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Vector Integration

Chapter 9 discusses vector integration, including line integrals and their physical interpretations, such as work done by a force field along a curve. It introduces concepts like conservative fields and Green's theorem, which relates line integrals around a closed curve to double integrals over the region enclosed by the curve. The chapter also covers surface integrals and the Gauss-Divergence theorem, connecting surface integrals to volume integrals of divergence.

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13 views41 pages

Vector Integration

Chapter 9 discusses vector integration, including line integrals and their physical interpretations, such as work done by a force field along a curve. It introduces concepts like conservative fields and Green's theorem, which relates line integrals around a closed curve to double integrals over the region enclosed by the curve. The chapter also covers surface integrals and the Gauss-Divergence theorem, connecting surface integrals to volume integrals of divergence.

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ramrchopade
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CHAPTER-9 VECTOR INTEGRATION ecto point functions. Let Fy ine mee a 2) be 4 vector point funtion defined in % he curve 'C’ at which F a ws CuIve in this region. Let PF) be nor at "5 In a direction shown (See Fig. 9.1), jz wngent vector at P. Integral of tangential co F @OMPONeNt of F along the curve ‘ we fined points A and B is denoted by [FE .4 Re J Ts (8s is an arc element] and is cieintegrl of F along the curve C between points A and 8 re integral aon ‘ Ft reine teal along the cure Cis written as fF T ds, if the curve '5 closed one, tis written as § F - ds. c 7 resents work done in the force field F it ty soe Th TnIZF In displacing the partie of unit mass through distances along the curve 'C epson being summation process. fF - T ds will represent work done in ‘moving a particle of unit mass along the curve ‘C ry Ato in the force field F . This is the physical interpretation of Line integration, jreauation of line integral, rae ara ia oo = fe hence fF tase fF as = f Fear c c c Aline integral = f F "brs quite convenient for calculating the value of the integral “> we a Fo= Fi thy + Fk dr = 1 dx+j dytk dz SGiTe Jem OC axe] ayek eo : é S Fide + Fody + Fsdz . c si $ . eae sain gee 2 ato ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS ‘ yaT + xy we shall obtain dr for the ‘as anilustration, consider F «= xjoining the same points a, @cisthecurvey = xJ0in9 ee, i fet neyoy) = S* fier = forte Geel mM u) arabotc path OP joining 0 and (2 2) Consider the P Equation of parabola is y? = X rereydy © free te yy 0 ay dy = ox J 1 = fap nae[te 4] ° ae 4°12 = x joining (0, 0) and (2, 1) te) {Consider the straight line path y dy = ox 1 SJ Paxey gy = frrocexnde = f eer) dx=2 c ° ° Here, 3 ‘Thus, we get different values for different paths. Condition for independence of path in line integral. Normly thee ne neal [1 es line integrals along the different curves joining