This set of Statistical Quality Control Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on
“Modeling Process Quality – Describing Variation – 1”.
1. Which of these is not a tool to describe variation in product units?
a) The box plot
b) The histogram
c) Stem-and-Leaf plot
d) Acceptance Sampling
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: The box plot, the histogram, and the Stem-and-Leaf plot, all are used to illustrate
variation among the product units. But, Acceptance sampling cannot be used to describe variation
as; it is not a variation describing tool.
2. Descriptive statistics is used _____
a) To develop information regarding the product sample using the measured data
b) To measure the data for a sample
c) To draw conclusions about the population
d) To control the variation
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Descriptive statistics is used to show how simple graphical and numerical techniques
can be used, to summarize the information about the product. The evaluation of this information is
done, by using Statistical Inference.
3. Which of these shows the ordered Stem-and-Leaf Plot?
a) Stems arranged by magnitude
b) Stems not arranged by magnitude
c) Stems and the leaves, both arranged by magnitude
d) Neither stems nor leaves are arranged by magnitude
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: A Stem-and-Leaf plot is said to be ordered if it has its leaves arranged by magnitude. If
it has stems also arranged with leaves, it surely is the ordered Stem-and-Leaf plot.
4. The median for an odd number of observations is _________ where n is the number of
observations.
a) [(n-1)/2 + 1] rank on the ascending order of observations
b) [(n+1)/2 + 1] rank on the ascending order of observations
c) Average of [(n+1) / 2] and (n/2) rank on the ascending order of observations
d) (n/2) rank on the ascending order of observations
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Median is the fiftieth percentile of the data distribution. For the odd number of
observations (n), the median is [(n-1)/2 + 1] rank on the ascending order of observations. This can
also be written as [(n+1)/2] rank on the ascending order of observations.
5. For even number of observations of a data distribution, what is the median?
a) [(n-1)/2 + 1] rank on the ascending order of observations
b) (n/2) rank on the ascending order of observations
c) Average of (n/2)th observation and (n/2 + 1)th observation
d) Average of [(n+1) / 2] and (n/2) rank on the ascending order of observations
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: For even number of observation (n) of a data variation, the median is Average of (n/2)th
observation, and (n/2 + 1)th observation. This is because median of a data distribution is the fiftieth
percentile of the data distribution.
6. IQR is defined as ____________
a) difference between fourth and first quartile
b) difference between fourth and third quartile
c) difference between third and first quartile
d) difference between second and first quartile
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: IQR is expanded as interquartile range. It is defined as the difference between third and
first quartile. IQR = Q3-Q1; where Q1 = First Quartile; Q3 = Third Quartile.
7. In stem-and-leaf plot, the measure of variability is _____________
a) IQR
b) Mean
c) Median
d) Third quartile
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: IQR is the interquartile range, which is equal to the value of difference between third
and first quartile. It is used as a measure of variability, in the case of stem-and-leaf plot.
8. Which of these, does not take time order of observations into account?
a) Time series plot
b) Run chart
c) Marginal plot
d) Stem-and-leaf plot
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Although Stem-and-leaf plot is an excellent way to visually show the variability in the
observations. But it does not take time order of observations into account. So, time series plot or
marginal plot or run chart is used.
9. Which of these is not the name of the intervals created for the construction of the histogram?
a) Class intervals
b) Cells
c) Bins
d) Boxes
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: To construct histogram for continuous data, we must divide the range of the data into
intervals, which are usually called class intervals, cells, or bins.
10. For a set of data having 100 observations, how many bins must be created for satisfactory results
of histogram?
a) 25
b) 10
c) 28
d) 4
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The bin number, in the case of creating a histogram, must be between 5 and 20, to give
satisfactory results. If we choose no. of bins approx. equal to the square root of the number of
observations, it results well. √n=√100=10
11. The histogram has the same meaning as the box plot, i.e. there are two names of same thing.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The histogram is a plot between the frequency of an observation in a data, and the bins
of data created. But, the box plot is a graphical display that simultaneously displays many features of
data, like variability and departure from symmetry.
