Journal of Mining and Environment (JME) Vol. 13, No.

1, 2022, 1-13

Journal of Mining and Environment (JME)

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Shahrood of Mining
University of Engineering
Technology (IRSME)

A Probability-Based Evaluation on Andesites for Their Use as Cladding

Stone
Ekin Köken1* and Ebru Başpınar Tuncay2

1- Nanotechnology Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Abdullah Gul University, Kayseri, Turkey
2- Geological Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey

Article Info Abstract

Received 2 December 2021
Andesites with a satisfactory quality have been mainly considered as dimension
Received in Revised form 18
stones worldwide. However, practical approaches are required to evaluate the
January 2022 dimension stone quality due to the increasing demand for natural resources. This
Accepted 1 February 2022 study presents detailed laboratory investigations on andesitic rocks in NE Uşak,
Published online 1 February 2022 Turkey. For laboratory studies, representative rock blocks are obtained from
unweathered (W0) to highly weathered (W3) rock masses. Laboratory test results
demonstrate that progressive rock weathering has remarkable influences on the dry
density (ρd), effective porosity (ne), pulse wave velocity (Vp), uniaxial compressive
DOI:10.22044/jme.2022.11447.2130 strength (UCS), flexural strength (FS), and Böhme abrasion value (AWR) of the
Keywords andesitic rocks. Of the above parameters, ne seems to be the most affected rock
property due to progressive rock weathering. Furthermore, based on the three-
Andesite parameter Weibull distribution, andesitic rocks are evaluated for their use as cladding
Cladding stone stones. A quantitative approach called the suitability index (SI) is proposed to
Rock weathering quantify the quality of cladding stones for andesitic rocks, considering six different
Weibull distribution evaluation criteria (C1–C6). Two examples of SI calculations reveal the
implementation of the proposed approach. The suitability of the proposed approach is
also checked by Monte Carlo analysis, showing that the use of SI is suitable to
quantify the cladding stone quality for the investigated andesitic rocks. However, the
proposed approach should be improved by incorporating the mineralogical and
textural characteristics into the SI calculations. Moreover, it should also be attempted
to different andesitic rocks in order to observe the similarities or difficulties of
quantifying the quality of cladding stones.

1. Introduction
Natural stones have been used as construction valued at $35,120.1 million in 2018 and is
and building materials since the dawn of projected to reach $48,068.4 million by 2026 [3].
civilization. They have also been used to repair Based on modern engineering geological
historical structures such as monasteries and approaches, the use of natural building stones can
monuments [1]. For instance, the cladding be encouraged by simplifying testing methods and
systems on pavements, walls, and other building developing new approaches to understand the
surfaces are constructive elements, mainly behavior of rocks under different mechanical and
composed of natural stones that protect the environmental conditions [4]. For this purpose,
building heritage and increase its value [2]. In the several testing methods have been adopted to
light of the above explanations, it is clear that the evaluate the quality of natural resources. More
supply and demand for natural resources have profoundly, the most widely used and preferred
increased considerably in recent years. For rock property is the uniaxial compressive strength
example, the global natural stone market was (UCS) that reflects the mechanical quality of

Corresponding author: [Link]@[Link] (E. Köken).

Köken and Başpınar Tuncay Journal of Mining and Environment (JME) Vol. 13, No. 1, 2022

building stones. In addition, rocks with higher rocks is well observed, but low-quality rocks
tensile strength properties are required in the appear to be indistinguishable to the untrained eye
facing and cladding systems [5]. [8]. In such circumstances, the selection of high-
Particular rock types such as granites and basalts quality rocks depends on the experience of the
are mainly preferred in cladding systems, as they stone manufacturers. However, laboratory
have a higher resistance to mechanical and investigations are required to finalize engineering
environmental conditions [6, 7]. On the other judgments on the quality of building stones.
hand, other rock types such as limestone, marble, Several national and international standards [9–
andesite, gabbro, and sandstone that meet 15] have widely documented several testing
technical specifications can also be used as methodologies and technical supervision for
cladding stones. cladding and dimension stones. In Turkey, for
In most quarries, rock blocks as a building example, the technical specifications for andesites
material are not of uniform quality; in some cases, used as cladding and facing stones are listed in
the difference between high- and low-quality Table 1.

