JYOTIRMOY PUBLIC SCHOOL

WEEK: 13.10.2025_17.10.2025
CLASS: X
SUBJECT: Biology
NAME OF THE CHAPTER: Our Environment

Our Environment
Ecosystem: An ecosystem is a self-contained unit of living things (plants, animals and decomposers), and their non-
living environment (soil, air and water). For example; a forest, a pond, a lake, a green land etc.
In an ecosystem, energy and matter are continuously exchanged between living and non¬living components.
An ecosystem can be both natural or man-made. Some examples of natural ecosystems are grass land, forest, sea,
river, desert, mountain, pond, lake etc.
The desert, grass land and mountains represent the terrestrial ecosystem (land-based ecosystem).
The ponds, rivers, lakes and sea represent the aquatic ecosystem (water-based ecosystem). Man-made artificial
ecosystems are garden, crop fields, park, aquarium, etc.

Components of Ecosystem: There are two components of an ecosystem : (i) biotic component and (ii) abiotic
component.
1. Biotic component: It includes three types of organisms :
(a) Producers: All green plants, blue green algae can produce their food (Sugar and starch) from inorganic
substance using light energy (Photosynthesis). Therefore, all green plants are called producers. They are also called
autotrophs.
Planktons are very minute or microscopic organisms freely floating on the surface of water in a pond, lake, river or
ocean. Planktons are of two types : Phytoplanktons and Zooplanktons.
The microscopic aquatic plants freely floating on the surface of water are called phytoplanktons.
The microscopic aquatic animals freely floating on water are called zooplanktons. The freely floating protozoa are
an example of zooplankton.
(b) Consumers: They are organisms which consume other organisms or their products as their food. All animals
belong to this category. The consumers depend upon producers for their food directly or indirectly. They get their
food by eating other organisms or their products. For example, man, goat, deer, fish, lion, cow, buffalo, etc., are
common consumers.
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(i) Herbivores: These are organisms (animals) which get their food by eating the producers (or plant) directly.
Herbivores are also called first order consumers. Some common examples of herbivores are : deer, rabbit, rat,
squirrel, goat, cattle, etc.
(ii) Carnivores: These are organisms (animals) which consume other animals. Therefore, carnivores feed on the
flesh of herbivores. These are also called primary carnivores or second order consumers. Some common examples
are snake, wild cat, jackal, frog, some birds, fishes, etc.
There are animals which prey upon primary carnivores. They are called second order consumers or third order
consumers. For example, owl, peacock, tiger, lion, etc., are some second order carnivores and may be eaten by
third order carnivores. The carnivores which are not preyed upon further are called top carnivores. For example,
lion is a top carnivore.
(iii) Omnivores: The organisms which feed on both plants and animals are called omnivores. Human beings are
common example of omnivores because they eat both plants (For example; pulses, grams, oilseeds, fruit, etc.) and
animal products (milk, meat, egg, etc.).
(c) Decomposers: Fungi and bacteria which break down (decompose) the dead plants, animals complex
compounds into the simpler one. The decomposers help in the replenishment of natural resources. These are also
known as microorganism or saprotrophs. These are also called reducers.
Importance of Decomposers
• Decomposers help in disposing of the wastes and dead bodies of plants and animals. Therefore, they clean
the environment and create space for a living of newer generations of organisms.
• The decomposers release minerals and other raw materials trapped in organic matter. These are picked up
by plants. This also helps to maintain the fertility of soil.
• The decomposers produce some acids which are useful in solubilization of some minerals.
• Decomposers help in recycling the materials in the biosphere so that, the process of life may go on and on
like an unending chain.
2. Abiotic Components: These are non-living components of an ecosystem. These include the physical
environment.
• Edaphic factors like soil texture, topography, water, and air.
• Inorganic substances like carbon dioxide, nitrogen, oxygen, water, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, and
calcium. These are involved in the cyclic of materials in the ecosystem.
• Organic compounds like proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids. These largely form the living body and link the
abiotic and biotic components.
Climatic factors: These are sunlight temperature, pressure humidity, moisture, rainfall, etc. these factors affect the
distribution of the organisms.
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Functions of an Ecosystem
• Ecosystem indicates available solar energy and the efficiency of an ecosystem to trap the same.
• It gives information about the available essential minerals and their recycling periods.
• It provides knowledge about the web of interactions and inter-relationship among the various population
as well as between the population and the abiotic environment.
• It helps human beings to know about conservation of resources, protection from pollution and inputs
required for maximizing productivity.
• In the ecosystem, two processes of energy flow and biogeochemical cycles (nutrients movement) proceed
side by side. The energy flow is unidirectional while the movement of nutrients is cyclic.
Food chain, Food web, Trophic levels. Flow of energy ten percent law, Depletion of the ozone layer, Biological
magnification. Mode of waste disposal.
Food Chain: The sequence of living organisms in a community in which one organism consumes another organism
to transfer food energy, is called a food chain.
A food chain is unidirection where transfer of energy takes place in only one direction.
OR
Food chain is sequential process which represents “who eats whom”.
OR
Food chain refers to an arrangement of different biotic groups in a sequence of energy transfer. These biotic groups
are producer herbivores, carnivores.
For example, T1(Grass) → T2(Deer) → T3(Lion)
Examples of Food Chains: Simple food chain operating in a grass land or forest
Grass(Producer) → Deer(Herbivore) → Lion(Carnivore)
In this food chain, grass represent the producers (first tropic level). Grass synthesize their own food by the process
of photosynthesis. Grass is eaten up by deer, which represents the herbivores or the primary consumers. Deer in
turn is consumed by lion, the carnivores or the secondary consumers.
A food chain in grassland which has four steps is :
Grass(Producers) → Insect(Herbivores) → Frog(Carnivores) → Eagle(Secondary Carnivore)
Significance of Food Chains
• The study of food chains helps in understanding food relationships and interactions among the various
organisms in an ecosystem. The food chains, transfer energy and materials between various living
components of an ecosystem.
• The food chains transfer energy and materials between various living components in an ecosystem or
biosphere.
• The food chains give dynamicity to an ecosystem or biosphere.
• The movement of toxic substances like pesticides, weedicides, etc., through food chains, can prove very
harmful.
Food Web: The inter-connected food chains operating in an ecosystem which establish a network of relationship
between various species, are called a food web.
In a food web, one organism may occupy a position in more than one food chain. An organism can obtain its food
from different sources and in turn, may be eaten up by different types of organisms.
Trophic Levels: The various steps in the food chain at which the transfer of food (or energy) takes place is called
trophic levels.
There is a gradual decrease in the amount of energy transfer from one trophic level to the next trophic level in a
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food chain.