12. Relative frequency is defined as ____________
a) difference of frequency of an observation from the highest one
b) frequency of an observation
c) highest known frequency among all frequencies of the data
d) frequencies of each bin divided by the number of observations (n)
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Relative frequencies are defined as the frequencies of each bin of the histogram,
divided by the total number of observations (n) in the data. They are shown on vertical scale of
histogram.
13. Cumulative frequency plot is defined as ____________
a) height of each bar less than or equal to upper limit of bin
b) height of each bar more than or equal to upper limit of bin
c) height of each bar less than or equal to lower limit of bin
d) height of each bar more than or equal to upper limit of bin
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Increasing frequency plot or Cumulative frequency plot is defined as, the histogram in
which, the height of each bar is less than or equal to upper limit of the bin or class interval.
14. Frequency of a bin in the histogram must be higher than 0.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: In a histogram, frequency of an observation in a particular bin, depends on the data
given. It is not necessary that frequency of a bin cannot be zero.
16. Which of these give an expression for the mean of a discrete distribution?
a) ∫∞−∞xf(x)dx
b) ∑∞i=1xip(xi)
c) ∑∞i=1(x−μ)2p(xi)
d) ∫∞−∞(x−μ)2f(x)dx
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The expression for the mean of a discrete distribution is given by,
∑∞i=1xip(xi)
This set of Statistical Quality Control Questions and Answers for Experienced people focuses on
“Modeling Process Quality – Describing Variation – 2”.
1. The most important measure of central tendency in a sample is _____
a) Sample Average
b) Sample variance
c) Frequency of highest observation
d) Frequency of lowest observation
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: For a sample data of n observations, sample average is the most important measure of
central tendency. It is arithmetic mean of all the observations of the sample data.
2. Which of these is called the center of mass of the sample data?
a) Sample variance
b) Median of the data
c) Arithmetic mean of the data
d) The number having the highest frequency
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The histogram exactly “balances” at the point of the sample average, which is
arithmetic mean of the whole data. So it is called the center of mass of the data.
3. The variability in the sample data is measured by _____
a) Sample Data
b) Sample mean
c) Sample variance
d) Range of data
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The sample variance is the measure of the variability of the sample data, because it
shows deviation of the observations from the mean of the data.
4. The sample mean/average of the data is expressed by _____
a) ∑n0xi÷n
b) ∑n−10xi÷(n−1)
c) ∑n−11xi÷(n−1)
d) ∑ni=1xi÷n
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: The mean of a sample data with n number of observations is expressed by,
x¯¯¯=∑ni=1xi÷n
5. Which of the expression/inequality is always true?
a) x¯¯¯=s
b) sample standard deviation = SampleVariance−−−−−−−−−−−−−−√
c) sample standard deviation > sample variance
d) x¯¯¯=s2
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Sample variance is always the square of the sample standard deviation. This clarifies
that,
sample standard deviation = SampleVariance−−−−−−−−−−−−−−√.
6. The standard deviation of the data is expressed by _____
a) s={∑ni=1(xi–x¯¯¯)2n}1/2
b) s={∑ni=1(xi–x¯¯¯)2n−1}1/2
c) s=∑ni=1(xi–x¯¯¯)2n−1
d) s=∑ni=1(xi–x¯¯¯)2n
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The data sample standard deviation is expressed as,
s={∑ni=1(xi–x¯¯¯)2n−1}1/2
7. The standard deviation does not reflect the magnitude of the sample data, only the scatter about
the average.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The standard deviation of a sample data is the square root of the sample variance. As
variance is also calculated with respect to the mean, the above statement is true.
8. The sample variance is always greater than or equal to the sample standard deviation.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Although sample variance is the square of sample standard deviation, but it can never
be predicted that it will always be greater than or equal to the sample standard deviation. For
example, for S.D. = 0.2, Variance = 0.04.
9. Which of these cannot be displayed by the box plot?
a) Location or central tendency
b) Spread
c) Departure from symmetry
d) Mean of the data
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: The box plot graphically displays simultaneously several features of data, such as
location, spread/variability, departure from symmetry, and identification of outliers.
10. Line at the either end of the box plot shows the _____
a) Extreme values
b) First quartile
c) Third quartile
d) Median
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: A line at the either end of the box of the box plot shows the extreme values, i.e.
maximum and minimum values. This line is also called whisker, bases on what, the box plot is also
called box and whisker plot.