Table 1. Technical specifications of andesites for use as cladding and dimension stone (modified after [10]).
Parameter Unit Abbreviation Maximum value Testing method
Dry unit weight g/cm3 ρd ≥ 2.55
Effective porosity % ne ≤ 1.00 [16]
Water absorption by weight % wa ≤ 0.70
Freezing loss by weight % Wl ≤1 [17]
Uniaxial compressive strength MPa UCS ≥ 100 MPa [18]
Flexural strength MPa FS ≥ 8 MPa [19]
Böhme abrasion value cm3/50cm2 AWR ≤ 17 [20]

However, the quality of the cladding or (W0–W3). Physical and mechanical properties
dimension stones can be highly affected by were determined for each rock type using the
progressive rock weathering, which has not been samples obtained.
considered in practical evaluations. Although rock The adverse effects of progressive rock
weathering has been well noted to decrease the weathering on the considered rock properties (i.e.,
physical and mechanical rock properties [21–26], dry density (ρd), effective porosity (ne), uniaxial
practical knowledge about progressive rock compressive strength (UCS), pulse wave velocity
weathering is limited to evaluating the quality of (Vp), flexural strength (FS), and Böhme abrasion
building stones. Therefore, rock quarries must be value (AWR)) were revealed. The distribution of
investigated from the point of view of this critical the considered rock properties due to progressive
phenomenon. rock weathering was also established based on the
Keep in mind that since rock weathering is a three-parameter Weibull distribution. Based on
prolonged and ongoing process, building stones these distributions in the rock properties, the
should not bear weathering signs or weathered quality of the andesitic rocks was explored for
particles. Under the dominance of progressive their use as cladding stones according to six
rock weathering, the physical and mechanical different evaluation criteria (C1–C6).
rock properties would be widely distributed,
allowing one to use probabilistic approaches to 2. Materials and methods
evaluate the quality of natural stones. In this 2.1. Studied area
regard, several researchers have presented some
The studied area is located in the NE part of
probabilistic approaches for various weathered Uşak, Turkey (Figure 1). The host rocks in the
rocks [27–29]. studied area are composed of Paleozoic-aged
In this manner, the present study introduces a
metamorphic units. The upper strata of the
simple probabilistic approach to evaluate the metamorphic units are defined as the Neogene-
quality of andesitic rocks for their use as cladding aged sedimentary and intrusive units. One of the
stones. For this purpose, a rock quarry located in most notable intrusive units in the studied area can
NE Uşak, Turkey was considered. Detailed field
be declared as andesitic rocks with a wide range
observations were performed, and representative of exposures [30]. In some cases, most andesitic
rock samples were obtained from the andesitic rock exposures have weathering signs such as
rock masses with different weathering grades

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sericitization, chloritization, and argillization. structural zones (Figure 2). Herein, it should be
Andesitic rock masses have a complex structure in mentioned that the investigated andesitic rocks
terms of different weathering zones. have been used as cladding stones with an average
In most cases, andesites with different quality in Uşak province [31].
weathering zones coexist. On the other hand, they
can also be differentiated with respect to cute

Figure 1. Location map of the studied area

Figure 2. Typical andesitic rock masses with different weathering grades in the studied area
(W0: Unweathered, W1: Slightly weathered, W2: Moderately weathered W3: Highly weathered).

2.2 Methods (W2), and highly weathered (W3)). Typical

andesitic rock masses with different weathering
Representative rock blocks were obtained from
grades are illustrated in Figure 2. During the field
several andesitic rock masses with different
observations, the qualitative approach suggested
weathering grades (i.e., unweathered (W0),
by the International Society of Rock Mechanics
slightly weathered (W1), moderately weathered

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[32] was selected in order to determine the correlations between the considered rock
different weathering grades of the rocks (Table 1). properties were revealed based on the laboratory
Based on different weathering grades, test results. In addition, the suitability of the
representative sampling was performed for investigated andesites for use as cladding stones
laboratory studies, where cubical and prismatic was also explored using a simple probabilistic
rock samples were prepared in this context. The approach.

