the beam, and see Table F-5(a) of O 80 mm
Appendix F for the dimensions and properties
of the angles.
(b) Repeat part (a) if a 1 in. × 10 in. wood flange 30 mm
(actual dimensions) is added (see figure part b). PRoblEm 6.3-10
622
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6.3-11 A beam is constructed of two angle sec- that are welded to the steel beam. (These connectors
tions, each L 5 × 3 × 1/2, that reinforce a 2 × 8 (actual resist the horizontal shear at the contact surface.) The
dimensions) wood plank (see the cross section moduli of elasticity of the steel and the concrete are
shown in the figure). The modulus of elasticity for in the ratio 12 to 1.
the wood is E w 5 1.2 3 10 6 psi and for the steel is Determine the maximum stresses s s and s c in the
Es 5 30 3 10 6 psi. steel and concrete, respectively. Note: See Table F-1(a)
Find the allowable bending moment M allow of Appendix F for the dimensions and properties of
for the beam if the allowable stress in the wood is the steel beam.
s w 5 1100 psi and in the steel is s s 5 12,000 psi .
Note: Disregard the weight of the beam, and see
Table F-5(a) of Appendix F for the dimensions and y
properties of the angles.
30 in.

4 in.
2 × 8 wood plank C
y
z O
W 12 × 50
z
5 in.
3 in. PRoblEm 6.3-13

Steel angles 6.3-14 A reinforced concrete beam (see fig-

ure) is acted on by a positive bending moment of
M 5 160 kN ? m. Steel reinforcement consists of
PRoblEm 6.3-11 4 bars of 28 mm diameter. The modulus of elasticity
for the concrete is E c 5 25 GPa while that of the steel
6.3-12 The cross section of a bimetallic strip is is Es 5 200 GPa.
shown in the figure. Assuming that the moduli of (a) Find the maximum stresses in steel and concrete.
elasticity for metals A and B are E A 5 168 GPa and
(b) If allowable stresses for concrete and steel are
E B 5 90 GPa, respectively, determine the smaller of
s ac 5 9.2 MPa and s as 5 135 MPa, respec-
the two section moduli for the beam. (Recall that sec-
tively, what is the maximum permissible positive
tion modulus is equal to bending moment divided by
bending moment?
maximum bending stress.) In which material does the
(c) What is the required area of steel reinforcement,
maximum stress occur?
As, if a balanced condition must be achieved?
What is the allowable positive bending moment?
y (Recall that in a balanced design, both steel and
concrete reach allowable stress values simultane-
ously under the design moment.)
A 3 mm
z O
B 3 mm

10 mm
625 mm
PRoblEm 6.3-12
4 bars @
28 mm
6.3-13 A W 12 × 50 steel wide-flange beam and a
segment of a 4-inch thick concrete slab (see figure)
jointly resist a positive bending moment of 95 kip-ft. 300 mm
The beam and slab are joined by shear connectors PRoblEm 6.3-14
623
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6.3-15 A reinforced concrete T-beam (see fig- 6.3-17 A wood beam reinforced using two chan-
ure) is acted on by a positive bending moment of nels is subjected to a positive bending moment
M 5 175 kip-ft . Steel reinforcement consists of four M z 5 25 kip-ft. Calculate the largest tensile and
bars of 1.41-inch diameter. The modulus of elastic- compressive stresses in the wood and steel if
ity for the concrete is E c 5 3000 ksi while that of the E w 5 1500 ksi and Es 5 30,000 ksi .
steel is Es 5 29, 000 ksi . Let b 5 48 in., tf 5 4 in.,
y
bw 5 15 in., and d 5 24 in. C 8 × 11.5
(a) Find the maximum stresses in steel and concrete.
(b) If allowable stresses for concrete and steel are Neutral h1
z 4 in.
s ac 5 1400 psi and s as 5 18 ksi, respectively, axis
what is the maximum permissible positive bend-
1 1
ing moment?
4 in. × 6 in.
b h2 4 in.