11. Probability distribution relates the value of a variable to ____
a) Its frequency
b) Its probability of occurrence
c) Random variable
d) Probability of occurrence of values other than that
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Probability distribution is a mathematical model, which relates the value of the variable
with the probability of occurrence of that value in the population.
12. Which of these statements give exact definition of a random variable?
a) A random value from the set of integers
b) A random value from the set of natural numbers
c) A random value from the set of whole numbers which can take many values
d) A variable which takes on different values in population according to some random mechanism
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: A random variable is generally described as a variable, which can take different values
in population, i.e. the set of data, and follows no calculated mechanism.
13. Which of these gives a correct definition of continuous distributions?
a) Probability distribution of the variable being measured which takes on random values
b) Probability distribution of the variable being measured which takes on values dependent over a
calculated mechanism
c) Probability distribution of the variable which takes some certain values such as integers
d) Probability distribution of the variable being measured that takes values on continuous scale
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: When the parameter being measured can be expressed only on a continuous scale, its
probability distribution is called a continuous distribution. E.g. length of a chip.
14. Which of these expressions is correctly describing a continuous distribution?
a) P(x=xi)=1-P(x≠xi)
b) P{a≤x≤b} = ∫baf(x)dx
c) P{x=xi}=p(xi)
d) P(x=xi)≤1-p(x≠xi)
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: For a continuous distribution, probability of a value x lying in between a and b is
expressed as,
P{a≤x≤b} = ∫baf(x)dx
15. Which of these give an expression for the mean of a continuous distribution?
a) ∫∞−∞xf(x)dx
b) ∑∞i=1xip(xi)
c) ∑∞i=1(x−μ)2f(x)dx
d) ∫∞−∞(x−μ)2p(xi)
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The expression for the mean of a continuous distribution is given by,
∫∞−∞xf(x)dx
1. What will be the variance of the sample following hyper geometric distribution and having 5 items
defective in 100 lot items, if 10 samples are taken without replacement?
a) 0.431818
b) 0.410023
c) 0.483838
d) 0.568898
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: variance of hyper geometric distribution is given by,
σ2=nDN(1−Dn)(N−nN−1) Putting, N=100, n=10, D=5; we get variance=0.431818.
2. For a Poisson distribution, parameter λ is having a value of 7. What is the variance for the
distribution?
a) 2.64
b) 2.78
c) 7
d) 14
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: For the Poisson probability distribution, the variance is equal to the parameter λ of the
probability distribution. So for the above stated distribution, the variance will be equal to 7.
3. For 9 Bernoulli trials, what will be the mean of trials when the probability of failure is 0.56?
a) 5.04
b) 1.74
c) 3.96
d) 2.82
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: For n=9 and probability of failure=0.56, we get probability of success;
p = 1 – 0.56 = 0.44.
Using this, we get;
mean= np=9*0.44=3.96.
4. In sample fraction defective, the ̂ symbol represents that ______
a) p ̂ is an estimate of the true value of binomial parameter p
b) It is the “raised to power” operator
c) It is having no significance
d) It is the true value of binomial parameter p
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The ̂ symbol represents the estimate of the true, unknown value of the binomial
parameter p.p is the value of sample fraction defective or sample fraction nonconforming.
5. For a Pascal distribution, the probability of occurrence of a event x is given by _____
a) p(x)=(x−1r−1)px(1−p)x−r
b) p(x)=(r−1x−1)px(1−p)x−r
c) p(x)=(x−1r−1)px(1−p)1−r
d) p(x)=(x−1r−1)px(1−p)x−1
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The Pascal probability distribution is given by the following equation,
p(x)=(x−1r−1)px(1−p)x−r
Where x=r, r+1, r+2… and r≥1 is an integer.
6. When is Pascal distribution, called negative binomial distribution?
a) When r>0 but not necessarily an integer
b) When r<0 but an integer
c) When r>3 and an integer
d) When r=0 and an integer
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: When in a Pascal probability distribution, r is greater than 0 but not necessarily an
integer, the Pascal distribution is called, negative binomial distribution. This is a special case of
Pascal distribution.
