BODY FLUIDS AND CIRCULATION

MCQs
Question 1. Which of the following is a plasma protein that helps in blood
clotting?
a) Albumin
b) Fibrinogen
c) Globulin
d) Haemoglobin

Question 2. Which type of leukocyte is responsible for producing antibodies?

a) Neutrophils
b) Eosinophils
c) Lymphocytes
d) Monocytes

Question 3. Which blood group is known as the "Universal Donor"?

a) A
b) B
c) AB
d) O

Question 4. Which chamber of the human heart has the thickest walls?
a) Right atrium
b) Left atrium
c) Right ventricle
d) Left ventricle

Question 5. The pacemaker of the human heart is:

a) AV node
b) SA node
c) Purkinje fibers
d) Bundle of His
Question 6. The process of formation of a blood clot is called:
a) Haemolysis
b) Haemostasis
c) Haemopoiesis
d) Haemodialysis

Question 7. Which of the following carries oxygenated blood?

a) Pulmonary artery
b) Pulmonary vein
c) Vena cava
d) Coronary sinus

Question 8. The double circulation in the human body means blood passes
through the heart:
a) Once in one complete cycle
b) Twice in one complete cycle
c) Three times in one complete cycle
d) Only when oxygenated

Question 9. Which of the following is the correct sequence of the cardiac

cycle?
a) Atrial systole → Ventricular systole → Joint diastole
b) Ventricular systole → Atrial systole → Joint diastole
c) Joint diastole → Atrial systole → Ventricular systole
d) Ventricular systole → Joint diastole → Atrial systole

Question [Link] (A): The walls of arteries are thicker and more elastic
than veins.
Reason (R): Arteries carry blood away from the heart under high pressure.
(a) If both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct
.explanation of Assertion.
(b) If both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not the correct
explanation of Assertion.
(c) If Assertion is true but Reason is false.
(d) If both Assertion and Reason are false.
 Answers
Ans 1 - Option (b)
Ans 2 - Option (c)
Ans 3 - Option (d)
Ans 4 - Option (d)
Ans 5 - Option (b)
Ans 6 - Option (b)
Ans 7 - Option (b)
Ans 8 - Option (b)
Ans 9- Option (c)
Ans 10- Option (a)
 VSAQ
Question 1. What is the function of erythrocytes (RBCs) in human blood?
Answer :- RBCs transport oxygen from the lungs to body tissues and carry
carbon dioxide back to the lungs.

Question 2. Name the two types of circulations in the human body.

Answer:- Pulmonary circulation and Systemic circulation.

Question 3. Which valve is present between the right atrium and right ventricle?

Answer:- Tricuspid valve

Question 4. What is the normal pH of human blood?

Answer: 7.4 (slightly alkaline).

Question [Link] blood vessel carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the
heart?

Answer:-Pulmonary vein.
 SAQ
Question 1. Why do we call our heart myogenic?
Ans: The human heart is called myogenic because the heartbeat is initiated by
a specialized group of muscle cells within the heart itself, rather than by
external nerves. The sinoatrial (SA) node, also known as the pacemaker of the
heart, generates electrical impulses that cause the heart to contract. This
ability of the heart to generate its own rhythmic contractions makes it
myogenic. However, the nervous system can regulate the heart rate as
needed.

Question 2. What is the significance of atrio-ventricular node and atrio-

ventricular bundle in the functioning of heart?
Answer:-Ans: The atrioventricular (AV) node and atrioventricular (AV) bundle
play crucial roles in the conduction of electrical impulses in the heart. The AV
node receives impulses from the sinoatrial (SA) node and delays them slightly
to ensure proper atrial contraction before ventricular contraction. The impulse
is then transmitted to the AV bundle (Bundle of His), which conducts it to the
ventricles through Purkinje fibers, ensuring coordinated and efficient
ventricular contraction. This conduction system helps maintain the rhythmic
pumping of the heart.
Question 3. Define a cardiac cycle and the cardiac output.
Cardiac Cycle: The sequence of events that occur from the beginning of one
heartbeat to the start of the next is called the cardiac cycle. It includes atrial
systole, ventricular systole, and joint diastole. A complete cardiac cycle lasts
0.8 seconds in a normal human heart.
Cardiac Output: The volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute is
called cardiac output. It is calculated as stroke volume × heart rate. In a
healthy adult, it is about 5 liters per minute (i.e., 70 mL stroke volume × 72
beats per minute

Question 4. Explain heart sounds.

