Perpetuation
of
Earth and Life Science
Lesson #3
KEYWORDS
• GENE - a unit of heredity — a small section of DNA that carries
instructions for making a specific protein or trait.
• CHROMOSOME - A chromosome is a long, thread -like structure
made of DNA and proteins found in the nucleus of a cell.
• GENETICS - Genetics is the branch of biology that studies genes,
heredity, and variation in living organisms.
• GAMETE - sex cell — a special type of cell used in sexual
reproduction.
• FERTILIZATION - process of union between a male sex cell
(sperm) and a female sex cell (egg or ovum) to form a zygote,
which is the first cell of a new organism.
WHAT IS
REPRODUCTION?
REPRODUCTION
Reproduction is the
production of offspring ,
or new individuals,
through a sexual or
asexual process to
make sure a species
can continue.
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REPRODUCTION
SEXUAL ASEXUAL
The process of creating A type of reproduction
new organisms through where a single
the combination of organism produces
genetic material from offspring without the
two parents, involvement of
another organism or
gametes
ASEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Asexual reproduction is defined as
the formation of new individuals from
the cells of a single parent. This is
very common in plants and is less
common in animals.
It does not involve the union of
gametes (sperm cell and egg cell)
and it does not change the number
of chromosomes present.
TYPES OF
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
FRAGMENTATION
A form of asexual reproduction in
which the body of the parent breaks
into pieces , and e ach piece develops
into a new individual.
EXAMPLE:
Starfish, Sponges, Planarians, some
annelid worms such as Blackworms
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
BINARY FISSION
A process where a single -
celled organism divid es into
two equal parts, e ach
becoming a new organism.
Forms of a septum to separate
the two new cells
EXAMPLE:
Amoeba, bacteria. archaea,
cyanobacteria
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
BUDDING
A process where a new organism
dev elops from a small growth or bud
on the parent’s body. The bud
eventually detaches and grows into
an independent organism.
EXAMPLE:
Hydra, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones,
single -celled yeast
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
PARTHENOGENESIS
A form of reproduction in
which a female produces
offspring from an unfertilized
egg, witho ut the involvement
of a male.
EXAMPLE:
Bees, aphids, and some
lizards.
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
TRANSVERSE FISSION
A type of fission where the
organism divid es across its
transverse (horizontal) axis into
two parts, and e ach part
regenerates the missing sections
to form complete individuals.
EXAMPLE:
Planaria, some sea anemones.
SEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
The process where a new organism
forms from two organisms with the
use of gametes. In this process, male
gametes which is the sperm cell
fuses with a female gamete known
as the egg cell to form a diploid cell
called zygote containing two sets of
chromosomes.
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
UNISEXUAL HERMAPHRODITE
Unisexual are individual Hermaphrodite organisms that
organism that has only have both male and female
one type of reproductive reproductive organ s.
organ, either male or They can produce both sperm
female. and eggs, and sometimes self -
fertilize.
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UNISEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
WHAT IS?
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
FERTILIZATION
The process where a new organism forms from two
parents with the use of gametes . In this process, male
gametes which is the sperm cell fuses with a female
gamete known as the egg cell to form a diploid cell called
zygote containing two sets of chromosomes which
creates a unique offspring with a combination of traits
from both parents.
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
FERTILIZATION
INTERNAL EXTERNAL
Internal fertilization occurs External fertilization happen s
when sperm and egg fuse when sperm and egg unite
inside the female's body, outside the body, a process
as seen in mammals, common in many fish,
birds, and reptiles. amphibians, and aquatic
invertebrates.
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SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
methods OF ANIMAL
REPRODUCTION
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Methods OF ANIMAL REPRODUCTION
OVIPAROUS
Animals that lay eggs outside the
mother’s body. The em bryo
develops outside, nourished by the
egg yolk.
EXAMPLE:
Chicken, Eagles, Turtle, Snake, Frog,
Platypus, Common Fishes
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Methods OF ANIMAL REPRODUCTION
VIVIPAROUS
Animals that give birth to live young.
The em bryo develops inside the
mother’s body and gets nutrients
directly from the mother.
EXAMPLE:
Human, Bear, Cat, Dog, Rodents,
Horses, Whales,
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Methods OF ANIMAL REPRODUCTION
OVOVIVIPAROUS
Animals that produce eggs that
hatch inside the mother’s body. The
young are then born alive, but they
are nourished by the egg yolk, not
directly by the mother.
EXAMPLE:
Great White Shark, Rattlesnake, Fire
Salamander, Tsetse Fly
HERMAPHRODITE
REPRODUCTION
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
HERMAPHRODITE
HERMAPHRODITISM SEQUENTIAL
HERMAPHRODITISM
One individual has both One organism change s sex
male a nd female during its l ifetime, it starts as
reproductive organs at the one sex and later becomes
same time, it can produce the other.
both sperm and eggs cell. (Male → Female)
(Female → Male)
SEXUAL Hermaphrodite
REPRODUCTION
HERMAPHRODITISM
• One individual has both male and female reproductive
organs at the same time, it can produce both sperm and
eggs cell.
• Simultaneous Hermaphroditism: Both sex organs function
at the same time, so the animal can act as either male or
female during reproduction.
• Earthworm, Snail, Leech, Tapeworm
SEXUAL Hermaphrodite
REPRODUCTION
SEQUENTIAL HERMAPHRODITISM
• Organism changes sex during its lifetime — it starts as one
sex and later becomes the other.
• Protandrous Sequential Hermaphroditism (Protandry) –
starts as a male, changes to female
• Clownfish
• Protogynous Sequential Hermaphroditism (Protogyny) –
starts as a female, changes to male
• Wrasse