7. When r=1 in a Pascal distribution, what is this case called?
a) Negative binomial distribution
b) Positive binomial distribution
c) Hyper geometric distribution
d) Geometric distribution
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: The special case of Pascal distribution when r=1, we get geometric distribution. This
represents the number of Bernoulli trials until the first success occurs.
8. Lognormal distributions are a part of discrete distributions.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Lognormal distributions are an important part of continuous distributions, as they
represent probability distribution of variables having continuous values. They are not counted in
discrete distributions.
9. Which of the expression represents the mean of Pascal distribution?
a) r/p
b) np
c) nD/N
d) np(1-p)
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The mean of the Pascal distribution is given by the following equation,
μ=r/p
Where r > 1 and an integer and p is probability of success.
10. The equation of variance, i.e. σ2=r(1−p)p2 is true for _____
a) Hyper geometric distribution
b) Pascal Distribution
c) Normal distribution
d) Binomial distribution
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The expression r(1−p)p2 is useful for finding out variance of the Pascal probability
distribution. We can identify it as it has “r” in the expression of variance.
11. Bernoulli trials are a part of _____ probability distribution.
a) Poisson
b) Binomial
c) Hyper geometric
d) Normal
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Bernoulli trials are the independent trials having a result either a “success” or a
“failure”. They are an important part of binomial probability distribution. The probability distribution
is based upon the Bernoulli trials.
12. (ab) is expanded as __________
a) a!b!
b) a!b!(a−b)!
c) a!b!(b−a)!
d) b!a!
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: (ab) is generally acronym for the combination abC or a!b!(a−b)!
13. For a Pascal distribution; r=3 and the probability of success is 0.7895. What will be the value of
“σ”?
a) 1.0131
b) 3
c) 1.0065
d) 1.7320
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: We know, for a Pascal distribution,
σ2=r(1-p)/p2
Evaluation of the above equation using the values r=3 and p=0.7895, we get, σ=1.0063.
14. For evaluation probability of measurement of length of a part being a certain value, discrete
probability distributions can be used.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The length of a part is always measured as a continuous value. Taking this fact into
account, we cannot use discrete probability distributions for evaluation of probability. The
continuous probability distributions are used for the above mentioned purpose.
This set of Statistical Quality Control Interview Questions and Answers for Experienced people
focuses on “Modeling Process Quality – Discrete Distributions – 2”.
1. Which of these is not a discrete probability distribution?
a) Hyper geometric Distribution
b) Binomial Distribution
c) Normal Distribution
d) Poisson Distribution
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Hyper geometric distribution, Binomial distribution, and Poisson distribution are all part
of discrete probability distribution family. But, Normal distribution is a Continuous distribution.
2. The mean of hyper geometric probability distribution is expressed as _____
a) μ=nD/N
b) μ=np
c) μ=r/p
d) μ=nN/D
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The mean of hyper geometric distribution is given by,
μ=nD/N.
3. Probability function for hyper geometric probability distribution is _____
a) p(x)=(Dx)(N−Dn−x)(Nn)
b) p(x)=(Dx)(N−Dn−x)(nN)
c) p(x)=(xD)(N−Dn−x)(Nn)
d) p(x)=(Dx)(n−xN−D)(Nn)
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The probability function for the hyper geometric probability distribution is evaluated by
following equation,
p(x)=(Dx)(N−Dn−x)(Nn)
Where D is a number of interest, N is total no. of items in population, x is the no. of sample falling in
the class of interest and n is no. of items in a sample.
4. For N=100, D=5, n=10, and x = 2; probability according to hypergeometric distribution will be
_____
a) 0.58375
b) 0.92314
c) 0.99336
d) 0.99975
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: According to hyper geometric probability distribution,
p(x)=(Dx)(N−Dn−x)(Nn)
This gives P(X≤x)=0.99336 for the mentioned values.
5. The independent trials which have either a “success” or a “failure” as an outcome, are called ____
a) Normal trials
b) Bernoulli trials
c) Poisson’s trials
d) Hyper geometric trials
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: When a process contain a sequence of independent trials which don’t depend on each
other’s result, and which have outcome either a “success” or a “failure”, the trials are called
Bernoulli trials.