the same points. But if F is expressible as gradient of scalar point functions “a a sabes 8 [Link] F= Vo then f Fe =f ve-dt = fao=o) rea “ ca ea A ‘Thus, in this case, the value of the line integral depends upon the value that @ takes at A and is case, the fi S 1e value that ¢ tal B joining # and 8 (\e. independent of path), Such field F = Vos called Conservative Fleld, J particular, for @ closed path integration in a conservative field, (For @ dosed curve, startin, Point and end point are the sam , starting poir ie same) $F tors dosed curve © two cases (i) cis - depends upon the curve C joining the points A and Bi. we get different the curve = ohn | 4, Fig. 9.2 yard MATICS HEE 87) (oa) ger te path y?= xjolning (0,0) and (a, 1) VECTOR INTEGRATION SF = f eaesyryy en SFide c -beay. eon SF oar = f oxsyayy, c < aydy 1 S278) +2676 fap yay ‘ the path y Baye ess. ey j 2 3 _spusat te point further, consider the path OMP (See Fig, 9.2) a = fied s fia OM MP = Sf Ades dy + f tars yay * MP song OMy Ie along MP, x 1 dx =0 a a s 3" Sraaq = Jrtecs freye S] PE? vases of [ F «dr come out to be the same for all the three paths joining (0, 0) and (1, 1) because F is conservative. & au WW the dosed curve C enclosing an area A. Let u (x y), v (x y) and thelr fist partials 5, « ay + ay » ay Be continuous and ved over the region bounded by the curve C, then au Giudervdy = Si @-%) dx dy a ®€pres5 it in vector form “FUT +y7 [a vector funetion in xy plane] i UxF = 2 < gfe e gk = mento, usr MATHEMATICS the vector Ai element ny plane ‘ f cay = dswanarea clement ae Jf (%_B) axaycan be eoresed 28 Gudcevey = $Fdt rae umma canbe evgesedio veo 07 af 65-07 = [JR xF res ; erin ost sion of ine integral, consider the following example. ousrate the use of Green's Lemma in evalu a aa so it a-sinyj)-oF fora dosed curve which is given by x2 +? = 1,2=0. sx: tvuate § (cos yi +x -sin Given integrals writen as bef cosy det oe -sinyh oy. E ¢ oad u = cosy, v=x(L~siny) wu = SIGS {fis the area of circle x2 + y2 = 1] Reni iceenyranarcy) i = SS oxay a =n (eR, Consider some more ilustations on the line integrati 1 sEraluote fF dr for? x 3427 Tesh 4 Ji I for Wi + Qe-y7 42h along the following paths : The stroig Z Treamen ens 0.0 od, 3 ce SM Y at rege 0 Avg on * fromt=0 to t= eg ie ties nee MT ® Sibi + ae a c “Wdy + 2dz SY = dt de = (ea) dt home «0 ay. 1) dt fromt = 0tot ata + ase ° ~ 40m dts C42 t+ 429 1) at + S00 + see “8328-128 y at ; = S485 + 1604+ aoe J 128 at [eat eee re = 148+ 16 s i i [#8-s68 at ye) = 8+ 8e7 en $ $.2 3 =) &zatromex = Oia 2. The parametric equations may be taken as from t= Otot=1 dz = 92d¢ SF dt = f 3 cat ade + ae 2rdts 38 oedt c ° 1 1 = S 2a? + 2418-264 278 dt = f 618-20 + 2448) at ° Bir, te Gare sua = [s$-2f+28] 22.4 51-3448 96 ] ir 6 6 ee dof force given by the work done in moving a particle once round the ellipse 3g + yg = 1, z = 0 under the fe ai D-y+2)T + Oty-2] + Gxn¥y sank nservative ? sig ca W. = fieanny +2)de+ teryn2) dy + Ox~2y + 42)dz c (May 2010, Dec. 2011, 2026) Cis the arc of the ellipse. z=0 « de=0 w= $2x-yae+ orn ey c “"Sthe parametric equations of the ellipse ' =4sin x = 5c0s@, dé dx = -5sin@de, dy = 40058 9 + asin.) (4€05 0) 00 sarnemartcs = CE & TO even Oh ore ee Ji he irre ee ps4 f sino 08 «fo tsnte + cos?8) 4 on = 00m = Se atresia te vec fd ETT conservative Ta vy] ove the region Renlosed by Y = 07d then line y = x (Dec. 2008, 2012, Me ly 2019 ‘be 3: Verify Green's theorer” for the field F Sol : By Green's theorem goarva = [1 G-3) 09 Las = Pace rydy = Srtde+rydy+ f axe gy i ie PAO =h+h ial b= fede y dy a Along OP, y =x 3. dy =a 1 hh = ff x2dx+x2dx 2 for = f Pde+sydy tho Along a PAO, y = 92, 2. dy = 2nd = Sf Raven? { 1 de = J (x2 + 244) dx (Note) eos ~[Feoff 42,20 1 Pama LHS, = henge? HW 4 pe ed Rus, = ff (2a JIG-%) axsy gon yo x “SS os 9% wo she ‘ aoe aod [fat RHS. = 2G-j}.2 valve swith “Ve SiON (. the ath is cong theorem is Verified, nie ees pce tte theorem for F saver Green's ea ‘ay Green's theorem, we have J "ete Rit uaa of te ceo Bs frLHS.=1 § x dx + y? dy where, Cis the path OABO = OA + Arc AB + BO c HengOA, y = 0, dy = a a5 9 meee -¢ Hong arc AB, x = acos®, = ising) oe dx =-asin@d®, dy = acosede b= i aro f totontenesestecsne 2 Ts $Pdray =f es a ‘ d RHS. ie ») fe ou LHS.=1 = [Link] = Geers, | ‘nko a Gven vA Fa 0 nducy Boo Roe Is @-%) dx dy = 0 {MATHEMATICS — 11 (© are) ieee VECTOR INTEGRATION (ay 2016) tepad 0) VECTOR | io. cA NY 1 oo —ecisgnen 2 losed maar simple clos ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS wwe Fr 1 tne oreo bounded se ) axey G Pasar Lae yor, weget P= ~2 ving § Pars Qay wih 2 J x- x18 2 6 xay-yax = 1 the area bounded by closed curve C. = acos® y 2 (acos@bcos@ + bsinda sin 6) 40 =i = bsin@ hn case of elipse x 2 § xay-yax x penn 1 2.9 + sin?) do = 5 ab (0 =zJ sicone sin? @) d0 = 2 ab (6), Jb 2x = nab which is the area of the ellipse. = - 1 Show that [ ¢¥@-dr =0 for any closed curve C. ¢ 2 Evaluate {F dr forF = (2x+y)7 +(8y-x)J and Cis the cuve < ‘Straightline joining (0, 0) and (3, 2) 5 10) Along the path joining (0,0) and (2,0) and then from (2, 0) to (0, 3). Ans. ()) 15, 7 -ryiex] Baz BF =H then show that Far * 2x where, Cis a crcl with centre atthe origin, ¢ Wink : Consider x = a cos 6, y = a sin 6, iT = do; ®=0to 2x) 6 de + ydy a £ Sieeyie along the curve Te etcostT +e Plats 6 wor Kdu 6 y dy woh ch WF exe z=; F. (May sint} joining (a, 0) to (e%*, 0), and t= Otot= an} PT + Gy-ay7 then evaluate fF. around the folowing paths: 0 Tangle ABC where A, 6 c Chave the coro {The parabolic arc y = dinates * ing 0,0) and, 1, (il) The parabolic arc Pex Joining, ote : (0, 0), (2, 0), (21) respectively, (May 2012, 2014, 2019) panama marnemarics 18687 ae ge 26. Using Green's theorem evaluet® g 17. A vector field is given 0. rome: JJ (-5)™ p ay) for closed give” pyery=h siny) Use Green's ava ty : a @ Baa sJ wal i sone JSG Hint : Here u = cos y= (= 12# J, sr acisthe cre lew +y*= | e integral of the aap fered ° 0 reorem evaluate 28. Using Green's th | pine The surface integral of a vector point function cover a surface $ is defined as th‘ normal component of F taken over the surface S. Consider a surface $ (Fig. 96). Let F act at P enc nent of Fis given by F n. losed by an element of