Table 1. Qualitative criteria for rock weathering of rock materials [32]

Mentioned code
Term Description
in this study
There is no visible sign of rock material weathering: perhaps
Fresh W0
slight discoloration on major discontinuity surfaces.
Discoloration indicates weathering of rock material and
discontinuity surfaces. All rock material may be discolored by
Slightly weathered W1
weathering and maybe somewhat weaker externally than in its
fresh condition.
Less than half of the rock material is decomposed and/or
Moderately weathered disintegrated into the soil. Fresh or discolored rock is present W2
either as a continuous framework or as corestones.
More than half of the rock material is decomposed and/or
Highly weathered disintegrated into the soil. Fresh or discolored rock is present W3
either as a continuous framework or as corestones.
All rock materials are decomposed and/or disintegrated into the
Completely weathered –
soil. The original mass structure is still largely intact.
All rock materials are converted into soil. The mass structure
Residual soil and material fabric are destroyed. There is a significant volume –
change, but the soil has not been significantly transported.

3. Laboratory studies water at 20±1 °C. To determine the UCS values, a

stiff loading machine (2000 kN) was used. The Vp
In the laboratory studies, the cubical and
values were also measured using a Pundit-Plus
prismatic rock samples (e.g., 50x50x50 mm,
testing apparatus. Each test was carried out at
70x70x70 mm, and 150x50x25 mm in
least three times under oven-dried conditions for
dimensions) were prepared for each rock type
the individual rock blocks. Twenty-four rock
with different weathering grades. Physical and
blocks were used in the laboratory studies, and the
mechanical properties considered in this study are
average values obtained from the laboratory test
dry density (ρd), effective porosity (ne), pulse
results were presented in this study. Some of the
wave velocity (Vp), uniaxial compressive strength
laboratory studies are illustrated in Figure 3. The
(UCS), flexural strength (FS), and Böhme
laboratory test results are given in Table 2.
abrasion value (AWR). The ρd and ne values of the
Consequently, it can be claimed that the
rocks were determined according to TS EN 1936
investigated rock properties are highly affected by
[16]. The Vp, UCS, FS, and AWR values were
progressive rock weathering. For instance, the
also determined according to TS 699 [17], TS EN
average Vp and UCS values from the W0 to W3
1926 [18], TS EN 13161 [19], and TS EN 14157
types of weathering were found to be between
[20], respectively. Physical properties were
4.26 and 3.17 km/s and 98.33 and 36.91 MPa.
determined using a desiccator filled with distilled

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Figure 3. Laboratory studies a) UCS test b) FS test c) pulse wave (Vp) test d) AWR test.

Figure 4. Variations in considered rock properties due to progressive rock weathering.

The decrease ratios for these properties were properties were revealed by Pearson’s correlation
25.58% and 62.46%, respectively. On the other and regression analyses. The Pearson’s correlation
hand, for the same comparison, the ne and AWR coefficient (r) values are listed in Table 3.
values increased by 287% and 49.93%, Accordingly, the considered rock properties are
respectively (Fig 4). highly correlated under the dominance of
Of the investigated rock properties, ne seems to progressive rock weathering. Significant
be the most affected parameter by progressive relationships between the investigated rock
rock weathering. Several researchers also reported properties were also obtained, which are given in
similar findings [33–38]. In addition, the Figures 5–7.
correlations between the considered rock

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Table 2. Laboratory test results.

