The diagram illustrates the process of producing ethanol fuel from corn.

The prcedure consists of

sequential stages started with raw corn and ended with transportation purified ethanol for industrial
use. Overall, this process can be divided into 3 main phases: preparation, fermentation and
purification.

At first, raw corn is harvested and stored before undergoing milling which breaks it down into smaller
particles. Water is added to the milled corn and the mixture is then cooked for 4 hours. After that,
the mixture goes on to the fermentation stage, which then lasts for 48 hours, allowing
microorganisms to convert the sugar in corn into enthanol.

At the separation stage where the solid by-product is created along the way of separating its liquid
portion to undergo 5-hours purification process. This process results in obtining pure ethanol which
is then store temporarily before transporting for further use. Meanwhile, the solid by-product is
removed and can be repurposed for other applications, such as animal feed.

In conclusion, corn-based ethanol producttion is a multi-step process involving time-intensive stages

such as cooking, fermenting and purifying. Each stage plays its own crucial part to ensure the
efficiency of ethanol extraction and the quality of the final fuel for further uses.
There is an ongoing debate about whether argument which addresses success in sports commonly
depends primarily on physical strength or while others point out that mental resilience is the key
factor. This has left such scepticism among the crowds, but personally, I believe that physical strength
provides a solid foundation for athletic performance while mental strength plays its crucial role in to
achieving long-term success.

On the one hand, physical health is undeniable factor which helps that enables athletes to meet the
ground standards basis requirements of in attending in any kind of sports. For instance, weighlifting,
swimming or running are sports that requires physical power and demand considerable muscular
endurance and power to execute perform complex technical movements. Athletes attend who
compete in these sports spend years for in intensive training for to build lung capacity and stamina,
which helps them avoid injuries and recover quickly. Without sufficient physical strength
conditioning, even the most talented athlete may find it difficult to compete at the professional level.

On the other hand, mental health is correspondingly important in defining determining success for
athletes atheletic success. Some athletes nowadays/today face severe mental illness struggle with
psychological issues such as which are commonly known as stress and depression, especially when
competing under extreme pressure. Such psychological factors that help athletes maintain their
balance through high-stress competitions are Mental qualities like focus, confidence and
perseverance help them maintain stability and perform consistently in high-stress situations. These
factors attributes mostly contribute enable athletes to handleing pressure, and overcomeing failure,
stay motivated and deliver their best performance when it matters most. which allow athletes
mental stability to consistently outperform in long-run. Top players attending The top Olympic
players often attribute their victories not only to rigorous physical strength training but also to their
mental discipline and self-belief. Eventually, it is often the mental strength resilience that sustains
performance when the body reaches its limits.

In conclusion, both physical and mental power play indispensible roles in ahtlete’s success. have their
own role and play it perfectly in defining success for athletes in many sports. However, I believe that
beside while physical strength which creates the basis of athletic ability ability provides necessary
base, it is mental resilience is a key factor which ultimately differentiates great that distinguishes
outstanding athletes from average ones. Therefore, I believe that success in sports mostly depends
on the mind than on the body.
The pie charts compare the differences in renting and owning houses in the UK in 1991 and 2007.
The gauge used 4 indicators: home ownership, social rental, private rental and social housing.
Overall, property ownership seemed to become increasingly common over the period, while the
proportion of social rental and social housing slightly declined. Additionally, the total number of
homes performed a sharp increase after 17 years from 22 to 27 million.

At the first glance, the majority of homes owned by their occupants, accounted for 60% of the total
in 1997 and sharply rose up to 70% of the total in 2007. Meanwhile, the share of both social renting
and social housing performed an opposite movement. The percentage of social renting dropped a
dramatic 6% from 23% in 1997 to 17% in 2007, followed by the share of social housing decreased
from 6% in 1997 to 2% of the total in 2007 remained respectively at its lowest position throughout
the period. On the other hand, despite changes in other compartments, the proportion of private
renting showed no markable upward or downward trend as it entered a plateau phase at 11% of the
total throughout the period.

In conclusion, the data clearly displayed the major shift towards home ownership and a remarkable
decrease in social renting and housing in the UK froom 1997 to 2007.
In many countries around the world, the phenomenon of people devoting long hours to their jobs
has increasingly become the norm. This has been stemed stemmed from economic pressure,
competitive working environments, and cultural attitudes toward success which, thereby in turn,
drives people into many drawbacks detrimental situations affecting their mental resilience rather
than productivity and personal advancement.