6. The binomial distribution is given by _____
a) p(x)=(nx)px(1−p)n−x
b) p(x)=(xn)pn−x(1−p)x
c) p(x)=(xn)px(1−p)n−x
d) p(x)=(nx)pn−x(1−p)x
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The binomial distribution is based on Bernoulli trials, which gives the probability
distribution as,
p(x)=(nx)px(1−p)n−x.
7. Let us take Bernoulli trial of tossing a coin. If there are 70 independent trials, and finding a head is
a success, what will be the variance?
a) 17.5
b) 18.5
c) 4.8
d) 4.18
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Variance of the binomial distribution,
σ2=np(1-p)
For tossing a coin and finding a head, p = 0.5, which gives variance = 17.5.
8. Poisson distribution is given by ____
a) p(x)=e−λλxx!
b) p(x)=e−xλxx
c) p(x)=e−λλxx
d) p(x)=e−λλxλ!
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The Poisson distribution probability is given by the following equation,
p(x)=e−λλxx!
Where λ is a parameter and λ > 0.
9. The mean of a Poisson distribution is _____
a) Greater than λ
b) Lesser than λ
c) Equal to λ
d) Having no relation with λ
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: According to Poisson distribution, the mean and the variance, both are always equal to
the parameter used in the Poisson probability distribution, i.e. λ.
10. For a company, which uses Poisson distributions to describe all the defects in its product, which
has the parameter λ=4, what will be the probability of finding the selected product from a sample
that will have 2 or less than 2 defects?
a) 0.2381
b) 0.2561
c) 0.2104
d) 0.3310
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The Poisson probability distribution which has λ=5, we can determine the above stated
probability using,
P{x≤2} = ∑2x=2e−44xx! = 0.018316 + 0.73263 + 0.146525 = 0.238104.
11. For a experiment following binomial distribution, the mean is 54.3, and the number of
independent trials is 121. What will be the probability of failure?
a) 0.55123
b) 0.51000
c) 0.44877
d) 0.45700
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: μ=54.3, n=121. We know that, p=μ/n
p=0.44876.
So probability of failure = 1-p = 0.55123.
12. A lot follows hyper geometric distribution for defects found in its items. It contains 100 items out
of which, 5 are defective. If 10 items are selected without replacement in a random order, what is
the probability of finding 0 defective items?
a) 0.5837521
b) 0.4162479
c) 0.5708992
d) 0.4522222
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: According to hyper geometric probability distribution,
p(x)=(Dx)(N−Dn−x)(Nn)
Putting values from the question, we get, p(x) = 0.5837521.
This set of Statistical Quality Control Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on
“Modeling Process Quality -Continuous Distributions – 1”.
1. Which of these cannot be shown on the continuous distributions?
a) Length dimension measurement of a box
b) Volume measurement of the box
c) Area measurement of one face of the box
d) Number of defects on the surface of the box
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Continuous distributions are used to describe the variation in the values of variables
which are continuous, i.e. which take values on continuous scale. Number of defects is discrete not
continuous parameter.
2. Which of these is a continuous distribution?
a) Pascal distribution
b) Lognormal distribution
c) Binomial distribution
d) Hyper geometric distribution
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Pascal, binomial, and hyper geometric distributions are all part of discrete distribution
which are used to describe variation of attributes. Lognormal distribution is a continuous distribution
used to describe variation of the continuous variables.
3. Which of these distributions has an appearance of bell-shaped or unimodal curve?
a) Lognormal distributions
b) Normal distribution
c) Exponential distribution
d) Cumulative exponential distributions
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Out of all continuous distributions, Normal distributions are the only distributions,
which have a shape of curve as a bell. The curves of them are mostly unimodal.
4. The rule of multiplication of probability is possible only ____
a) When events are independent
b) When events are mutually exclusive
c) When events are Bayesian
d) When events are Empirical
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The rule of multiplication of probability is possible only when the events are
independent.