Uniaxial
Effective Pulse wave Flexural Böhme abrasion
Dry density, compressive Weathering
porosity, ne velocity, Vp strength, value, AWR
ρd (g/cm3) strength, 3 2 degree [29]
(%) (km/s) FS (MPa) (cm /50cm )
UCS (MPa)
2.56 0.76 4.16 100.62 12.57 14.27
2.54 0.80 4.23 90.07 12.15 12.46
2.54 0.86 4.26 98.94 11.98 15.29 W0
2.58 0.82 4.48 123.50 12.60 14.06
2.53 1.06 4.16 78.52 9.25 15.71
2.54 0.82 4.01 98.07 11.88 13.75
2.46 1.84 3.61 74.29 8.64 17.32
2.48 0.94 4.17 94.90 9.32 19.54 W1
2.50 0.89 4.01 84.39 10.56 18.02
2.48 1.75 3.92 100.22 8.17 14.18
2.45 0.98 3.92 72.98 7.50 19.64
2.45 1.51 4.02 76.80 7.39 16.25
2.33 1.84 3.56 49.40 6.51 22.48
2.44 1.85 3.75 51.76 5.72 17.39
2.44 1.15 3.89 66.17 6.87 17.49
W2
2.41 1.75 3.80 56.63 5.71 19.07
2.40 1.43 3.75 76.78 7.93 13.59
2.33 1.99 3.65 56.46 5.63 20.19
2.43 1.60 3.47 64.18 6.05 17.26
2.37 2.65 3.26 57.68 5.75 20.66
2.35 2.46 3.33 35.65 4.99 19.20
2.26 3.58 3.15 39.58 4.74 24.62
W3
2.23 3.22 3.02 32.31 4.58 20.17
2.23 4.08 3.17 40.09 3.99 22.14
W0: Unweathered, W1: Slightly weathered, W2: Moderately weathered W3: Highly weathered.

Table 3. Pearson’s correlation matrix of variables considered in this study.

Parameter ρd ne Vp UCS FS AWR
ρd 1
ne –0.911 1
Vp 0.921 –0.904 1
UCS 0.899 –0.804 0.893 1
FS 0.897 –0.813 0.861 0.913 1
AWR –0.811 0.723 –0.727 –0.768 –0.756 1
Explanations: ρd: Dry density, ne: Effective porosity, Vp: Pulse wave velocity,
UCS: Uniaxial compressive strength, FS: Flexural strength, AWR: Böhme
abrasion value.

Consequently, UCS, FS, and AWR are of determination (R2) values, which ranged from
associated with ρd, ne, and Vp of the investigated 0.52 to 0.64, was obtained to estimate the AWR of
rocks. Nevertheless, one of the lowest correlations the andesitic rocks.

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Figure 5. Relationships between UCS and some rock properties with respect to progressive rock weathering.

Figure 6. Relationships between FS and some rock properties with respect to progressive rock weathering.

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Figure 7. Relationships between AWR and some rock properties with respect to progressive rock weathering.

Therefore, the number of samples should be geometry was not focused on in this paper, it
increased in order to obtain more comprehensive should be handled concerning rock weathering
relationships in further studies. Anyhow, the evaluations in future studies.
relationships established in this study designate
some correlative parameters in order to evaluate 4. Evaluation of investigated andesitic rocks for
the durability of andesitic rocks from the point of use as cladding stone
progressive rock weathering. This section introduces a probability-based
More profoundly, variations in ρd , ne, and Vp evaluation of the suitability of the investigated
can designate the quality of natural stones, as they
andesitic rocks as cladding stones. For this
are sensitive parameters to progressive rock purpose, the technical specifications listed in
weathering. These rock properties are based on Table 1 were adopted. The distribution of the rock
nondestructive testing methods; therefore, they properties was revealed by the three-parameter
could practically be used to evaluate the quality of Weibull distribution (Eq. 1); consequently, the
natural stones. Consequently, rock weathering shape (β), scale (η), and location (γ) parameters
should be considered in relation to natural stone
obtained from the database (Table 2) are listed in
quality by focusing on variations in the Table 4.
physicomechanical properties of the rock. The

importance of rock weathering to evaluate natural
 1  x  
stone quality has previously been emphasized by   x     (1)
Siegesmund et al. [39]. In addition to the adverse f x     e 
  
effects of progressive rock weathering on the rock
strength properties, progressive rock weathering where β, η and γ are the shape, scale, and
also influences the rock block geometry [40, 41], location parameters, respectively.
another critical parameter in the natural stone
production processes. Although the rock block

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Table 4. Three-parameter Weibull distribution parameters.