(b – bw)/ 2 y tf 4 in.
PRoblEm 6.3-17

Neutral 6.3-18 A wood beam reinforced by an aluminum

axis d channel section is shown in the figure. The beam has
4 bars @
a cross section of dimensions 150 mm × 250 mm, and
1.41 in.
the channel has a uniform thickness of 6.5 mm. If the
allowable stresses in the wood and aluminum are 8
MPa and 38 MPa, respectively, and if their moduli of
bw
elasticity are in the ratio 1 to 6, what is the maximum
PRoblEm 6.3-15 allowable bending moment for the beam?
6.3-16 A reinforced concrete slab (see figure) is 150 mm
reinforced with 13-mm bars spaced 160 mm apart at y
d 5 105 mm from the top of the slab. The modulus of
elasticity for the concrete is E c 5 25 GPa , while that
of the steel is Es 5 200 GPa. Assume that allowable
250 mm
stresses for concrete and steel are s ac 5 9.2 MPa and
z
s as 5 135 MPa. O

(a) Find the maximum permissible positive bending 38 mm

moment for a 1-m wide strip of the slab. 6.5 mm
(b) What is the required area of steel reinforcement, 165 mm
As, if a balanced condition must be achieved? PRoblEm 6.3-18
What is the allowable positive bending moment?
(Recall that in a balanced design, both steel and 6.4 Doubly Symmetric Beams
concrete reach allowable stress values simultane-
ously under the design moment.)
with Inclined Loads
To solve the problems for Section 6.4, be sure to draw
a sketch of the cross section showing the orientation of
the neutral axis and the locations of the points where the
stresses are being found.
105 mm Introductory Problems
6.4-1 A beam with a rectangular cross section sup-
ports an inclined load P having its line of action along
160 mm 160 mm 160 mm 160 mm a diagonal of the cross section (see figure). Show that
PRoblEm 6.3-16 the neutral axis lies along the other diagonal.
624
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 y y P
n
E
D
z h
C β C

z B
A α
P b n
PRoblEm 6.4-1
PRoblEms 6.4-4 and 6.4-5

6.4-2 A wood beam with a rectangular cross sec-

tion (see figure) is simply supported on a span of 6.4-5 Solve the preceding problem using the follow-
length L. The longitudinal axis of the beam is hor- ing data: W 8 × 21 section, L 5 84 in., P 5 4.5 kips,
izontal, and the cross section is tilted at an angle α. and a 5 22.58.
The load on the beam is a vertical uniform load of
intensity q acting through the centroid C. Representative Problems
Determine the orientation of the neutral axis
6.4-6 A wood cantilever beam with a rectangular
and calculate the maximum tensile stress s max if
cross section and length L supports an inclined load P
b 5 80 mm, h 5 140 mm, L 5 1.75 m, a 5 22.58, and
at its free end (see figure).
q 5 7.5 kN/m. Determine the orientation of the neutral axis
and calculate the maximum tensile stress s max due
y to the load P. Data for the beam are b 5 80 mm,
h 5 140 mm, L 5 2.0 m, P 5 575 N, and a 5 308 .
b

h y
C
q
z
α
h
z
PRoblEms 6.4-2 and 6.4-3 C α
P
6.4-3 Solve the preceding problem for the following b
data: b 5 6 in., h 5 10 in., L 5 12.0 ft, tan a 5 1/3,
PRoblEms 6.4-6 and 6.4-7
and q 5 325 lb/ft.

6.4-4 A simply supported wide-flange beam of

span length L carries a vertical concentrated load P 6.4-7 Solve the preceding problem for a cantile-
acting through the centroid C at the midpoint of the ver beam with data as b 5 4 in., h 5 9 in., L 5 10 ft,
span (see figure). The beam is attached to supports P 5 325 lb, and a 5 458.
inclined at an angle a to the horizontal.
Determine the orientation of the neutral axis and 6.4-8 A 2-m-long cantilever beam is constructed
calculate the maximum stresses at the outside cor- using a W 310 × 52 section. Load P acts in an inclined
ners of the cross section (points A, B, D, and E) due direction at the free end (see figure). Determine the
to the load P. Data for the beam are W 250 × 44.8 allowable load P that can be carried by the beam if
section, L 5 3.5 m, P 5 18 kN, and a 5 26.578. Note: the maximum permissible tensile and compressive
See Table F-1(b) of Appendix F for the dimensions stresses are 150 MPa. Include the weight of the beam
and properties of the beam. in the calculations.
625
Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
 y of the purlin cross section. The top chords of the
trusses have a slope a 5 278 . The purlin has length
L 5 75 in. Determine the permissible distributed
L=2m load q based on the allowable compressive and tensile
z
stress in the beam s all 5 2 ksi.
C
6.4-10 A steel beam of I-section (see figure) is sim-
ply supported at the ends. Two equal and oppositely
directed bending moments M 0 act at the ends of the
beam, so the beam is in pure bending. The moments
x act in plane mm, which is oriented at an angle α to
P the x-y plane.
y Determine the orientation of the neutral axis and
10° calculate the maximum tensile stress s max due to the
moments M 0 . Data for the beam are S 200 × 27.4
section, M 0 5 4 kN ? m, and a 5 248 . Note: See
Table F-2(b) of Appendix F for the dimensions and
properties of the beam.
z
y
P m