So only 10% of energy is transferred to next trophic level while 90% of energy is used by present trophic level in its
life processes.
The various trophic levels are given below :
• The plant or the producers constitute the first trophic level.
• The herbivores or primary consumers form the second trophic level.
• Carnivores or secondary consumers make up the third trophic level.
• Large carnivores or the tertiary consumers which feed upon the small carnivores constitute the fourth
trophic level.
A generalised food chain:

Food web: A food web is a network of food chains which establish a network of relationships between various
species. Food web showing 8 interlinked food chains.
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Flow Of Energy
Energy is used and conveyed from one trophic level to another in a food chain. This is called flow of energy. Green
plants capture about 1% of the solar energy incident on the Earth through the biochemical process of
photosynthesis. A part of this trapped energy is used by plants in performing their metabolic activities and some
energy is released as heat into the atmosphere. The remaining energy is chemical energy stored in the plants as
‘carbohydrates’. When plants are eaten up by herbivores, the chemical energy stored in the plants is transferred to
these animals. These animals (herbivores) utilize some of this energy for metabolic activities, some energy is
“released as heat and the remaining energy is stored. The process of energy transferred is similarly repeated with
carnivores and so on.
Ten percent law: Ten percent law states that only 10 percent of the energy entering a particular trophic level of
organisms is available for transfer to the next higher trophic level.