Shape Scale Location Number of
Variable Unit
parameter, β parameter, η parameter, γ observations
ρd g/cm3 222.7 18.03 –15.55 24
ne % 0.994 0.966 0.724 24
Vp km/s 5.772 2.029 1.907 24
UCS MPa 2.153 54.343 23.45 24
FS MPa 1.485 4.550 3.810 24
AWR cm3/50cm2 2.024 6.807 11.66 24

Based on the probability density functions on the variations in ρd, which was identified in the
(PDFs) of the variables (Figure 8), the suitability context of the first evaluation criterion (C-1). For
of andesites for their use as cladding stones was the second criterion (C-2), very low-porosity
investigated using a straightforward approach. rocks (ne < 1%) can be available for use as a
Consequently, six different evaluation criteria cladding stone in Turkey, according to Anon [42].
(C1–C6) were established. Furthermore, the limit In this direction, the investigated rocks seemed
values showing the suitability of andesitic rocks suitable in proportion to 24.93%. However,
as a cladding stone in Turkey are also plotted in andesites can also be rarely appropriate (12–13%),
Figure 8. considering the evaluation criteria C-3 and C-4
Based on PDFs, the investigated andesites mainly associated with rock strength properties.
seemed suitable at an average rate of 9%, focusing

Figure 8. PDFs of variables considered in this study.

Related to the last two evaluation criteria (C-5, where x is the suitability ratio (e.g., 9.34 for C-
C-6), andesites appeared eligible at maximum 1, 24.93 for C-2, and 13.19 for C-3), t is the
suitability rates ranging from 41% to 46%. weighted participation index (e.g., if all the
However, in this study, a simple calculation evaluation criteria are performed equally, t is then
methodology based on PDFs was postulated in 20).
connection with technical limit values. As a result, The implementation of SI for the investigated
the suitability index (SI) for the cladding stones andesitic rocks can be given as two different
can be calculated by Eq. 2. examples. When considering the t indices acting
equally (t=20), SI for the andesitic rocks can be
x 1 t 1  x 2 t 2 
 x 3  x 4 t  x 5 t 4  x 6 t 5 calculated as follows:
3
SI  2
5 (2)
t i
i 1

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 C 3 C 4 
 C 1 C 2 C 5 C 6 
 13.19 12.36 
 9.34 24.93 41.28 45.77   20     20
   2 
SI     26.819
100

If the t values can be changeable based on the

different rock engineering judgments, another SI
can also be calculated as follows:

 13.19  12.36 
9.34  15  24.93  25     20  41.28  30  45.77  10
 2 
SI   27.149
100

It can be understood from the above examples 21.95 and 36.73, within the 95% confidence
that the SI values depend on the suitability ratio interval. The average SI value for these rocks was
(x) extracted from the PDFs and the weighted 29.34. Since the investigated andesitic rocks were
participation index (t). On the basis of the above used as cladding stones with an average quality in
explanations, higher values of SI indicate the the Uşak province in Turkey [31], its SI values
rocks with higher quality for their use as cladding could be defined between 22 and 37 (Figure 9).
stones. Furthermore, according to the results of the Monte
The suitability of the proposed approach was Carlo analysis, these andesites can also be
also investigated through several Monte Carlo classified according to their quality for use as
analyses in order to observe the similarities and cladding stones (Table 5). However, in this
difficulties in calculating such SI values. The evaluation, the mineralogical and textural effects
analyses were performed in the Microsoft Excel were not integrated into the SI calculations due to
environment. Accordingly, 1000 trials were the lack of information. Therefore, it is highly
attempted based on such SI calculations. The recommended to incorporate these effects as
Monte Carlo analysis results are given in Figure 9. several coefficients into the SI calculations in
Consequently, for the investigated andesitic future studies.
rocks, the SI values were found to be between

Figure 9. Monte Carlo analysis results.