10°

PRoblEm 6.4-8
z C
M0
6.4-9 A wood beam AB with a rectangular cross
section (4 in. × 6 in.) serving as a roof purlin is sim-
ply supported by the top chords of two adjacent roof
m
trusses. The beam is subjected to distributed load q α
acting in the vertical direction through the centroid
PRoblEm 6.4-10

A
q
6.4-11 A cantilever beam with a wide-flange cross
α section and length L supports an inclined load P at
its free end (see figure).
B Determine the orientation of the neutral axis and cal-
α culate the maximum tensile stress s max due to the load P.
Data for the beam are W 10 × 45 section,
L L 5 8.0 ft, P 5 1.5 kips, and a 5 558 . Note: See Table
F-1(a) of Appendix F for the dimensions and proper-
ties of the beam.
y y
b
P
h
α

z q z
C
α

PRoblEm 6.4-9 PRoblEms 6.4-11 and 6.4-12

626
Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
6.4-12 Solve the preceding problem using a Determine the orientation of the neutral axis and
W 310 × 129 section, L 5 1.8 m, P 5 9.5 kN, and calculate the maximum tensile stress s max due to the
a 5 608 . See Table F-1(b) of Appendix F for the load P. Data for the beam are L 5 4.5 m, P 5 500 N,
dimensions and properties of the beam. and a 5 308.

6.4-13 A cantilever beam of W 12 × 14 section 6.4-15 A built-up I-section steel beam with chan-
and length L 5 9 ft supports a slightly inclined load nels attached to the flanges (see figure part a) is sim-
P 5 500 lb at the free end (see figure). ply supported at the ends. Two equal and oppositely
directed bending moments M 0 act at the ends of the
(a) Plot a graph of the stress s A at point A as a beam, so the beam is in pure bending. The moments
function of the angle of inclination α. act in plane mm, which is oriented at an angle α to
(b) Plot a graph of the angle β, which locates the the x-y plane.
neutral axis nn, as a function of the angle α.
(When plotting the graphs, let α vary from 0 to (a) Determine the orientation of the neutral axis
108 .) See Table F-1(a) of Appendix F for the and calculate the maximum tensile stress s max
dimensions and properties of the beam. due to the moments M 0 .
(b) Repeat part (a) if the channels now have their
flanges pointing away from the beam flange, as
y
shown in the figure part b. Data for the beam
are S 6 × 12.5 section with C 4 × 5.4 sections
n A
attached to the flanges, M 0 5 45 kip-in., and
a 5 408. See Tables F-2(a) and F-3(a) of
Appendix F for the dimensions and properties
β of the S and C shapes.
z C

m
y C 4 × 5.4
n

P α

PRoblEm 6.4-13 S 6 × 12.5

z C

6.4-14 A cantilever beam built up from two channel M0 α

shapes, each C 200 × 17.1 and of length L, supports
an inclined load P at its free end (see figure). C 4 × 5.4 m

y (a)

m y

C 4 × 5.4

z C z C S 6 × 12.5
α
M0 α
P

C 4 × 5.4 m

C 200 × 17.1 (b)

PRoblEm 6.4-14 PRoblEm 6.4-15
627
Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
6.4-16 Repeat Problem 6.4-14 but use the config- Determine the orientation of the neutral axis and
uration of channel shapes and loading shown in the calculate the maximum tensile stress s t and maximum
figure. Use P 5 250 N. compressive stress s c in the beam. Use a C 200 × 20.5
channel section with M 5 0.75 kN ? m and u 5 208.
y
6.5-3 An angle section with equal legs is subjected
to a bending moment M having its vector directed
along the 1–1 axis, as shown in the figure.
Determine the orientation of the neutral axis and
z calculate the maximum tensile stress s t and maximum
30° compressive stress s c if the angle is an L 6 × 6 × 3/4 section
P and M 5 20 kip-in. See Table F-4(a) of Appendix F for
the dimensions and properties of the angle section.
2
PRoblEm 6.4-16

6.5 Bending of Unsymmetric Beams

To solve the problems for Section 6.5, be sure to draw M C
a sketch of the cross section showing the orientation of 1 1
the neutral axis and the locations of the points where the
stresses are being found.

