CANCER BIOLOGY
A Project Report on Biology
Submitted By:
Rashi Tejash Patel
Class 10
Freedom Valley School
Session: 2025–26
Introduction
Cancer is one of the most serious diseases affecting humans today. It occurs when some cells in the body
begin to grow and divide uncontrollably, forming a mass called a tumor. Unlike normal cells, cancer cells
do not die when they should; instead, they multiply and spread to other parts of the body. This project
aims to understand the nature of cancer, its causes, types, and treatments, as well as its impact on society.
What is Cancer?
Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to
other parts of the body. Normally, cells grow, divide, and die in an orderly way. But in cancer, this control
system breaks down. The uncontrolled growth of these cells forms tumors, which can be benign (non-
spreading) or malignant (spreading and harmful).
History of Cancer Study
The study of cancer dates back thousands of years. The earliest descriptions of cancer were found in
Egyptian manuscripts around 3000 B.C. The Greek physician Hippocrates first used the term 'carcinos'
and 'carcinoma' to describe tumors. In the 19th and 20th centuries, major progress was made when
scientists discovered the role of cells and DNA in cancer formation. Today, cancer biology is one of the
most advanced fields of medical research.
Types of Cancer
Cancer can affect almost any part of the body. Common types include:
• Carcinoma – Cancer of the skin or internal organs
• Sarcoma – Cancer of connective tissues
• Leukemia – Cancer of blood-forming tissues
• Lymphoma – Cancer of the lymphatic system
• Melanoma – Cancer of pigment-producing skin cells.
Causes of Cancer
The causes of cancer are complex and can include:
• Genetic factors
• Environmental pollution or radiation
• Lifestyle choices such as smoking or poor diet
• Certain viral infections
• Exposure to carcinogens like asbestos or UV rays.
Characteristics of Cancer Cells
Cancer cells differ from normal cells because:
• They divide uncontrollably.
• They do not respond to signals to stop growth.
• They invade nearby tissues.
• They avoid the immune system.
• They spread to distant parts of the body (metastasis).
Stages of Cancer Development
Cancer develops in several stages:
1. Initiation – DNA in a normal cell is damaged.
2. Promotion – Damaged cells begin to divide.
3. Progression – Tumor grows and invades tissues.
4. Metastasis – Cancer spreads through blood or lymph.
Diagnosis and Detection Methods
Early detection improves chances of cure. Common methods:
• Physical examination
• Imaging tests – X-rays, MRI, CT scans
• Biopsy – Microscopic tissue testing
• Blood tests – Detect tumor markers
• Genetic testing – Find inherited risks.
Treatment of Cancer
Treatment depends on type and stage:
• Surgery – Removing the tumor
• Chemotherapy – Using drugs to kill cancer cells
• Radiation therapy – Using high-energy rays
• Immunotherapy – Boosting body’s immunity
• Targeted and Hormone therapies.
Prevention and Lifestyle Measures
Although not all cancers can be prevented, risk can be reduced by:
• Avoiding tobacco and alcohol
• Eating a healthy diet
• Exercising regularly
• Protecting skin from UV rays
• Vaccinations (HPV, Hepatitis B)
• Regular screenings.
Recent Advances in Cancer Research
Recent progress includes:
• Gene therapy
• Personalized medicine
• Nanotechnology in drug delivery
• Artificial Intelligence for diagnosis
• Immunotherapy vaccines.
Impact of Cancer on Society
Cancer affects patients, families, healthcare systems, and economies. It causes emotional and financial
stress. Awareness, early detection, and improved treatment can reduce its impact.
Conclusion
Cancer is a complex but increasingly treatable disease. Advances in research, awareness, and prevention
methods offer hope for millions. A healthy lifestyle and timely medical care are key to reducing cancer
risk.
Bibliography
1. NCERT Biology Textbook – Class 10
2. World Health Organization (WHO) – [Link]
3. National Cancer Institute – [Link]
4. American Cancer Society – [Link]
5. Wikipedia – “Cancer” article