Table 5. Proposed classification system for cladding The present study, in this context, could be
stone quality. declared a case study on how to quantify cladding
SI Description stone quality for the andesitic rocks. In addition,
< 12 Very low quality this quantitative approach could also be used to
12–22 Low quality classify the cladding stones according to
22–37 Moderate quality performance indices such as service life and
37–60 High quality maintenance interval. However, many andesitic
> 60 Very high quality
rocks from different locations should be

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investigated to improve the proposed [4]. Mustafa, S., Khan M.A., Khan, M.R., Sousa, L.M.,
classification system described in Table 5. Hameed, F., Mughal, M.S. and Niaz, A. (2016)
Building stone evaluation—A case study of the sub-
5. Conclusions Himalayas, Muzaffarabad region, Azad Kashmir,
Pakistan, Eng. Geol. 209: 56–69.
This study presented detailed laboratory
[5]. Bell, F.G. (2007). Engineering Geology, 2nd Ed.
investigations on the andesitic rocks with different Elsevier, ISBN: 9780080469522.
weathering grades in NE Uşak, Turkey. It was
determined that the investigated rock properties [6]. Chau, K.T. and Shao J.F. (2005). Fracture and
were highly affected by progressive rock failure analysis of stone cladding on building facades,
weathering (Table 2). The regression analyses In 11th Int. Conf. on Fracture 2005, ICF11, 2202-2207.
established the correlative parameters (i.e., ρd , ne, [7]. Silva, A., Dias, J.L., Gaspar P.L. and de Brito J.
and Vp) to evaluate UCS, FS, and AWR of the (2011). Service life prediction models for exterior
rocks (Figures 5 and 7). However, the number of stone cladding, Build. Res. Inf. 39(6): 637–653.
samples should be increased for more precise [8]. Schaffer, R.J. (2016). The weathering of natural
estimations of the above parameters. building stones, Routledge, ISBN: 1317742524,
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different evaluation criteria (C1–C6). A Building Stone, Turkish Standards Institution, Ankara.
probability-based approach was introduced by
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(Figure 8). Based on the Monte Carlo analysis Building Stone, Turkish Standards Institution, Ankara.
results, the SI of the andesitic rocks was found to [11]. TS 11137 (1993). Limestone used for building
be between 22 and 37, which can reflect an and facing, Turkish Standards Institution, Ankara.
average quality of cladding stones. For the [12]. ASTM C568/C568M (2015). Standard
investigated andesites, the cladding stone quality Specification for Limestone Dimension Stone, West
could also be classified according to the Conshohocken.
classification described in Table 5. However,
[13]. ASTM C615/C615M (2018) Standard
many sites and laboratory investigations on Specification for Granite Dimension Stone, West
different andesitic rocks are required to enhance Conshohocken.
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mineralogical and textural characteristics are also [14]. ASTM C1528/C1528M-18 (2018). Standard
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Declaration of competing interest Attachment Systems, West Conshohocken, PA.

The authors declare that they have no known [16]. TS EN 1936 (2010). Natural stone test methods-
competing financial interests or personal Determination of real density and apparent density and
of total and open porosity, Turkish Standards
relationships that could have influenced the work
Institution, Ankara.
reported in this document.
[17]. TS 699 (2009). Natural building stones-Methods
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 ‫ﻧﺸﺮﯾﻪ ﻋﻠﻤﯽ‪ -‬ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﯽ ﻣﻌﺪن و ﻣﺤﯿﻂزﯾﺴﺖ‪ ،‬دوره ﺳﯿﺰدﻫﻢ‪ ،‬ﺷﻤﺎره اول‪ ،‬ﺳﺎل ‪1401‬‬ ‫ﮐﻮﮐﻦ و ﺗﻮﻧﺠﺎي‬

‫ﯾﮏ ارزﯾﺎﺑﯽ ﻣﺒﺘﻨﯽ ﺑﺮ اﺣﺘﻤﺎل ﺑﺮ روي آﻧﺪزﯾﺖﻫﺎ ﺑﺮاي اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از آﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﺳﻨﮓ روﮐﺶ‬

‫‪2‬‬
‫اﮐﯿﻦ ﮐﻮﮐﻦ‪ *1‬و اﺑﺮو ﺑﺎﺷﭙﯿﻨﺎر ﺗﻮﻧﺠﺎي‬

‫‪ -1‬ﮔﺮوه ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﯽ ﻧﺎﻧﻮﺗﮑﻨﻮﻟﻮژي‪ ،‬داﻧﺸﮑﺪه ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳ ﯽ‪ ،‬داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻋﺒﺪاﷲ ﮔﻞ‪ ،‬ﻗﯿﺼﺮ ي‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﮐﯿﻪ‬
‫‪ -2‬ﮔﺮوه ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﯽ زﻣﯿﻦ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ‪ ،‬داﻧﺸﮑﺪه ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳ ﯽ‪ ،‬داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺳﻠ ﯿﻤﺎن دﻣﯿﺮل‪ ،‬اﯾﺴﭙﺎرﺗﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﮐﯿﻪ‬