6.5-1 A beam with a channel section is subjected to 2

a bending moment M having its vector at an angle θ PRoblEms 6.5-3 and 6.5-4
to the z axis (see figure).
Determine the orientation of the neutral axis and 6.5-4 An angle section with equal legs is subjected
calculate the maximum tensile stress s t and maxi- to a bending moment M having its vector directed
mum compressive stress s c in the beam. along the 1–1 axis, as shown in the figure.
Use the following data: C 8 × 11.5 section, Determine the orientation of the neutral axis
M 5 20 kip-in., tanu 5 1/3 . See Table F-3(a) of and calculate the maximum tensile stress s t and
Appendix F for the dimensions and properties of the maximum compressive stress s c if the section is an
channel section. L 152 × 152 × 12.7 section and M 5 2.5 kN ? m. See
Table F-4(b) of Appendix F for the dimensions and
y
properties of the angle section.

6.5-5 A beam made up of two unequal leg angles is

subjected to a bending moment M having its vector
M at an angle θ to the z axis (see figure part a).

θ (a) For the position shown in the figure, determine

z C the orientation of the neutral axis and calculate
the maximum tensile stress s t and maximum
compressive stress s c in the beam. Assume that
u 5 308 and M 5 30 kip-in.
(b) The two angles are now inverted and attached
back-to-back to form a lintel beam that sup-
PRoblEms 6.5-1 and 6.5-2
ports two courses of brick façade (see figure
part b). Find the new orientation of the neutral
6.5-2 A beam with a channel section is subjected to axis and calculate the maximum tensile stress s t
a bending moment M having its vector at an angle θ and maximum compressive stress s c in the beam
to the z axis (see figure). using u 5 308 and M 5 30 kip-in.
628
Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
 y 6.5-7 The cross section of a steel beam is constructed
1 1 of a W 18 × 71 wide-flange section with a 6 in. × 1/2 in.
L 5 × 3— × — cover plate welded to the top flange and a C 10 × 30
2 2
channel section welded to the bottom flange. This beam
is subjected to a bending moment M having its vector at
z
an angle θ to the z axis (see figure).
θ C
Determine the orientation of the neutral axis and
calculate the maximum tensile stress s t and maxi-
M mum compressive stress s c in the beam. Assume that
u 5 308 and M 5 75 kip-in. Note: The cross-sectional
properties of this beam were computed in Examples
3 D-2 and D-5.
— in.
4
(a)
Plate y
1
y 6 in. × — in.
1 1 2 C1
L 5 × 3— × —
2 2 Lintel beam supporting
brick facade
W 18 × 71 y1
M

θ C2
c
z C
z
y3
θ
C 10 × 30
M C C3
(b) PRoblEm 6.5-7
PRoblEm 6.5-5
6.5-8 The cross section of a steel beam is shown
6.5-6 The Z-section of Example D-7 is subjected to in the figure. This beam is subjected to a bending
M 5 5 kN ? m , as shown. moment M having its vector at an angle θ to the z axis.
Determine the orientation of the neutral axis and Determine the orientation of the neutral axis
calculate the maximum tensile stress s t and maximum and calculate the maximum tensile stress s t and
compressive stress s c in the beam. Use the following maximum compressive stress s c in the beam.
numerical data: height h 5 200 mm, width b 5 90 mm, Assume that u 5 22.58 and M 5 4.5 kN ? m . Use
constant thickness t 5 15 mm, and u p 5 19.28 . Use cross-sectional properties I x1 5 93.14 3 10 6 mm 4,
I1 5 32.6 3 10 6 mm 4 and I 2 5 2.4 3 10 6 mm 4 from I y1 5 152.7 3 10 6 mm 4, and u p 5 27.38.
Example D-7.
y1
y
180 mm
y1 y 180 mm x1
b 105 mm 30 mm
15 mm
30 mm
C θp
h t z
— x1 θ y = 52.5 mm 90 mm
2
θp M
M O
C x
h 30 mm 90 mm
— t 30 mm
2
t
b 120 mm
PRoblEm 6.5-6 PRoblEm 6.5-8
629
Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
 y
6.5-9 A beam with a semicircular cross section of bf /2 bf /2
radius r is subjected to a bending moment M having +θ, +β
its vector at an angle θ to the z axis (see figure).
Derive formulas for the maximum tensile stress s t c1
and the maximum compressive stress s c in the beam C
for u 5 0, 458, and 908. Express the results in the form z
θ
a M /r 3, where a is a numerical value.
M c2

