ME692
Dr. Virkeshwar Kumar
Lever Rule
Cl − C0 C0 − CS
fS = fl = 1 − f S =
Cl − CS Cl − CS
1455°C
Liquid α+L
Cl Co At 1250°C
1250°C
Cs initial composition is Cu-50%Ni
α
1085°C
α phase = (50-35)/(55-35)=0.75 or 75%
35 55 Liquid=(55-50)/(55-35)=0.25 or 25%
Cu 50 Ni
% Ni
Lever Rule
𝐶0 − 𝐶𝑆
𝑓𝑙 = 1 − 𝑓𝑆 =
𝐶𝑙 − 𝐶𝑆
𝐶𝑙 − 𝐶0
T 𝑓𝑆 𝑜𝑟 α 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 =
𝐶𝑙 − 𝐶𝑆
α+L Liquid At 1250°C
α initial composition is Cu-50%Ni
α phase = (50-35)/(55-35)=0.75 or 75%
Liquid=(55-50)/(55-35)=0.25 or 25%
A Cs Co Cl B
%B
Numerical problems
The binary phase diagram of metals P and Q is shown in the figure. An alloy X containing
60% P and 40% Q (by weight) is cooled from liquid to solid state. The fractions of solid and
liquid (in weight percent) at 1250°C, respectively, will be
Case: I (Equilibrium Solidification): Lever Rule
Point 1
At point 1 the alloy is completely liquid, with
a composition C.
Let C = 65 weight% B.
A 9 48 58 65 B
%B
87 91 96
Case: I (Equilibrium Solidification): Lever Rule
Point 2
At point 2 the alloy has cooled as far as the liquidus,
and solid phase β starts to form. Phase β first forms
with a composition of 96 weight% B.
The green dashed line below is an example of a tie-line.
A tie-line is a horizontal (i.e., constant-temperature)
line through the chosen point, which intersects the
phase boundary lines on either side.
A B
%B
Case: I (Equilibrium Solidification): Lever Rule
Point 3
A tie-line is drawn through the point, and the lever rule
is applied to identify the proportions of phases present.
Intersection of the lines gives compositions C1 and C2 as
[Link]
C1 = 58 weight% B and C2 = 92 weight% B
So,
fraction of solid β = (65 - 58) / (92 - 58) = 20 weight%
A B fraction of liquid = (92 - 65) / (92 - 58) = 80 weight%
%B
Case: I (Equilibrium Solidification): Lever Rule
Point 4
Let C3 = 48 weight% B and C4 = 87 weight% B
So
fraction of solid β = (65 - 48) / (87 - 48) = 44 weight%.
As the alloy is cooled, more solid β phase forms.
At point 4, the remainder of the liquid becomes a
eutectic phase of α+ β and
A B Fraction of eutectic = 56 weight%
%B
Case: I (Equilibrium Solidification): Lever Rule
Point 5
Let C5 = 9 weight% B and C6 = 91 weight% B
So
fraction of solid β = (65 - 9) / (91 - 9) = 68 weight%
and
fraction of solid α= (91 - 65) / (91 - 9) = 32 weight%.
A B
%B
Numerical problems
A 1.5Kg sample of 90 wt% Pb-10wt% Sn alloy is heated to 250C; at this temperature it is an
entirely α phase solid solution. This alloy is to be melted to the extent that 50% of the
specimen is liquid, but the remainder being the α phase. This may be accomplished either
by heating the alloy or changing its’s composition while holding its temperature constant.
a. To what temperature must the specimen be heated?
b. How much tin must be added to the 1.5Kg specimen at 250C to achieve this state?
Numerical problems
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The Al-Cu phase diagram with Tm (Al) = 660°C, TE = 548 °C, Xmax = 5.65 wt%, and XE = 33
wt% Cu. The diffusion coefficient for the liquid DL = 3 X 10-9 m2/s. If an AI-0.5 wt% Cu alloy is
solidified with no convection and a planar solid/liquid interface at 5 μm/s:
(a) What is the interface temperature in the steady state?
(b) What is the thickness of the diffusion layer?
(c) What temperature gradient will be required to maintain a planar interface?
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Using the Scheil equation and the data in problem 4.15, (a) plot the variation of copper
concentration along a unidirectionally solidified bar of an AI-2 wt% Cu alloy, assuming no
diffusion in the solid and perfect mixing in the liquid.
(b) What fraction of the bar will solidify to a eutectic structure?
(c) How much eutectic would form in an AI-0.5 wt% Cu alloy solidified under the same
conditions?
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