‫ارﺳﺎل ‪ 2021/12/02‬ﭘﺬﯾﺮش ‪2022/02/01‬‬

‫* ﻧﻮﯾﺴﻨﺪه ﻣﺴﺌﻮل ﻣﮑﺎﺗﺒﺎت‪[Link]@[Link] :‬‬

‫ﭼﮑﯿﺪه‪:‬‬

‫آﻧﺪزﯾﺖﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ دﻟﯿﻞ ﮐﯿﻔﯿﺖ رﺿﺎﯾﺖ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺧﻮد ﺑﺼﻮرت ﮔﺴﺘﺮدهاي در ﺳﺮاﺳﺮ دﻧﯿﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﺳﻨﮓ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧﯽ ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻗــﺮار ﻣـﯽﮔﯿﺮﻧــﺪ‪ .‬ﺑــﺎ اﯾـﻦ ﺣــﺎل‪ ،‬ﺑــﻪ دﻟﯿـﻞ اﻓــﺰاﯾﺶ ﺗﻘﺎﺿــﺎ ﺑــﺮاي‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ‪ ،‬روﯾﮑﺮدﻫﺎي ﻋﻤﻠﯽ ﺑﺮاي ارزﯾﺎﺑﯽ ﮐﯿﻔﯿﺖ ﺳﻨﮓ ﻣﻮرد ﻧﯿﺎز اﺳﺖ‪ .‬اﯾﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽﻫﺎي آزﻣﺎﯾﺸﮕﺎﻫﯽ دﻗﯿﻘﯽ را ﺑﺮ روي ﺳــﻨﮓﻫﺎي آﻧــﺪزﯾﺘﯽ در ﺷــﻤﺎل ﺷــﺮﻗﯽ اوﺷــﺎك‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﮐﯿـﻪ‬
‫اراﺋﻪ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت آزﻣﺎﯾﺸﮕﺎﻫﯽ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠﻮكﻫﺎي ﺳﻨﮕﯽ از ﺗﻮدهﻫﺎي ﺳﻨﮕﯽ ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒﺎً ﺳﺎﻟﻢ و ﻫــﻮازده ﻧﺸــﺪه )‪ (W0‬ﺗــﺎ ﺑﺴـﯿﺎر ﻫــﻮازده )‪ (W3‬ﻣــﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳـﯽ ﻗــﺮار ﮔﺮﻓــﺖ‪ .‬ﻧﺘــﺎﯾﺞ آزﻣــﺎﯾﺶ‬
‫آزﻣﺎﯾﺸﮕﺎﻫﯽ ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﯽدﻫﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻫﻮازدﮔﯽ ﭘﯿﺸﺮوﻧﺪه ﺳﻨﮓ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮات ﻗﺎﺑﻞﺗﻮﺟﻬﯽ ﺑﺮ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﯽ ﺧﺸﮏ )‪ ،(ρd‬ﺗﺨﻠﺨــﻞ ﻣــﺆﺛﺮ )‪ ،(ne‬ﺳــﺮﻋﺖ ﻣــﻮج ﭘــﺎﻟﺲ )‪ ،(Vp‬ﻣﻘﺎوﻣــﺖ ﻓﺸــﺎري ﺗــﮏ ﻣﺤــﻮري‬
‫)‪ ،(UCS‬ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺧﻤﺸﯽ )‪ (FS‬و ارزش ﺳﺎﯾﺸﯽ ﺑﻮﻫﻤﻪ ‪ ((AWR‬ﺳﻨﮓ ﻫﺎي آﻧﺪزﯾﺘﯽ دارد‪ .‬در ﻣﯿﺎن ﭘﺎراﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎي ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺷﺪه )‪ (ne‬ﺑﯿﺸــﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﺗــﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﭘــﺬﯾﺮي را از ﻫــﻮازدﮔﯽ ﭘﯿﺶروﻧــﺪه‬