For example, Suppose 1000 J of solar energy is received by green plants, then only 1% of solar energy available on
earth is utilized by plants. So only 10 J (1% of 1000 J) is trapped by plants and the rest 990 J of energy is lost to the
environment. So, plants utilizes only 10 J of energy. Next, only 10% of the 10 J energy of plant, that is, 1 J, is
available to the herbivore animal while 9 J is lost to the environment. Again, just 10% of the 1 J of energy of
herbivore animals is utilized by carnivore animals. Thus, carnivore animals have only 0.1 J of energy while 0.9 J is
lost to the environment.
Environmental Problems: Changes in the environment affect us and our activities change the environment around
us. This led to the slow degradation of the environment that arose many environmental problems. For Example;
depletion of the Ozone Layer and waste disposal.
Ozone layer : Ozone (O3) is a molecule formed by three atoms of oxygen unlike oxygen which is required for
respiration by aerobic forms, ozone is a deadly poison. However, at the higher levels of the atmosphere,
ozone performs an essential function. It shields the surface of the earth from ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the
Sun. This radiation is highly damaging to organisms, for example, it is known to cause skin cancer in human beings.
Ozone at the higher levels of the atmosphere is a product of UV radiation, acting on oxygen (O2) molecule. The
higher energy UV radiations split apart some molecular
oxygen (O2) into free oxygen (O) atoms. These atoms then combine with the molecular oxygen to form ozone as
shown:

Depletion of ozone layer: Ozone layer gets depleted – due to the use of chemicals called aerosol, spray propellants
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like chlorofluorocarbons. Depletion of ‘ ozone layer would cause skin cancer in men and animals and severe
damage to the plants.
8. Biological magnification: It means accumulation of non-biodegradable chemicals (like pesticides) in the living
organisms (like plants, animals, including man) in a food chain. “The increase in the concentration of harmful
chemicals in the body of living organisms at each trophic level of a food chain is called biological magnification”.
Depletion of Ozone Layer: Ozone (O3) layer is largely found in the stratosphere which is a part of our atmosphere
from 12 km -50 km above sea level. This region is called ozonosphere. Ozone is deadly poisonous at the ground
level.
Ozone is formed as a result of the following photochemical reaction.

Ozone layer is a protective blanket around earth which absorbs most of the harmful U.V. (Ultraviolet) radiation of
the Sun, thus, protecting the living beings of the Earth from health hazards like skin cancer, cataract in eyes,
weaken immune system, destruction of plants etc. The decline of Ozone layer thickness in Antarctica was first
discovered in 1985 and was termed as OZONE HOLE.
Steps taken to limit damage of ozone layer: Excessive use of CFCs (Chloro Flouro Carbon) a synthetic, inert
chemical. For example; Freon which are used as refrigerants and also in fire extinguishers caused Ozone depletion
in the upper atmosphere. A single chlorine atom can destroys 1,00,000 Ozone molecules. U.N.E.P. (United Nation
Environment Programme) did an excellent job in forging an agreement to freeze CFC production at 1986 levels
(KYOTO Protocol) by all countries.
Biological Magnification: The increase in concentration of harmful chemical substances like pesticides in the body
of living organisms at each trophic level of a food chain is called biological magnification.
Example:

Maximum concentration of such chemicals gets accumulated in human bodies.