y
Ls Ls

M
PRoblEm 6.5-10
θ
z
O C
6.5-11 A steel post ( E 5 30 3 10 6 psi) having thick-
ness t 5 1/8 in. and height L 5 72 in. supports a stop
r sign (see figure). The stop sign post is subjected to a
PRoblEm 6.5-9
Circular cut-out,
Section A–A 5/8 in. y d = 0.375 in.
Post, t = 0.125 in.
6.5-10 A built-up beam supporting a condominium
balcony is made up of a structural T (one half of a c1
z 1.5 in.
W 200 × 31.3) for the top flange and web and two q C c2
angles (2 L 102 × 76 × 6.4, long legs back-to-back) for
the bottom flange and web, as shown. The beam is
Stop M
subjected to a bending moment M having its vector 0.5 in. 1.0 in. 1.0 in. 0.5 in.
sign
at an angle θ to the z axis (see figure).
Determine the orientation of the neutral axis and
calculate the maximum tensile stress s t and maxi-
mum compressive stress s c in the beam. Assume that
u 5 308 and M 5 15 kN ? m.
L
Use the numerical properties: c1 5 4.111 mm,
c2 5 4.169 mm, bf 5 134 mm, Ls 5 76 mm, A 5 4144
mm2, I y 5 3.88 3 10 6 mm 4, and Iz 5 34.18 3 106 mm4.

A A

Elevation view of post

© Barry Goodno
© Barry Goodno

Steel post
Built-up beam PRoblEm 6.5-11

630
Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
bending moment M having its vector at an angle θ to y
the z axis.
Determine the orientation of the neutral axis and
calculate the maximum tensile stress s t and maxi-
mum compressive stress s c in the beam. Assume that
A
u 5 308 and M 5 5.0 kip-in. 3
t = — in.
Use the following numerical properties for the 5 32
post: A 5 0.578 in 2 , c1 5 0.769 in., c2 5 0.731 in. , — in.
8 1
— in.
4
I y 5 0.44867 in , and I z 5 0.16101 in . 4 2
M
6.5-12 A C 200 × 17.1 channel section has an angle 1
with equal legs attached as shown; the angle serves 1.75 in. — in.
θ 2
as a lintel beam. The combined steel section is sub- z
jected to a bending moment M having its vector
B
directed along the z axis, as shown in the figure. The
centroid C of the combined section is located at dis- 7 7
— in. — in.
tances xc and yc from the centroid (C1 ) of the channel 8 8
alone. Principal axes x1 and y1 are also shown in the PRoblEm 6.5-13
figure and properties I x1, I y1, and u p are given.
Find the orientation of the neutral axis and cal-
culate the maximum tensile stress s t and maximum 6.8 Shear Stresses in Wide-Flange Beams
compressive stress s c if the angle is an L 76 × 76 ×
To solve the problems for Section 6.8, assume that the
6.4 section and M 5 3.5 kN ? m. Use the following
cross sections are thin-walled. Use centerline dimensions
properties for principal axes for the combined sec-
for all calculations and derivations, unless otherwise
tion: I x1 5 18.49 3 10 6 mm 4, I y1 5 1.602 3 10 6 mm 4,
specified.
u p 5 7.4488 (CW), xc 5 10.70 mm, and yc 5 24.07 mm.
y1 6.8-1 A simple beam with a W 10 × 30 wide-flange
y cross section supports a uniform load of intensity
q 5 3.0 kips/ft on a span of length L 5 12 ft (see figure).
The dimensions of the cross section are h 5 10.5 in.,
b 5 5.81 in., tf 5 0.510 in., and tw 5 0.300 in.
C C1
yc (a) Calculate the maximum shear stress t max on
z M cross section A–A located at distance d 5 2.5 ft
from the end of the beam.
θp
xc (b) Calculate the shear stress τ at point B on the
x1 cross section. Point B is located at a distance
a 5 1.5 in. from the edge of the lower flange.

L 76 × 76 × 6.4 C 200 × 17.1

lintel y
b b
PRoblEm 6.5-12 — —
2 2
6.5-13 A cold-formed steel section is made by folding a
steel plate to form a structural section such as that shown q A tw h
—
in the figure. This beam is subjected to bending moment 2
z
M 5 2 kip-in. at angle u 5 108 to the z axis. Find the C
h
centroid and the orientation of the neutral axis. Find A tf —
B 2
flexural normal stresses at points A and B (see figure).
Use the flexure formula based on principal axes and then d a
confirm your solution using the general flexure formula. L
Hint: the plate is thin so use centerline dimensions. PRoblEms 6.8-1 and 6.8-2
631
Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
6.8-2 Solve the preceding problem for a W 250 × y
44.8 wide-flange shape with L 5 3.5 m , q 5 45 kN/m ,
h 5 267 mm, b 5 148 mm, tf 5 13 mm, tw 5 7.62 mm,
d 5 0.5 m, and a 5 50 mm.

