= chapter18 - NUCLET a Combesiben oe Nucleus An atom tes avely chargeoh nucleus volich Crfaire mass of, the atan + A nucleus ef ass Muunrber 99:9 wamber Z @nrtains Z ports owed A and atomre (A-2) neuksens proton va a podamntnt perce Baring a ve chege > —2 dove xtc and’ Aesk less of VTE AIP Thea Nesken ota -chaytln bumdamenn praia. Having dot wos 4 6749 xiset Kg - Protoms amd wettbeoms re catlachrvely Cellet * ftowic number (7) Preset Ww Bhe nuclous in the total number of the reelour b> the nuwbes ef \ssotens # Alowic Mass CAS partes amd nettiene present ie X- Chemical Ywiol of aten. * A a A= ftom rus 2 - Atowe Number en 23 : u ie D> Na fag WM powers (anol Ned) )> peubos Gaaqud“Types oe elements we come acyoss 1 Qsolebes are the afar of, ele merdla which fave We Bari absmte number bute oltflerert mass neuneber + eg. 'y 2 3H 37 oy en in 7 A Msobars ane Ale akoms 4 elemouts Kauing Same, mass vamber laut Lilberene — ahewre yuumber « ey: ayo, fHe Ssotenes | The nuclides traving Ahe fame number ol, nutems ae calkcl Ce 37 69 ; Big iF 4 No-4, neubsony = 20° 3. isoton es. de Avexage Atomic mass ( oxtail ) _ ty the ntty es rae oreo ancxage of he .ockowle wass ef alt Le Stlefer Ad He element - ; ; va ; a4 Nevireed chlorne Covelrins sh a yet "7 rs7iq, Avercane Ment Mage = 25X75 7.37925 = 355 S 957265 * Mowic Mass uit fre We, ss, lamus Lx muss ef C-)L atom es 1 ‘GG 26 _ ey) BV VSRETS X10 Ky. = 1. 660565x10 KeoS leVoo= = vextolt y ® Relation blo amu and Mev> & Eno epuiveliut of ame. em Vamus roe XW Ky C= 295 x08 m/g he = (veo xe? IGx oe we )_x. Yd ey ~% 93i Mev. yeXxXIo!F %& lawu = 93) Mev | Ex IBA Bh Size of fe Nucleus + A mucleus Can be cow cere “lo be Sphev'ead un Shape . Bx pes maria sheerveons Sious tel the veslume of & mucleus & oliveclby prrpoonae sy ih mass number Ho Re ok A > R «x a3 Ro 2 verxie Sm = 1-24 Niucforor Dever Shao that ruclear olowsily is Urdopenclut of Age GUe yuclws dae «A ass number Re Rochivs af uclery wae avernge ass a nucleon . Mas of maclus = mh yok te RS HT (RAY 2 WTR Nuclear cloth, = was 7 mA 3M a Cout- ErRiA irk. ‘ Su. 2 282 xIdT Ky ne C vey Targed Ex 130] ye AN edommalr be HON, Fe or ow nl ptler wit? trave te Baye dowsily of, Put urclowrrr Discoery of murbrs - Aletha woes dlirdevercel by A dames — Chaclwirew va 432- porherkes Ir Newsom ts am elemectany particle frreseuh tn the nuclei oh all elemwnl except 2. Neubcews tres no Charge » ths mass t's Aliyldly mane. Be an proton Wy hOS66 Amu = )-E7y9XIO 7G . A free noukron % wmstable. G+ shortanously elecays dls Qa pote, 2 ant an anhyuwhinw uth Aa life of hak oeos \ ‘ ° ot he r +D48. 4 Being ruukel, rweufens have lao Vonigi ng pewer + Thy can easily penebol fuavy nucled ctref Trdu ce wudherx reach ews Thy vaoluce relic achiy ui many clomouts- Vy “Ure nucleus is Steble 2 Shay Nuchew frees b Aesporsi ble fe Folin, he jrubiches of the suckle ‘together : Nucleos fore a ts Ake Aheng altrachng force achng betwen he pootew anol euwhens of a nucleus »opevher 1 Shmgest~ athadhive foe Kraut Un vet - Q- “Tey ose Short aanye forces ( efhechve wh b> o-3 form from @ auclonyfows fave Charge Vnclefemcleut nature - © Hie a) Aros Scturabren effect ee a nucleon Caw titkereck only ute netglbercaing nucleo 5. Thy ane tm cba forces ve, they old nae ak abeny the Dine Jorwing Ha cenbes df —tuo nucleons - x whem there dexcos ack b\w two parhicles _ they Jooduee Some bE- lower the Voluc ef PEL Wore Alable wil) be Ble porhels - Coafh Shay vaniabim of PE ofa prix of nucleon, wir aAdtance . ° Jo PE. is