One significant reason to for explain this behavior of spending an excessive amount of time at work
of working is the rising cost of living. Particularly in urban areas, where people commonly struggle
with housing, education and healthcare expenses, woking overtime is the immediate solution to earn
excessive additional amount of their income which helps them maintain a reasonable standard of
life. For instance, in Japan and Korea, working overtime often portraits oneself to ‘workaholic’ which
equates with their workplace culture as dedication and loyalty is often equated with dedication and
loyalty within the workplace culture, portraying oneself as ‘workaholic’. Despite the fact that people
usually feel compelled to do so, they have to conform to social expectations and avoid being seen as
uncommitted instead of their need of – often at the expense of improving personal performance.

The phenomenon has remarkably led to severe drawbacks to for personal mental health such as
chronic stress, sleep deprivation and burnout which, for instance, exacerbated the occupational
fatality rate in Japan due to long hours of working. Psychological studies point out that constantly
working overtime possibly reduces is more likely to reduce long-term productivity rather than
enhancing it. Furthermore, without enough time to spare, people probably tend to sacrifice their
family relationships and personal well-being to satisfy social standards for their career. This work-life
imbalance not only erodes social cohesion but also contributes to mental health crises which have
been increasingly common in overworked societies. The economy driven by overwork often results in
unsustainability because it relies heavily on human exhaustion rather than innovation and efficiency.
While this may boost economic output and personal income in short-term, hence, it ultimately
portraitsproves to be harmful development.

In conclusion, sacrificing one’s life for excessive hours of working which temporarily helps individuals
earn extra income to maintain their living standards and contributes to the economic growth in
short-term. Thereby However, this inevitably leads to work-life imbalance and further dramatic
mental health issues which possibly results in harmful development for long-term success.
Governments should enhance productivity in the labour force through flexible working arrangements
and productivity-focused reforms rather than working overtime, thereby to promote promoting a
healthier work-life balance for their citizens.
The line graph illustrated the amount of oil barrels are produced and consumed daily in China from
1982 to 2006. The unit measured in millions of oil barrels per day throughout the period.

Overall, China oil production and consumption experienced relatively upward trend, however, the
consumption seemed to rise sharply, especially after the mid-1900s, leading to widening the gap
between the 2 figures.

Starting in 1982, China produced and consumed approximately the same amount of oil barrels per
day at around 2 million barrels. While the consumption hit the plateau at that level until 1990, the
production showed a slight increase in 1986 at 3 million barrels per day. The production remained
unchanged until 1994 whereas the consumption dramatically rose over 3 million barrels consuming
daily.

From 1994 onwards, both figurees began to climb, though at different rates. The consumption
quickly reached 4 million barrels for daily consuming, meanwhile, the production just got slightly
over 3 million barrels 4 years later. In 1998, the two trends diverged significantly until the end of this
period, the consumption experienced a dramatic surge, soared to over 6 million barrrels per day as
opposed to the production rose modestly around 3.5 million barrels daily in 2006.

In summary, while both China oil production and consumption followed upward trends, the suppliers
could not keep pace with the consumers in the amount of oil barrels per day, especially after the
1990s, resulting in the substantial shortfall.
There has been an argue that governments and large companies can do more practical and
meaningful things to protect the environment than individuals can ever do. Although large-scale
policies and industrial changes are undeniably crucial, I believe that individuals also play a significant
and complementary role in environmental conservation.

On the one hand, government and major companies have substantial power to create large-scale
impact on people’s behavior towards environmental protection. Governments have the ability to
strictly introduce and enforce regulations on emissions, waste disposal and engery consumption
which, thereby, have immediate and far-reaching impacts on the society. For instance, policies
promoting renewable energy and banning single-use plastics can transform the entire industries and
significantly reducing pollution levels. Similarly, large companies have the resources to invest in
sustainable technologies and redesign production processes to minimize carbon footprint. Without
institutional power and financial capacity, the environmental process would likely be slow and
fragmented.

On the other hand, individual actions, through small in scale, can collectively create meaningful
change. For instance, individual enhance more simple habits such as recycling, conserving energy, or
choosing eco-friendly products can contribute to a culture of sustainability and ultimately reduce
overall environmental strain. Moreover, individuals have the opportunity to exert pressure on
governments and large companies by consumer choices and social movements. When people
consistently favour green brands and vote for environmentally conscious leaders, they indirectly
influence broader policy and corporate behaviour as the results. The widespread popularity of
electrical vehicles and reusable materials stems largely from shifting consumer attitudes rather than
the legislation alone.

In conslusion, while governments and large companies possess great power to tackle environmental
problems, individual efforts remain vital in shaping public opinion and driving systematic change.
Therefore, both indicators are essential to achieve lasting environmental improvement.
Many companies today sponsor sports as a way of advertising themselves. Some people think this
is a good thing for the world of sport. Other think it has disadvantages. Discuss both views and
give your opinion.