6.8-3 A beam of wide-flange shape, W 8 × 28, has z S C

the cross section shown in the figure. The dimen- e
sions are b 5 6.54 in., h 5 8.06 in., tw 5 0.285 in. ,
and tf 5 0.465 in.. The loads on the beam produce
a shear force V 5 7.5 kips at the cross section under PRoblEms 6.9-1 and 6.9-2
consideration.
(a) Use centerline dimensions to calculate the maxi-
mum shear stress t max in the web of the beam. 6.9-2 Calculate the distance e from the centerline of
(b) Use the more exact analysis of Section 5.10 in the web of a C 310 × 45 channel section to the shear
Chapter 5 to calculate the maximum shear stress center S (see figure). Note: For purposes of analysis,
in the web of the beam and compare it with the consider the flanges to be rectangles with thickness
stress obtained in part (a). tf equal to the average flange thickness given in Table
F-3(b) in Appendix F.

y 6.9-3 The cross section of an unbalanced wide-

tf flange beam is shown in the figure. Derive the fol-
lowing formula for the distance h1 from the centerline
of one flange to the shear center S:
t2 b23 h
h1 5
z h t1b13 1 t2 b23
C
Also, check the formula for the special cases of a
tw
tf T-beam ( b2 5 t2 5 0) and a balanced wide-flange
beam (t2 5 t1 and b2 5 b1).

b
PRoblEms 6.8-3 and 6.8-4 y

6.8-4 Solve the preceding problem for a W 200 × 41.7 t2

shape with b 5 166 mm, h 5 205 mm, tw 5 7.24 mm, t1
b1
tf 5 11.8 mm, and V 5 38 kN. z b2
S C

6.9 Shear Centers of Thin-Walled h1 h2

Open Sections h
To locate the shear centers in the problems for Section 6.9, PRoblEm 6.9-3
assume that the cross sections are thin-walled and use
centerline dimensions for all calculations and derivations.
6.9-4 The cross section of an unbalanced wide-
6.9-1 Calculate the distance e from the centerline flange beam is shown in the figure. Derive the fol-
of the web of a C 15 × 40 channel section to the shear lowing formula for the distance e from the centerline
center S (see figure). Note: For purposes of analysis, of the web to the shear center S:
consider the flanges to be rectangles with thickness
3tf ( b22 2 b12 )
tf equal to the average flange thickness given in Table e5
F-3(a) in Appendix F. htw 1 6tt ( b1 1 b2 )

632
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Also, check the formula for the special cases of a y
channel section (b1 5 0 and b2 5 b) and a doubly
symmetric beam ( b1 5 b2 5 b /2) .
r
S
z C
y e
tf

(a)
tw h
—
2
S y
z
C Flange
e (r/2 t) r/2
h
—
tf 2 r
S
z C
e
b1 b2 Flange
PRoblEm 6.9-4 (r/2 t)

(b)
6.9-5 The cross section of a channel beam with PRoblEm 6.9-6
double flanges and constant thickness throughout
the section is shown in the figure.
Derive the following formula for the distance e
from the centerline of the web to the shear center S:
3b 2 ( h12 1 h22 )
e5
h23 1 6b( h12 1 h22 ) 6.9-7 The cross section of a slit square tube of con-
stant thickness is shown in the figure. Derive the fol-
lowing formula for the distance e from the corner of
y
the cross section to the shear center S:

b
e5
2 2
S C h1 h2
z
e

b y
PRoblEm 6.9-5

6.9-6 The cross section of a slit circular tube of b

constant thickness is shown in the figure.
(a) Show that the distance e from the center of the S
z
circle to the shear center S is equal to 2r in the e C
figure part a.
(b) Find an expression for e if flanges with the
same thickness as that of the tube are added, as
shown in the figure part b. PRoblEm 6.9-7