Ans: The heart produces two main sounds, “lub” and “dub”, during each
cardiac cycle, which can be heard using a stethoscope.
The first heart sound (lub) is produced due to the closure of atrioventricular
(AV) valves (tricuspid and bicuspid) at the beginning of ventricular systole.
The second heart sound (dub) is produced due to the closure of semilunar
valves (pulmonary and aortic) at the beginning of ventricular diastole.

These sounds are important in diagnosing heart function and detecting

abnormalities

Question 5. Describe the evolutionary change in the pattern of heart

among the vertebrates.

Ans: The heart of vertebrates has evolved from a simple two-chambered heart
in fishes to a four-chambered heart in birds and mammals, allowing better
oxygenation and circulation.

1. Pisces (Fishes) – They have a two-chambered heart (one atrium, one

ventricle) with single circulation, meaning blood passes through the heart only
once per cycle.

2. Amphibians (Frogs) & Reptiles (except crocodiles) – They have a three-

chambered heart (two atria, one ventricle) with incomplete double circulation,
leading to some mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.

3. Crocodiles, Birds, and Mammals – They have a four-chambered heart (two

atria, two ventricles) with complete double circulation, ensuring complete
separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood for efficient metabolism.

This evolution has improved oxygen supply, supporting increased activity and
endothermy in higher vertebrates
 LAQ
Question 1 . Thrombocytes are essential for the coagulation of blood.
Explain.
Ans: Thrombocytes, also known as platelets, are small, disc-shaped cell
fragments in the blood that play a crucial role in blood coagulation
(clotting). When a blood vessel is injured, platelets adhere to the damaged
site and release clotting factors, including thromboplastin, which triggers
the coagulation cascade. This leads to the conversion of prothrombin into
thrombin, which in turn converts fibrinogen into fibrin threads. These fibrin
threads form a mesh-like network that traps blood cells and seals the
wound, preventing excessive bleeding. Platelets also release serotonin,
which causes vasoconstriction, reducing blood loss. If platelet count is
abnormally low (thrombocytopenia), it can lead to excessive bleeding
disorders like hemophilia. Thus, thrombocytes are vital for hemostasis,
which maintains blood volume and prevents excessive blood loss from
injuries.
Question 2. State the functions of the following in blood.
Fibrinogen
Globulin
Neutrophils
Lymphocytes
Ans:

Fibrinogen – It is a plasma protein essential for blood clotting. During

injury, fibrinogen is converted into fibrin threads by thrombin, forming a clot
that prevents excessive bleeding and helps in wound healing.

Globulin – These are plasma proteins involved in immune defense.

Immunoglobulins (antibodies) help in fighting infections, while other
globulins transport hormones, lipids, and vitamins in the blood.

Neutrophils – These are the most abundant white blood cells (WBCs) and
act as the first line of defense. They engulf and destroy bacteria, viruses,
and dead cells through phagocytosis, protecting the body from infections.
Lymphocytes – A type of WBC that plays a major role in immunity. B-
lymphocytes produce antibodies, while T-lymphocytes destroy infected
cells and regulate immune responses, helping the body fight diseases and
infections

Question 3. Explain the functional significance of the lymphatic system.