Keywords:

Corporate sponsorship

Harm the integrity of sports

Pros:

Provide financial support -> essential for the development of athletes and sporting events

Professtional teams rely heavily on corporate funding

 Cover training costs, facilities, and international travel

Without sponsorship, smaller clubs or less popular sports struggle to survive

Promote the popularity of sports = enable high-quality events and media coverage

 Inspire more people to participate in physical activities

Cons:

Distort the true spirit of sports

Use sporting events primarily for marketing purposes

 Athletes be pressure to act as brand representatives or ambassadors rather than focusing on

their performance.

Sponsors from industries like alcohols, gambling, fastfood or cigarettes

 Send negative messages, especially to young fans

Affect fairness

 Wealthier teams with stronger sponsorship deal often gain unfair competitive advantage

Conclusion:

Legitimate concern about over-commercialization

 Advantages outweigh drawbacks

In need of clear regulations

 Ensure ethical advertising

 Protect athletes’ independence

Sponsorship plays crucial role in promoting sports and supporting talent development

Rather than rejecting corporate involvement altogether, it is more practical to create a balance
framework that benefits both companies and sporting community.
Research indicates that nowadays some consumers are much less influenced by advertising than in
the past. What do you think are the reasons for this? Do you think this is a positive or negative
development?

Keywords:

the impact of advertising on consumer behaviour

the growing awareness of marketing strategies

the availability of online information

positive development for both individuals and society:

modern consumers are less susceptible to advertising

more knowledgeable about how advertisements work

constant exposure to various forms of media

 become more skeptical of exaggerated claims and manipulative techniques used by

companies

the internet provides easy access to independent reviews, price comparisons, and customer
feedback

 allows consumers to make well-informed decisions rather than relying solely on promotional
messages

the rise of social media influencers and user-generated content

 shift trust away from traditional advertising = people tend to believe real experiences over
corporate slogans

beneficial:

consumers are less easily influenced by advertising

 more likely to purchase products based on quality and actual need rather than persuasive
imagery
 encourages companies to focus on innovation and customer satisfaction instead of spending
excessively on marketing campaigns

reduced reliance on advertising

 lessen the pressure of materialism

 helping people adopt a more mindful and sustainable consumption pattern

ethical and informative advertising still plays an important role in raising awareness about new or
socially beneficial products

Conclusion:
the declining influence of advertising stems mainly from consumers’ increased media literacy and
access to information → promotes smarter consumption and pushes businesses toward greater
transparency and quality improvement.

Nowadays, people use bicycles less as a form of transport. Why is this the case? What can we do to
encourage people to use bicycles more?

Keywords:

Become a less common means of transport

explained by several social and environmental factors

practical solutions that could help make cycling more popular again

Reason: the decline in bicycle use

the rapid increase in car ownership

 people’s incomes have risen → prefer cars because they offer greater comfort, speed, and
protection from weather conditions

many urban areas lack the necessary infrastructure for cyclists

 Roads are often crowded

 there are few dedicated bike lanes
 cycling inconvenient and even dangerous

the growing distance between residential areas and workplaces = modern cities expand and people
move to suburbs

 cycling an impractical option for long commutes

Solution:

governments and city planners need to improve cycling infrastructure

 Building separate and safe bicycle lanes → make cycling a more attractive and secure mode
of transport

public campaigns → raise awareness about the environmental and health benefits of cycling

 cities could introduce “bike-to-work” days or offer tax incentives for those who choose eco-
friendly transport

integrating bicycles with public transport systems

 providing bike-sharing stations near bus stops or metro stations

 make cycling more convenient for commuters

Conclusion:

the reduced use of bicycles mainly results from modern lifestyles and inadequate urban planning
with better infrastructure, public support, and government initiatives, cycling could once again
become a practical and sustainable way to travel in cities.
New technologies have changed the way children spend their free time. Do you think the
advantages outweigh the disadvantages?

Keywords:

technological advancements have significantly transformed how children use their leisure time

 offer some educational and creative benefits ≠ the negative consequences far outweigh the
positives

Pros:

provide children with new learning opportunities

Educational apps, online tutorials, and interactive games

 allow them to explore subjects such as languages, science, and art in engaging ways

access to the internet

 helps young people stay informed about global events

 develop digital literacy skills - increasingly important in modern society

Cons:

excessive screen use → has serious health implications

 leading to eye strain, poor posture, and a sedentary lifestyle

 contributes to obesity

the overuse of technology

 isolates children from real-world social interactions

 playing outside or communicating face-to-face ≠ interact virtually
 harm their communication skills and emotional development

exposure to inappropriate online content and cyberbullying

 poses psychological risks

 have lasting effects on mental health

Conclusion:

technology can enhance learning and creativity to some extent

≠ negative impact on children’s physical health, social abilities, and mental well-being

 harmful development overall

While many people go to university for academic study, more people should be encouraged to do
vocational training because there is a lack of qualified workers such as electricians and plumbers.
Do you agree or disagree?

Keywords: