PULSE
MODULATION
PULSE MODULATION
(PAM, PWM, PPM, PCM)
MEMBERS:
Escosio, Jerick
Martinez, Micah
Palencia, John Adrian
Pulse modulation
- is the process of changing
a binary pulse signal to
represent the information to
be transmitted.
Primary benefits of transmitting information
by binary techniques :
•Great noise tolerance and regenerates the degraded signal.
•Noise gets clipped off.
•Distortion of the signal is eliminated by reshaping with a
Schmitt trigger, comparator, or similar
circuit.
•Improved quality of communications.
Information signal (usually analog) is used to modify a
binary (on/off) or pulsed carrier in some
way. With pulse modulation the carrier is not
transmitted continuously but in short bursts whose
duration and amplitude correspond to the modulation.
Carrier with Pulse Modulation:
• Average carrier power remains low, even when
high peak powers are involved.
• Peak power pulses can travel a longer distance
and more effectively overcome any noise in the
system.
Two Categories of Pulse modulation
techniques:
1. Analog Pulse Modulation
2. Digital Pulse Modulation
• Analog Pulse Modulation
- analog information is transmitted by
varying certain characteristics of
the pulses, such as their amplitude, duration,
or position.
• Digital Pulse Modulation involves
transmitting information by
encoding it into discrete digital
pulses.
Four Basic Forms of Pulse
modulation:
Analog Pulse Modulation
1. Pulse-Amplitude Modulation (PAM)
2. Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM)
3. Pulse-Position Modulation (PPM)
Digital Pulse Modulation
1. Pulse-Code Modulation (PCM)
Pulse-Amplitude Modulation (PAM)
- the amplitude of regular interval of
periodic pulses or electromagnetic
pulses is varied in
proposition to the sample of
modulating signal or message signal.
The message signal is sampled at regular
periodic or time intervals and this each sample
is made proportional to the magnitude of the
message signal. These sample pulses can be
transmitted directly using wired media or we
can use a carrier signal for transmitting
through wireless.
Two types of sampling techniques in
PAM:
1. FLAT TOP PAM - The amplitude of each
pulse is directly proportional to instantaneous
modulating signal amplitude at the time of
pulse occurrence and then keeps the
amplitude of the
pulse for the rest of the half cycle.
2. Natural PAM - The amplitude of each
pulse is directly proportional to the
instantaneous modulating signal
amplitude at the time of pulse
occurrence and then follows the
amplitude of the
modulating signal for the rest of the half
cycle.
GENERATION of PAM
Band Limit- Occupies
certain range or bandwidth.
DEMODULATION
of PAM
ADVANTAGES
1. Base for all digital modulation
techniques and it is simple process
for modulation and demodulation.
2. No complex circuitry is required
for both transmission and reception.
3. Generate other pulse modulation
signals and can carry the message
or information at same
time.
DISADVANTAGES
1. Requires Larger Bandwidth, due to
Nyquist Criteria (2fm).
2. Varying signal leads to more noise.
3. Requires more power for
transmission.
APPLICATIONS
1. Ethernet (type of computer network
communication)
2. Photo biology (study of photosynthesis)
3. Electronic driver for LED lighting.
4. Micro controllers (generating the control signals).
Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM) - is a
technique used in communication systems
to encode
information into a pulsing signal by varying
the width (duration) of the pulses while
keeping the
frequency constant.
•In digital communication, PWM is commonly
employed in data encoding and optical transmission
systems.
•In infrared (IR) remote controls, digital information
is represented by pulses of varying width,
allowing devices to interpret binary data efficiently.
•In fiber optic communication, PWM can be used to
modulate laser signals, ensuring accurate data
transmission over long distances.
GENERATION PWM
Sawtooth generator-
generates sawtooth signal
of frequency (fc).
DETECTION of PWM signal
ADVANTAGES:
1. Less Noise Interference
2. Easy Noise Separation
3. Do not require Synchronization
between transmitter & reciever.
DISADVANTAGES
1. Required Larger
Bandwidth
2. Varying Power
Requirement
APPLICATIONS
1. Telecommunication System
2. Controlling Amount of Power
delivered in a Load
3. Robotics
Pulse-Position Modulation (PPM)
- is a pulse modulation technique
commonly used in communication to
transmit information by the position of
each pulse based on the amplitude of
the modulating signal
GENERATION of PPM
Monostable - one stable state (LOW)
Pulse Time Modulation (PTM)
category - information is encoded in
the timing of the pulses rather
than their amplitude or width.
DEMODULATION of PPM
ADVANTAGES:
1. Low Noise Interference
2. Easy Noise Removal &
Separatiom
3. Low Power Usage
DISADVANTAGES:
1. Requires Transmitter &
Receiver Synchronization.
2. Large Bandwidth.
APPLICATIONS
• Optical communication
systems
• Infrared (IR) communication
• Deep-space telemetry
• Wireless data transmission
Pulse-Code Modulation
(PCM)
– Converts an analog signal
into a digital sequence using
sampling, quantization, and
encoding.
Pulse Code Modulation
(PCM) is one of the most
widely used techniques for
converting analog
signals into digital to ensure
high-quality data transfer .
Unlike analog transmission,
which is susceptible to noise,
distortion, and signal
degradation over
long distances, PCM
ensures a more reliable and
interference-resistant
communication process.
It does this by converting the analog
waveform into a series of binary numbers
for data to be transmitted accurately over
digital networks, such as fiber-optic
cables, wireless communication
systems, and computer networks,
consisting of only two states: high (1) and
low (0)
3 Essential Steps for PCM process
1. Sampling – The
continuous analog signal is
measured at fixed time
intervals to capture key data
points.
2. Quantization – Each
sampled value is
approximated to the closest
available discrete level,
reducing infinite possibilities
into a finite set of values.
3. Encoding – The quantized
values are converted into a
binary format, making them
suitable for digital storage
and transmission.
BLOCK DIAGRAM
DECODER/RECIEVER of PCM
ADVANTAGES:
1. High Noise Immunity.
2. Replaceable Repeaters.
3. PCM signal can be stored.
4. Can use various coding
techniques.
DISADVANTAGES:
1. Complex encoding,
decoding and quantizing
circuitry.
2. Large Bandwidth.
APPLICATIONS:
1. Telecommunications
2. Audio recording
3. Radar systems
4. Medical imaging
Question & Answer
References
Louis E. Frenzel, Jr. — Principles of Electronic Communication Systems.
(Frenzel).
Robert G. Gallager / A. Ziemer — Principles of Communications /
Communication Systems
(Ziemer).
John G. Proakis — Digital Communications (for PCM, quantization &
coding).
SAMPLING & Pulse Modulation by Electronic Subjectified
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