WASTE MANAGEMENT
The environment includes our physical surroundings like air (or atmosphere), water bodies, soil (land and all the
organisms such as plants, animals, human beings and micro-organisms like bacteria and fungi (called
decomposers). The waste materials produced by the various activities of man £nd animals are poisonous to some
extent and can be divided into two main groups
1. Biodegradable Wastes: Substances that are broken down by the biological processes are said to be
biodegradable. These substances are decomposed through the actions of fungi, bacteria, and other living
organisms. Temperature and sunlight also play an important role in the decomposition of biodegradable
substances.
For Examples: Food waste, trees leaves, urine and fecal matter, sewage agricultural residue, paper, wood, cloth,
cow-dung etc.
2. Non-Biodegradable Wastes: Substances that are not broken down by biological
processes. These substances may be in solid, liquid or gaseous form. These substances are inert and simply persist
in the environment for a long time or may harm the various members of the ecosystem.
For Examples: These includes DDT (Di-chloro-di phenyl trichloro ethane-in-pheneyle the cheoro ethane),
insecticides, pesticides, mercury, lead, arsenic aluminum, plastics, polythene bags, glass, radioactive wastes. These
non-biodegradable wastes are major pollutants of the environment.
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Harmful effects of biodegradable and Non-Biodegradable Substance
1. The waste destroys the natural beauty and our surroundings become dirty.
2. Decomposition of these wastes results in the production of foul smell, which spreads to the surrounding
areas.
3. These wastes may also block the drains creating pools of waste, which becomes the breeding sites of
mosquitoes. The latter is carriers of diseases like malaria and dengue.
Difference between Biodegradable and Non-Biodegradable wastes

Biodegradable wastes Non-Biodegradable wastes

1. The wastes that are broken down naturally by 1. The wastes that are not broken down by the
microbial action. microbes.

2. Biodegradation forms harmless and non- poisonous

2. No such action is possible.
products.

3. They release raw materials back to nature. 3. They do not release raw materials.

4. They pollute the environment only when they are

4. Non-biodegradable wastes pollute the environment
produced in quantity beyond the capacity of the
even in small quantity.
environment to degrade them.

5. Bioconcentration or biomagnifications occurs when

5. Bioconcentration does not occur.
wastes enter food chains.

6. Recycling is possible both naturally or through

6. Recycling is possible only through human efforts.
human efforts.

Garbage Disposal: Industrialization and rise in demand of consumer goods have created a major problem in the
form of wastes/garbage accumulation and its disposal especially in urban areas.
The disposal of waste should be done in a scientific way. There are different methods of waste disposal. The
method to be used depends on the nature of the waste. Some of the important modes of waste disposal are :
• Incineration: Burning of waste on high temperature to form ash is called incineration. This process is
carried out in an incinerator. Incineration is used to destroy household, chemical and biological wastes.
• Open dumping: A conventional method in which solid waste are dumped in selected areas of a town. It
actually cause pollution
• Land fillings: Wastes are dumped in low living areas and are compacted by rolling with bulldozers
• Composting: Organic wastes are filled into a compost pit (2m × 1m × 1m). It is then covered with a thin
layer of soil. After about three months the same garbage filled inside the pit changes into organic manure.
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• Recycling: The solid wastes is broken down into its constituent simpler materials. These materials are then
used to make new items. Even non-bio degradable solid wastes like plastic, metal can be recycled.
• Reuse: A very simple conventional technique of using an item again and again. For example; paper can be
reused for making envelops, etc…
Four practices which can help in the protection of our environment:
• Disposal of wastes after separating them into biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste material.
• Use of unleaded petrol and alternate sources of energy, and keeping the engine properly tuned and
serviced and the tyres inflated to the right pressure so that the vehicle runs efficiently.
• The use of gunny bags and paper bags in place of polythene/plastic bags.
• Activities such as gardening, rain-water harvesting and use of compost in place of fertilizers will help
protect our environment from further damage.
Harmful effects of agricultural practices on the environment.
• Excessive use of fertilisers changes the chemistry of soil and kills useful microbes.
• Excessive use of non-biodegradable chemical pesticides leads to biological magnification.
• Extensive cropping causes loss of soil fertility.
• Excess use of groundwater for agriculture lowers the water table.