area 85, n is a unit vector normal to the surface at P. Normal compe The surface integral can Be ress a SF fasor [fens 4 : we write d5 = n dS, the above integral can also be written as SFB or SJ Fé 3 Physically the surface integral of a vector function F expresses the normal flux through a surface. If F surface, @ of fluid, the surface integral of g over a closed si urface, represents the rate of fl low of fluid through the su We shall now consider an importar ete portant theorem known as Gauss-Divergence theorem, which connects . a Statement : Gauss-Divergence theorem ‘states that the surface i integral of the normal F over a closed surface $ Is enclosed by the surface $n #2 thé volume Integral of ths Di vergence of F Its written as =) VECTOR INTEGRATION "Y an element of area 65, along an outward drawn ‘ sometimes, could also be expressed inthe form a. re s fF = fvFay "AI+h) +k a fy) ar, 9% y) F 2 = Fu) SJ 20H To teyy ey JS {Y= Fs (xy, o) dx dy Fig. 9.8 per portion Sa, ax dy = cos dS> = K- fa dSy ne lower portion Sy, dx dy =~ cos ty, dS; =—K- ny dS; OA o7 ici meet Vo = 2yj +2zk, xe AS i yi yj) +aate-F yj +28 SF Fd = 4 ff cys aares Teestorming to cylindrical co-ordinate system y= pcos = psn X= ¥ = paxdo bt p23, fee fi Hi 27 cost + 4x27 sin?g) 3 dea @-0x=0 4 . i { 27 costoxt roa sib, * 2 -f (54 costo + 216 sin?@) dd = 0 “els of dd powers of sine and cosine varish fr limits Oto se rot ff o7* z= Oonds =2 ery the circle 2 * Sol. : Sis the plane surface of the ofinde and $ together enclose the volume bounded PY "Tprae [free LI? ca where, Tegel Be teynaigezs ans. « [fies 2a < all Faraone ae ; is allfes3) andy oll (2+ 5) ody ea ff ongy = eonxt = a | For S, f= -k Feds = F.(Rds = -2 dk dy JJ -2axey = 0 asthe pleneisz = 0. 5 For Sh =k 1 Fonds = rdedy ieee i ie-nests iciaraylwrecneete 2 8 s USF Mra. [fia = 32n-0-16n YQ ign = ETE) ___vecroninrrecraTion — oS SSS ve 3 SL ces yeasyenayer (by divergence theorem) the volume of the ellipsoid i *e 7a a =X y=by, zea ie 2S LJ wrestae cay abe dX d¥ 02 sthe volume of the sphere eevee ed X = rsin@cos@ Y = rsin@sing Z =rcos@ dx d¥dZ = rsin@drde do mR 1 3 fe2rPsin2e cos2e + bP sin20 sink + e217 cost) x abe sin @ dr d0 9 0 @-or=0 2s 20 sin 2 Wi : . 2sin8@ sin? + 2cos?@ sin 6} dr d@ do abe axax2ihi Span 00 0 = m2 - oT FF gpsinte co be wi [é J i sin 219 + B2sin? sin? + 2 cos?@ sin 6) d0.d8 abe y R pee mariner meorswvne [ffaeJIeF@ Sol. : By divergence theorer™ L Tis spe le q rye qyrte Ve Now. Maer es Meg ; 4 edaadtet rn” 2 noe sult -f J JB wien is the required " jytis Te Ba J orry- yv79) v. x 20:Prvetnar: JJ ry v0) avy-wve Sob: Let veF = v-100y-VV4l V- cory) = vorvy tov eH = Ve Ty t OU V-(w¥e) = Vy-Vor wv V6 = Vy ¥9 + yi VF = ve vy ov2y-Vy: VO- WP Sa 2 = ev’y-yV"o ae By divergence theorem, ee ; a ee f v—y¥6) dS Sf» foVy - y¥g} dV = SSJ tov2y— 029) dV ae which i the required result, ee ——— 11: if GV are two vector point functions, show that for a closed surface, SS © x07. 