‫ﺳﻨﮓ دارد‪ .‬ﻋﻼوه ﺑﺮ اﯾﻦ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ ﺳﻪ ﭘﺎراﻣﺘﺮي واﯾﺒﻮل‪ ،‬ﺳﻨﮓﻫﺎي آﻧﺪزﯾﺘﯽ ﺑﺮاي اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨــﻮان ﺳــﻨﮓﻫﺎي ﭘﻮﺷﺸـﯽ ارزﯾـﺎﺑﯽ ﻣـﯽﺷــﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﯾـﮏ روﯾﮑــﺮد ﮐﻤـﯽ ﺑــﻪ ﻧــﺎم ﺷـﺎﺧﺺ‬
‫ﺗﻨﺎﺳﺐ )‪ (SI‬ﺑﺮاي ﮐﻤﯽ ﮐﺮدن ﮐﯿﻔﯿﺖ ﺳﻨﮓﻫﺎي روﮐﺸﯽ ﺑــﺮاي ﺳــﻨﮓﻫﺎي آﻧــﺪزﯾﺘﯽ‪ ،‬ﺑــﺎ در ﻧﻈــﺮ ﮔــﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﺷــﺶ ﻣﻌﯿـﺎر ارزﯾـﺎﺑﯽ ﻣﺨﺘﻠــﻒ )‪ (C1-C6‬ﭘﯿﺸــﻨﻬﺎد ﺷــﺪه اﺳــﺖ‪ .‬دو ﻧﻤﻮﻧــﻪ از‬
‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎت ‪ SI‬ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد روﯾﮑﺮد ﭘﯿﺸﻨﻬﺎدي را ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﯽ دﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﻮدن روش ﭘﯿﺸﻨﻬﺎدي ﻧﯿﺰ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺠﺰﯾـﻪ و ﺗﺤﻠﯿـﻞ ﻣﻮﻧــﺖ ﮐــﺎرﻟﻮ ﺑﺮرﺳـﯽ ﺷــﺪ و ﻧﺸــﺎن داد ﮐــﻪ اﺳــﺘﻔﺎده از ‪ SI‬ﺑــﺮاي ﮐﻤـﯽ‬
‫ﮐﺮدن و ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﮐﯿﻔﯿﺖ ﺳﻨﮓ روﮐﺶ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮاي ﺳﻨﮓﻫﺎي آﻧﺪزﯾﺘﯽ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ اﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ اﯾﻦ ﺣﺎل‪ ،‬روﯾﮑﺮد ﭘﯿﺸﻨﻬﺎدي ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺑــﺎ ﺗﺮﮐﯿـﺐ وﯾﮋﮔـﯽﻫــﺎي ﮐــﺎﻧﯽﺷﻨﺎﺳـﯽ و ﺑــﺎﻓﺘﯽ در ﻣﺤﺎﺳــﺒﺎت ‪ SI‬ﺑﻬﺒــﻮد‬
‫ﯾﺎﺑﺪ‪ .‬ﻋﻼوه ﺑﺮ اﯾﻦ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﺷﺒﺎﻫﺖ ﻫﺎ ﯾﺎ ﻣﺸﮑﻼت ﮐﻤﯽ ﺳﺎزي ﮐﯿﻔﯿﺖ ﺳﻨﮓ ﻫﺎي روﮐﺶ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺳﻌﯽ ﺷﻮد ﺳﻨﮓ ﻫﺎي آﻧﺪزﯾﺘﯽ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻧﯿﺰ ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻗﺮار ﮔﯿﺮد‪.‬‬

‫ﮐﻠﻤﺎت ﮐﻠﯿﺪي‪ :‬آﻧﺪزﯾﺖ‪ ،‬ﺳﻨﮓ روﮐﺶ‪ ،‬ﻫﻮازدﮔﯽ ﺳﻨﮓ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ وﯾﺒﻮل‪.‬‬