wwdn 2b oc chest do. Aske o& lw. &. fey Arr, , the muchav fre iv attadive , VE rapidly decreares tte distance and becones neghigebly Avnall ab aA ~ Uf, BS Fee Ace the PE. Afests uh evens ny because yesthoss Pex nour the doves become Aefubrie , -ve PE Alp hte Bhat the mucleas free is athe | ae Suside Ble wicleus — rewhowws ancl phi aw Xhhle ak Aatane do. The olartance Aeficeen Muchenr tay wot be les un A, 2 they Abeot refelliry each othe Cpprtersed Mass - Enexgy. equivalence: 4 Enatein Bhaved ty 20 Apectal Heo l, relahvity [Esme] This poinecple & Cenbal lo owr ieibaleinal sa wichay enrgy? Mass Defect abr found Wat —lotal was a, rwclus ov 2 Ress thom - Qe Awe of masses s J>otten oubon “This Aifferene B cabled mass olefect- avd Ais wase gels Convered Wh etungy - By Covider the nucles fx Ne-d, [atta a Ale, reubens =A -Z. s olefeck tm = Zp + -2)™m, ~ o> Me my, and m one the Aest masses ef Jrr0olew neehey avd — wurcleus ax esp Aecorliny to Eivatety , his mess YE Converted wh enuegy — ALLesh Binding erg Bincling encrgy Ivirela the wuckus andl & Aespensible fer its Stecbility Brevry ommay, [Ena ame enon es eee ET eel | EY Scdiws Gute 12 ntukenry ond 7) pootons. Mass 4 noukenM~ }-608 emu Mass prolew aM p= 1h, me My = 12 (8) + (po) = WI BamJf fuk achal mass of, Aodium vuclus [pee & be a& WM = 23 O43 QML. Mass. olipect JAm = DeITZ- 23-043 O:')}0 amu. inch > reling emengy | Am¢c™ = 0-180 x 93) 2) 03 Mev Ee mcs 9315 Mew Mm = By5. (ay wes nev then we can cliedly * 3, Masses ove MH AMUW pul athe Value 4 > 2 93) and will get We envy ty wat Mev Oh one SS a, Pca Pall Vis exhe enuryy Ame bars to Ise Supplect, sta the Aaho 4 tHe Birelny encagy Ed, & yucleus Fo he mumber of, mcleonr- | per nucleon +, Acbuak a nucleus Birding RUN the Averaze ergy per mucleor recalled Incl vi alte nucleons’ rote tsTr uuchen of mess ned “2 Binding Enosyy Per nucleon os f fey Bt + pain ewe Phe a U Eby & Somes for Ayla Aes vote ¢ FVACSD got ° oe cuewe. tas pears og 1a 150 200 252 Pe Mass Me CAS » He, © and O- tare cleworh have comfoareabvel The Bhavs Ua frewee hase aA velafively Qaglax BE than Lied etyldbawrs yore, Alable = 3. Fey RSASI7O 5 dhe BE & pe Dron tau Le Pugh vale 4, 75 ey per rclenn- 4 Foy heavy mucki BE /nucleou dhavs a qredued Aecveare and olsps 76 Mev jruchan 42 fy Condlusiens / Swpertamer of BF ere iy Wee wuclear force & attemchve anc Auppyeienly Bboy tb procluc BE of pee mev er nucleon » Ti) Constancy of BE fer 304A <170 jimpl'es thal nucle ferees are Abort vangeel or we Aaberabecl Pevces This cue expla Ahe phenomenon oA nucleo poser bfioin Git) Nuclear fission BE. pew muclen vo Xmealler for heavi , muck ~Lhan that 4, middle mnass nucle 3 ex hea yucler bmecws Ul leo puivllle mass ruckj cle produc loath — have hygler BE. Grecder BE. af Ue product nucle Aesulls ci, the Lrheref : ’ ry ty the Qrherak on of nergy ave Uh pws 6 tlle rnucler fissiers ee ‘Zz > y leas Fusion Qf ru Amal mucki (Adie) fire oy etles Le form a bigeye yuicki , The BE: d, the pooducls Will he wort Lan bhere of Ue Combining ents Product, WwW be mere Ateble + Such a process w celled nuchar Foren ancl eworgy b Aeleareet ta —Lhin procers Radicackshy , 3b ts A sprrtancas — clisvuteqration 4, aw | ale,” “bp bramspertm to a more Aeble muchas with tle etwtston Alia (She NF Bele C$e age) or of, wasteble nucleus Qawwwna cy) rags 7 % St has beom ESlseared Hhar rnucter fer wbiret, nuke We poten welo CD Breg heheeen )to bk ane Adable aldle atlers ore nel - An unseble nucleus Can Aheaw any of the abave_ * rea (Come