633
Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
6.9-8 The cross section of a slit rectangular tube of 6.9-10 Derive the following formula for the dis-
constant thickness is shown in the figures. tance e from the centerline of the wall to the shear
center S for the C-section of constant thickness
(a) Derive the following formula for the distance e
shown in the figure:
from the centerline of the wall of the tube in the
figure part a to the shear center S: 3bh 2 ( b 1 2 a ) 2 8ba 3
e5
b(2 h 1 3b ) h ( h 1 6b 1 6a ) 1 4a 2 (2 a 2 3h )
2

e5
2( h 1 3b ) Also, check the formula for the special cases of a
(b) Find an expression for e if flanges with the same channel section ( a 5 0) and a slit rectangular tube
thickness as that of the tube are added as shown ( a 5 h /2) .
in figure part b.

y
Flange
y y
(h/4 × t)
a
h
—
h
— h
— 2
2 2 S
S S z
z z C
e C e C e
h
—
h
— h
— 2
2 2 a

b
b
— b
— b
— b
—
2 2 2 2 PRoblEm 6.9-10
(a) (b)
PRoblEm 6.9-8
6.9-11 Derive the following formula for the dis-
tance e from the centerline of the wall to the shear
6.9-9 A U-shaped cross section of constant thick- center S for the hat section of constant thickness
ness is shown in the figure. Derive the following shown in the figure:
formula for the distance e from the center of the semi-
circle to the shear center S: 3bh 2 ( b 1 2 a ) 2 8ba 3
e5
h 2 ( h 1 6b 1 6a ) 1 4a 2 (2 a 1 3h )
2(2 r 2 1 b 2 1 p br )
e5
4b 1 p r Also, check the formula for the special case of a
channel section ( a 5 0).
Also, plot a graph showing how the distance e
(expressed as the nondimensional ratio e/r) varies as
a function of the ratio b/r. (Let b/r range from 0 to 2.) y

a
y
b h
—
2
S
r z
C
S e
z h
—
O C 2

a
e b
PRoblEm 6.9-9 PRoblEm 6.9-11
634
Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
6.9-12 The cross section of a sign post of constant 6.10 Elastoplastic Bending
thickness is shown in the figure. Solve the problems for Section 6.10 using the
Derive the formula for the distance e from the assumption that the material is elastoplastic with yield
centerline of the wall of the post to the shear center S:
stress sY .
1
e 5 t ba[4a 2 1 3ab sin ( b ) 1 3ab
3 6.10-1 Determine the shape factor f for a cross sec-
cos( b ) tion in the shape of a double trapezoid having the
1 2 sin ( b )b 2 ]
Iz dimensions shown in the figure.
Also, check your result for the special cases of a
where I z 5 moment of inertia about the z axis.
rhombus ( b1 5 0) and a rectangle ( b1 5 b2 ) .
Also, compare this formula with that given in
Problem 6.9-11 for the special case of b 5 0 here and
a 5 h /2 in both formulas. y

x y b1
h
—
2
a z C h
—
2
b b sin(β )
β b1
b2
a PRoblEm 6.10-1
C
z
a 6.10-2 (a) Determine the shape factor f for a hollow
e circular cross section having inner radius r1 and outer
A A
β radius r2 (see figure). (b) If the section is very thin,
b sin(β )
b what is the shape factor?
y
a y

(a) (b) r1
PRoblEm 6.9-12 z C
6.9-13 A cross section in the shape of a circular arc
of constant thickness is shown in the figure. Derive r2
the following formula for the distance e from the cen- PRoblEm 6.10-2
ter of the arc to the shear center S:
2 r(sin (b ) 2 b cos (b ))
e5 6.10-3 A propped cantilever beam of length
b 2 sin (b ) cos (b ) L 5 54 in. with a sliding support supports a uniform
in which β is in radians. Also, plot a graph showing load of intensity q (see figure). The beam is made of
how the distance e varies as β varies from 0 to π. steel (sY 5 36 ksi) and has a rectangular cross sec-
tion of width b 5 4.5 in. and height h 5 6.0 in.
y What load intensity q will produce a fully plastic
condition in the beam?
r y
q
S β
z O
C z
β C h = 6.0 in.
Sliding support

L = 54 in. b = 4.5 in.

e
PRoblEm 6.10-3
PRoblEm 6.9-13 635
Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
6.10-4 A steel beam of rectangular cross section is cross-sectional dimensions and section modulus of the
40 mm wide and 80 mm high (see figure). The yield beam from Table F-1(a) in Appendix F.
stress of the steel is 210 MPa.
6.10-8 Solve the preceding problem for a W 250 × 89
(a) What percent of the cross-sectional area is occu-
wide-flange beam. Obtain the cross-sectional dimen-
pied by the elastic core if the beam is subjected
sions and section modulus of the beam from Table
to a bending moment of 12.0 kN ? m acting
F-1(b) in Appendix F.
about the z axis?
(b) What is the magnitude of the bending moment 6.10-9 Determine the yield moment MY , plastic
that will cause 50% of the cross section to yield? moment M P, and shape factor f for a W 16 × 100
wide-flange beam if sY 5 36 ksi. Obtain the cross-
y sectional dimensions and section modulus of the
beam from Table F-1(a) in Appendix F.