Ans: The lymphatic system is a network of lymph, lymphatic vessels, lymph

nodes, and lymphoid organs that plays a crucial role in fluid balance,
immunity, and fat absorption. It helps in draining excess tissue fluid
(interstitial fluid) from body tissues and returning it to the blood circulation,
preventing edema (swelling). It also transports absorbed fats from the
intestine into the bloodstream via lacteals in the small intestine. The
lymphatic system is a key part of the immune system, as lymph nodes
contain lymphocytes that help fight infections and pathogens. It also plays
a role in filtering harmful substances, ensuring a clean and healthy internal
environment. Thus, it maintains fluid homeostasis, aids in defense against
diseases, and facilitates nutrient transport.

Question 4. Distinguish between open and closed circulatory systems.

Ans: The open and closed circulatory systems are two types of blood
circulation found in animals, differing in structure and efficiency.

In an open circulatory system, blood (hemolymph) is not confined within

blood vessels but instead flows freely into body cavities (sinuses), directly
bathing organs and tissues. The heart pumps hemolymph into the sinuses,
where exchange of nutrients and gases occurs directly. After circulation,
the fluid returns to the heart through open-ended vessels. This system is
found in arthropods (e.g., insects) and mollusks (e.g., snails). It is less
efficient as blood flow is slow, and oxygen delivery is not well regulated.
Since the circulatory fluid moves freely, pressure remains low, making this
system suitable for small, less active organisms.
In contrast, a closed circulatory system has blood confined within blood
vessels throughout circulation. Blood is pumped by the heart through
arteries, capillaries, and veins, ensuring efficient oxygen and nutrient
transport. The exchange of substances occurs through thin-walled
capillaries, allowing faster and more controlled circulation. This system is
found in annelids (e.g., earthworms), cephalopods (e.g., octopuses), and
 vertebrates (e.g., humans, birds, and fish). It is highly efficient, maintaining
higher blood pressure and enabling active metabolism and movement.

Thus, while the open system is simple and energy-efficient, the closed
system ensures precise control over circulation, supporting complex and
active organisms
Question [Link] walls of the ventricles are much thicker than atria. Explain.
Ans: The walls of the ventricles are much thicker than those of the atria
because ventricles need to pump blood with higher pressure to different
parts of the body, while atria only receive blood and transfer it to the
ventricles with minimal force.

The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs through the
pulmonary artery, which requires moderate pressure. Hence, its walls are
thicker than atria but thinner than the left ventricle. The left ventricle,
however, has the thickest walls as it pumps oxygenated blood to the entire
body through the aorta, requiring high pressure to overcome resistance in
systemic circulation.

In contrast, the atria only receive blood from veins (vena cava and
pulmonary veins) and push it into the ventricles, which does not require
much force. Therefore, atrial walls are thinner and less muscular. The
difference in thickness ensures efficient blood circulation and maintains
proper pressure gradients necessary for the functioning of the
cardiovascular system.
 Case study questions
Question:-
A patient was admitted to a hospital for surgery and required a blood
transfusion. Before the transfusion, the doctor performed a blood
grouping test and found that the patient’s blood type was B-positive. The
doctor explained that transfusing incompatible blood could cause serious
reactions. The patient’s relative, who had O-negative blood, offered to
donate. However, the doctor decided to look for a more suitable donor.
Questions:

1. Why is it important to match blood groups before transfusion?

2. Which blood groups can safely donate blood to a B-positive patient?

3. Why was the O-negative donor not the best choice for this patient?

4. What is the role of antigens and antibodies in blood compatibility?

5. Name the universal donor and universal recipient blood groups.

Answer :

1. Blood group matching is essential to prevent agglutination (clumping of

RBCs), which can cause serious immune reactions.

2. A B-positive patient can receive blood from B-positive, B-negative, O-

positive, and O-negative donors.

3. O-negative is a universal donor, but B-positive patients can receive O-

positive blood as well, which is more easily available.

4. Antigens (on RBCs) and antibodies (in plasma) determine blood

compatibility. If mismatched blood is transfused, antibodies attack foreign
antigens, causing a dangerous reaction.

5. Universal donor – O-negative, Universal recipient –

AB-positive.