P(A and B)=P(A).P(B)
5. Which of these equations describe the normal continuous distribution?
a) f(x)=1σ2π√e−0.5(x−μσ)2,−∞<x<−∞
b) f(x)=12π√e−0.5(x−μσ)2,−∞<x<−∞
c) f(x)=1σπ√e−0.5(x−μσ)x,−∞<x<−∞
d) f(x)=1σ2π√e−0.5(x−μσ)x,−∞<x<−∞
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Normal distribution is a part of continuous distributions, which is described by the
following equation,
f(x)=1σ2π√e−0.5(x−μσ)2,−∞<x<−∞
6. “ϕ(∙)” is said to be cumulative distribution function of _________
a) Standard binomial distribution
b) Standard normal distribution
c) Standard exponential distribution
d) Standard gamma distribution
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: For the standard normal distribution, “ϕ(∙)” is described as the cumulative distribution
function, which has the value of mean equal to zero and the corresponding standard deviation equal
to unity.
7. The probability that the normal random variable x is less than or equal to some value a is said to
be the _____
a) Standard normal distribution
b) Lognormal distribution
c) Exponential distribution
d) Cumulative normal distribution
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: The normal distribution has several important special cases, out of which, the
cumulative normal distribution is defined as the probability that the normal random variable x≤a.
8. Which of these is true for the normal distributions?
a) μy=a1μ1+a2μ2+⋯+anμn
b) μy=a1μ21+a2μ22+⋯+anμ2n
c) μ2y=a21μ21+a22μ22+⋯+a2nμ2n
d) σ2y=a21σ21+a22σ22+⋯+a2nσ2n
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: From property, for any normal distribution which has,
y=a21x1+a22x2+⋯+a2nxn
We have,
μy=a1μ1+a2μ2+⋯+anμn
9. The central limit theorem is true for _______ distribution.
a) Normal distribution
b) Lognormal distribution
c) Exponential distribution
d) Gamma distribution
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The central limit theorem uses an assumption that, the normal distribution is an
appropriate distribution for a random variable. That’s why; the central limit theorem is true only for
Normal distribution.
10. If a variable x is having its value equal to the exponential function of another variable w, i.e.
“x=exp(w)”, and w has normal distribution; the distribution of x is called _______
a) Normal distribution
b) Exponential distribution
c) Lognormal distribution
d) Gamma distribution
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: For a random variable x, which has “x=exp(w)” where w is having a normal distribution;
the distribution of such a random variable x, is said to be the Lognormal distribution. It is a
continuous distribution.
11. For a lognormal random variable, what is the value of mean?
a) μ=eθ+w22
b) μ=ew2+θ2
c) μ=ew+θ22
d) μ=eθ+w2
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: if for x, which has x=ew, and w has a normal distribution with mean θ and variance w2;
x is a lognormal random variable with mean expressed as
μ=e(θ+ w2/2).
12. The exponential distribution is given by _____
a) f(x)=xeλ
b) f(x)= e-λx
c) f(x)= λe-λx
d) f(x)=ew
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The continuous probability distribution is said to be exponential if the distribution
follows this equation,
f(x)= λe-λx.
13. The cumulative distribution function for the lognormal distribution is given by _____
a) ϕ[ln(a)−θω]
b) ϕ[ln(a)−θa]
c) ϕ[ln(a)−ωω]
d) ϕ[ln(a)−θθ]
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The lognormal cumulative distribution function defines the probability that the variable
x is less than or equal to a is given by,
ϕ[ln(a)−θω]
14. If a card is chosen from a deck of cards, what is the probability that it is either 7 or 9?
a) 4/52
b) 7/52
c) 9/52
d) 8/52
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: There are 8 cards in the deck which are either 7 or 9. There are total 52 cards in the
deck, so the probability that the card is either a 7 or a 9 is 8/52; based upon the outcomes of interest
divided by the total possible outcomes.
15. The rule of multiplication of probability is possible only _____________
a) When events are independent
b) When events are mutually exclusive
c) When events are Bayesian
d) When events are Empirical
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The rule of multiplication of probability is possible only when the events are
independent.
P(A and B)=P(A).P(B
This set of Statistical Quality Control test focuses on “Modeling Process Quality – Continuous
Distributions – 2”.
1. The display of possible outcomes of an event with their corresponding probabilities is called
____________
a) Probability Plot
b) Contingency table
c) Bayesian Table
d) Frequency Plot
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The graphical representation of possible outcomes of an event with their corresponding
probabilities; is called Probability plot.
2. Which one of these is not one of the conditions for the binomial distribution?
a) Only two outcomes must be there for an event
b) Independent trials must be there
c) Trials must be more than 4
d) The probability of failure must be constant
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: For a binomial distribution, Bernoulli trials are necessary, i.e. the outcomes of an event
must be either a success or a failure, and this means the probability of failure must be constant.