0x09 a = SS fe ern J Sti scr Sol: By the divergence theorem, é Substituting in ( in the x-directic lend On Whose p f the spherical surfaces is ff Sf \s Hint e : Oey, si Fl (fia aeet LS 3a Pee urte cing the volineng z cic tne surface of the sphere x2 + y2 + 72 = aa ii +zk 4S where Sis the s is Gis STORES THEOREM AND RELATED PROBLEMS. —_ der Stok connects a surface integral with a line integral n tment. The surface integrt of the normal component of the curl of the vector point - function F taken over an open surface $ bounded by closed curve C is equal to the line 3 intial component of F taken around the curve C. cS utward drawn normal vector. F is acting at dary of the surface. : we PHEMATICS ~ HIN (E @& Te) ui wal pom co Be exDresseu as ffi -onFas = Sig , ee ye le giferentiabl Gipeis. Jf Cun Ras « yO: SS vt. te S I PHOT shy snk has : = fil WxTn Rass ff Wx jy- hase SS Wx) Ads ; Basins ansder JJ (yaaa sersider J oO sm ent . nvancenve MATHEMATICS eo ae ap, a2, B) 0.4 8S i? 5 Sty “me “" ‘al yond ¢ pecyey © inte? a Diterentating WY a 2 B29 oaxdy ent es gscoso= dxay or kas of din x0y lane WF axay isthe projection prot AdS + 3 axcy 2 ad) | SJ weir nas + Sf -¥° ly F. where 5; isthe projection of Sin x0Y Pane by Gren’ Lemma 3 fvdesvey = SJ Beer Toking u=@ v=0 2 aedy =f odx [Cris the boundary of S:) sf he it 1 seach point x ofthe value of gs the same as that of F, at each point (2) of Cand ds the wehave Sede = f ride 4 ¢ Thus it is established that SJ weesiy-has = S Fide © Smilarly by considering projections of Son the other co-ordinate planes SJ waesin-hos = f ray and SJ [Vx (Fs, C aatsie SS x0,7 +55] «ky. Aes « i Fy d+ Fody+ Fydz which proves the Stoke's theorem, <, i nMATICS = 8.76) pos a ——Se er , sth, OABCO as shown in Fig. 939, __vecton mertararion, wy ag eel . «oe & a9, 4 29, 0 aqart yy fig.o37 JF dr = Sides fyay WA A + Swrae fya iS a7 Loree Say Oi yanael RTRs * Oo yey faruen ‘a 4 J S99 > Syey [ed “Sry = 20a} =-2 surface integral, aimee ox 2”. 398, ii iT = xF = | 2 eee nee ee v & oy 1@ +j@ k C2xy) ry 0 salto the surface f= K, dS = dx dyis the surface element in S Sona Ads SS comet % dx dy s 1 oS Sty & et iy Be EP Sfvxi Ras=-2 s 7 7 k ofa cubex =O, y=0z=0x=2 £2: Verity Stoke's theorem for = (y-2+2)1 +z +4) ~x2k over the surface erty Stoke's * the xoy plane (open at the bottom). Be Bh sider the surface of the cube as shown in Fig, 918. “shown by arrows Sidr = Sf fidk+ hey fs ¢ Frand Fi) Fig. 9.18 Sy+aacsagy @ Soar = Siy+naer aay iraingz= 0 2 Basganerrns teed mets - fsa i a Se ray 4 ° ‘ong CO, x=0,-+ 3 * Ser wea = » Star = ig To evaluate surface integral, f consider VxF een gle y-z42 yetr4 -2 To-y +jeitz +k O-2) -yi +@-nj-k " (Over the surface GDEF, (z= 0),n = k, dS = dx dy Guif-4 = Fy +¢=0)enIng t Tf 22 j he f fev axay= Fes =9) ‘Over the surface OCEF, surface integral Dth+heyey BRO) ci ff cullF-ds = fF. gp on c ses Stoke's theorem, averif + very Stoke's theorem for F om G@4y_, uate JJ cunlF. A sy ple. Ev Sf A |: for veication of Stoke's theorem, consider F «dr, where € isthe bounding © 6 (bounding the hemispherical surface), Sidr = S 02+ y—4 di + Bay dy + oz + 2a c c : hie S02 +y~4) de + any ay c agr=4cos8,y=45in@ dx ‘tegrals containing odd “traluate the surface i The su For hemispherical surface, V4 1a Jf ent has 