6.10-10 Solve the preceding problem for a W 410 × 85

wide-f lange beam. Assume that sY 5 250 MPa .
z 80 mm
Obtain the cross-sectional dimensions and sec-
C tion modulus of the beam from Table F-1(b) in
Appendix F.

6.10-11 A hollow box beam with height h 5 16 in.,

40 mm width b 5 8 in., and constant wall thickness
PRoblEm 6.10-4 t 5 0.75 in. is shown in the figure. The beam is con-
structed of steel with yield stress sY 5 32 ksi.
Determine the yield moment MY , plastic moment
6.10-5 Calculate the shape factor f for the wide- MP , and shape factor f.
f lange beam shown in the figure if h 5 12.2 in.,
b 5 8.08 in., tf 5 0.64 in., and tw 5 0.37 in. y
t

z h
C
tf
t
z h
C
b
tf tw PRoblEms 6.10-11 and 6.10-12

b 6.10-12 Solve the preceding problem for a box

beam with dimensions h 5 0.5 m, b 5 0.18 m, and
PRoblEms 6.10-5 and 6.10-6
t 5 22 mm. The yield stress of the steel is 210 MPa.

6.10-6 Solve the preceding problem for a wide- 6.10-13 A hollow box beam with height h 5 9.5 in.,
f lange beam with h 5 404 mm , b 5 140 mm , inside height h1 5 8.0 in., width b 5 5.25 in., and inside
tf 5 11.2 mm, and tw 5 6.99 mm . width b1 5 4.5 in. is shown in the figure.
Assuming that the beam is constructed of steel
6.10-7 Determine the plastic modulus Z and shape with yield stress sY 5 42 ksi , calculate the yield
factor f for a W 12 × 14 wide-flange beam. Obtain the moment MY , plastic moment M P, and shape factor f.

636
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 y y

tw
h1
z h
C a
b1
z
O

b tf
PRoblEms 6.10-13 through 6.10-16 b
PRoblEm 6.10-18

6.10-14 Solve the preceding problem for a box 6.10-19 A wide-flange beam with an unbalanced
cross section has the dimensions shown in the figure.
beam with dimensions h 5 200 mm , h1 5 160 mm,
b 5 150 mm , and b1 5 130 mm . Assume that the Determine the plastic moment MP if sY 5 36 ksi.
beam is constructed of steel with yield stress
sY 5 220 MPa. y
10 in.
6.10-15 The hollow box beam shown in the figure
is subjected to a bending moment M of such magni- 0.5 in.
tude that the flanges yield but the webs remain linearly
elastic.
z O
(a) Calculate the magnitude of the moment M if the 7 in.
dimensions of the cross section are h 5 15 in.,
0.5 in.
h1 5 12.75 in., b 5 9 in., and b1 5 7.5 in. Also,
the yield stress is sY 5 33 ksi . 0.5 in.
(b) What percent of the moment M is produced by 5 in.
the elastic core? PRoblEm 6.10-19
6.10-16 Solve the preceding problem for a box
beam with dimensions h 5 400 mm, h1 5 360 mm, 6.10-20 Determine the plastic moment MP for a
b 5 200 mm , and b1 5 160 mm, and with yield stress beam having the cross section shown in the figure if
sY 5 220 MPa. sY 5 210 MPa.

y
6.10-17 A W 10 × 60 wide-flange beam is subjected
to a bending moment M of such magnitude that the
flanges yield but the web remains linearly elastic.
(a) Calculate the magnitude of the moment M if 120 150
mm mm
the yield stress is sY 5 36 ksi.
(b) What percent of the moment M is produced by
z O
the elastic core?

6.10-18 A singly symmetric beam with a T-section (see 250 mm

figure) has cross-sectional dimensions b 5 140 mm,
a 5 190.8 mm, tw 5 6.99 mm , and tf 5 11.2 mm. 30 mm
Calculate the plastic modulus Z and the shape
factor f. PRoblEm 6.10-20

637
Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203