or mere) A Apha ‘Desevy wu —> ” wh + tHe Peles Decay Pp _. M5 4 °s 4s is 16 I . C porere oS Reacbion thal fare place twsiele ruclos 6 \ = ° 3 : PP ak neubino = oom o Pela? Decay Na > Ne + WB 4 Pe neabine é . . + ? Parte serchen snsiole nucleus iF = a IP +0Nude Gamma Decay . Lounerer & xeaehion = @CCUNS wide the mcLenr, & yrocuces emery, owt athe ruiclens wrery be thie excrbees nucleus Ahn emits 1S aba energy on Reale We be Porm of, Came yeyh @ rl af, Nucleas Reackay tolunever amy nuclear &Alightly Len hen “Hess Ai }herence asta Converted Tats MOBS Bovalue = UMM) OF % Ph weelcar rmeahn Aparttancone of a fe Mp co Mp yeah Occurs, wats d, prwelucks _ the yeachauls. Thin a ve » BL Bd -ve Fe Mp? MR Dhow tng yg tart se Supple fpr AH feackon “oe fate place enol Aeachon wb not Apactansou Nuclear Fission Reach Nuckew Fissie The prenomunea tn whch a Peavey yucles 6A 723¢) wohun excited — Alits ints “te? Antler nucle of yeasty combarable wersses wo cabled nuclear fission. 235 ey U \ 286 7] -\ + — 92 Ae av 5, Bat hee i shy +0 235 oR. ge 4 yy Sy S 3g, 4 Mp : = ° @ 51 on + 34g, aa \ 236 Ihe on ok uy ly —e LU ye os Fe ly 48.* ope : ® udeay Fissien an a Sowste ¢ Eng : Isxecuies Sxubpae a ruckus with wuss member A = 2ho ~wis hw -fregymowts 4 A= )20.- Then MEL, fer A= 20 nucleus is abet Hs mev- Eu, fost eyo wucdus vm = abat &5 Mev: Gain Gr BE. per macliey # 0-9 Mey RB. ( by 24e nucleons) Tote gain on & 2berog = 23eMev: x Vs emery appears a5 IKKE - CA prssror products ad ar ¥ -7A4s ~ Mw froduds 3 nehows ase, podaced which an fete Jud fission of > moe V atoms wduich wewle/ fuctior produce | niukens mel doen - ufurch the vo of AeaKon ncvere we The fpr bg Mulhplieakon Frebr i wt Calbel x aut ~lybe of Aeackour wbuch Coub we or tui cum ery Call Chua veachona:. be Comes Uncouhrlleol 7 alt ruahery (O& ccbrnere + Chain reackous are allwecl fp prvoluce — fevter posew soa) + Churn veachw Can ‘be conbetledd Ay Aemeniny exces ruewhenry at each Sage - A nueicleay tezehin. Aracter wems om Atlus poncple3° Nucleay Reacher Cylirolerteat reels of Fos yas -235, Th Main parts > 1) Nucboaw fet ‘i ase a 232, Py, iy Moclercebor glaze down the per moving neuer Ex = Meany Water, graphite 9 oehiyllliur oreiete Ti) ComboR Pals ane used bh Staak, Step Carkel He Chain seachon by absaxbiy noubrens - Coulee Peels are made up qf Caclmriim or hex . > CovPant — Aemmves React foonclucec( clumng the chavin peackion and is wed vn prweluchn of chacihy . V) Slvdliy — orwokects euvivenment foern mefyens conch? Jamona Anclrahens — osvelucecl clariny chain rea Bar ¥# The CarhoR veel cue aclytestect Ao that [pisien occlusal Aheadly Ande Nucleax fusin + ~The process Un which luo Light muclei Combine (at exbemely igh femperahue) fe forma Aingla beaver nucles in cablect urcleas furs. . A la oma J erga b Aekearel oclumrg Tes jpocess Necorsary Cndibiow for fusion = 1- The beagle entheeie 2 Hig lewis yepuloion 5 Farin 02 a euace ef energy um Sum © Stes 2 1 Proton ~ Paton cycle dn afis Ha el avd Ou Mey a et ae SS YY $02 Mey de orb phe ty 4 5-09 Mev , i k Se BMe Boe he 4 ly Th a 286 Me Nick veathon Is . an 4 de > he +29 46x 1 67 MewLA Theemonucleax fusion Ba fewer of, enexgy utbed wo the tukemer 4, Blows ® Anlemer of Sun tas a temp of 15 x17 Combslleg stlornie wicker Ferien can be usedly ges - cnergqy which b chan amo b wot pulllebly ang Aadioahve war be ¥ However ch & Vey obi ffpicult we Ake up & busleiiezof amd Cowknllalle Acura of energy No Aéled combaier Can vite bloud dud et duegh Fem (~ 107K J Ex 13-7