3. For mean=7 and standard deviation=2, what will be probability that a variable, which follows
normal distribution, will have a value less than or equal to 10?
a) 0.93319
b) 0.94520
c) 0.96409
d) 0.91924
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Here μ=7, σ=2, we know that, P[x≤a] = P[z≤a−μσ]
So, P[x≤10]=P[z≤10−72]= P[z≤1.5]=φ[1.5]=0.93319.
4. The variance of lognormal distribution is given by ____
a) σ2 = e2θ+w (ew2-1)
b) σ2 = e2θ+w2 (ew-1)
c) σ2 = e2θ+w2 (ew2-1)
d) σ2 = e2θ+w2 (ew2-2)
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The variance of a variable having a lognormal distribution is given by,
σ2= e2θ+w2 (ew2-1).
5. The relationship between the mean and variance of the exponential distribution is expressed by
_____
a) μ = λσ2
b) μ = σ2/λ
c) σ2=λ2 μ
d) σ2=μ/λ2
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: For an exponential distribution, μ=1⁄λ and σ2 = 1/λ2
So, for an exponential distribution, μ = λσ2.
6. (1-e-λa) is the cumulative ______ distribution.
a) Gamma
b) Normal
c) Lognormal
d) Exponential
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: The cumulative distribution for standard exponential distribution is given by following
equation,
F(a)=(1-e-λa).
7. The exponential distribution is used in reliability engineering as a model of the time to failure of a
system. The parameter λ is called _____ in this application.
a) Failure rate
b) MTF
c) Hazard rate
d) MTBF
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The parameter λ in the reliability engineering application of the exponential distribution
is called the failure rate of the system. The application uses it as a model of time to failure.
8. The mean of the exponential distribution used in reliability engineering is used as mean time to
failure.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: In reliability engineering, the exponential distribution is used as a model of the time to
failure of a system. The mean of the distribution is called MTF or mean time to failure.
9. The mean of the gamma distribution is given by _________
a) μ=1/λ
b) μ=r/λ
c) μ=r2/λ
d) μ=1/r
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: For a gamma distribution,
μ=r/λ
Where r and λ are the shape parameter and the scale parameter, respectively.
10. Exponential distribution is a special case of gamma distribution.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: When the shape factor r=1, in the case of a gamma distribution, gamma distribution
reduces to an exponential distribution which has only the scale parameter λ.
11. The relationship between the mean and the standard deviation of the gamma distribution is
given as _____
a) μσ=r√
b) μσ=r
c) μσ=r2
d) μσ=r√3
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The mean of a gamma distribution = rλ and standard deviation σ = r√λ; so,
μσ=r√.
12. If the shape parameter of the gamma distribution is twice the scale parameter, what will be the
value of the mean of the distribution?
a) 1.5
b) 2
c) 4
d) 1
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: As for a gamma distribution, mean μ=r/λ; putting the value r=2λ from the question, we
get,
μ=2λ⁄λ=2.
13. For an exponential distribution, what is the probability that the value of the exponential random
variable with parameter λ=3.2; will be having a value higher than 0.2353?
a) 0.5290
b) 0.4710
c) 0.2213
d) 0.3452
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: P[x>0.2352]=1-P[x≤0.2352]=1-{1-exp(-3.2*0.2353)}=0.4710.
14. Which of these will not be distributed on a discrete distribution?
a) The number of houses in a colony
b) The number of bedrooms in a house
c) The number of scratches on a car hood
d) The diameter of a car tire
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: The number of houses, bedrooms, and scratches, are all incremented by a discrete
number, which is an integer, whereas, the diameter of a car tire will be increased on a continuous
scale. Thus, it must be plotted on a continuous distribution.
15. For a variable distributed log-normally with θ=6, ω=1.2; what is the probability that the variable
exceeds a value of 500?
a) 0.4290
b) 0.5710
c) 0.4990
d) 0.4937
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: For a lognormal distribution,
P[x > a]=1-P[x≤a]=1-P[z≤ln(a)−θω]
Putting the values of θ and ω we get,
P[x>500]=0.4290.