4 sing and 2 cos 0) 16 0x4 pating vatenae | ge azsinesing-2)% 1F 7 2 anos 0 sin + 768 sit 01s Csi Gaal 2 ff sa2sin a Applying reduction formula a 7 auld anos ineseah a Jt is Integrals of est two terms are zero between the limits 0t0 2m. 2% Ff 320 =-8 10)" 165, The lne integral is equal to the surface integral, hence Stoke's theorem is verified. To obtain J J can 65 forte surface of paraboloid, we apply alternative method based on S the section ofthe paraboloid by the pane z= 0, tgves ace x2-+ y2 of paraboloid as well as plane surface ofthe circle. By Stoke's theorem, c S bee ‘where, § isthe surface of the paraboloid, Cis the perimeter of the cit k CulF-A = £22] + Gye DE = pt cul ds = If eth has SJ ‘where, Sis the plane of the cicleeyoeg ircle and ForSy n= J +9 +2 = 62nd (Dec. 2006, 2014, 2017, May 2018, June/duly 2022) PrP 672043, his (6-2)+} 0-0) +kO-4) 2 ele x (VxE)-n = (47-4 GB) guo- [Sowa fas = Jf anes AB xarea of circle. ‘te of the sphere x2 y= amalgam OG sion pace zi=r* «> tat reens oven cies a reat circle of the © vere radius is same as that of the sphere. «+ Radius of circle = 3, Area = RQ? = On SJwxi-has = 4 Bx 9n = 36-2 Be. ¢ FE 2 (e-y) T-me] +k and S is the surface x? + 4y? + 22-2x = 4 above the & 5: tauate f J pF) d8, where q F (May 2008, 2008, 2022; Dec. 12) where, Cis the bounding curve above the plane x = 0. Sfovxi-ds = fF dt (oy Stoke's theorem) & in the equation of surface] i [Putting x = per =4 —— where F = 30¢-yi> 2a] +17* 7 Jee e Sere) cae aE) ee x 3u-y) 22 9 7 = Tu-29 +JO-y +k z+ 3) es = i=] + e+ 3k cuned surface ofthe paraboloid i bounded bythe ar ofthe cicle x: + y 24tvz=2) a plane of the circle x + y? = 4 for which n = k cul nds = cur F- Keds = (22+3) dxdy SJ wvxi)-nds = Jf 2e+3)dxdy where z = 2 and Si eve planee 5 5 aE Is Wracay = TxcArea of circle = 7x4n = 285 = ; a heorem for F x2 4 yy 7 ts - "+ xy] for th le su 868 Of Square lamina bounded by x Lxehyeyst (Dee. 2005, 2011) Ans. Common value 0 fy stoke’s theorem for F =e Tay7 4.3. 5 wcty Stoke's theorem for F = yz Ee ae Ne ita oe se deb ge od 6 which is not included in the yz plane, 4 ‘Ans. Common value S sty Stoke's theorem for the vector field F = Ans. Common value «erty Stoke's theorem when F = (2x Toye] -r where ste upper hat sce of the sphere é terra? is the boundary. 7 eds =. a \erfy Stoke's theorem for F =" 87 +22] andthe dosed cove cs the burda ofthese! + =, Ans. Common value 22 (at + 53 x42) Ceing intersection ofx? +? +2=a3,xez=a (May 2008) oe. eg a ive of intersection of x? + y2= Landy = 22. ir = distance OP} ittvity of free space and is given by e = 8854 x 10-12 = x Fim rads per meter. wulomb C or micro coulomb HC. ju 1: Find the force on charge qi = 20 uC due to charge qz [Link] point M (0, 1, 2) and qzat N (2,0, 0). -_=> a 3 es Soh r= PyPp = (0-2) 1+ (1-07 +2-Hk a. =2teGeezee " \ lapses = _ 20x10 (- 300x104) F = "ax 09/36) 3? bree Luc = 10C andr = (0-2) + (1-07 + (2-0? = 3] “Yeforce magnitude is 6 N and th such that ied volume is given By, ined ty = q= foe charge density pis def terminates on negative rates on positive charge and : nce Fx: Sete fa w Faw OP FT nats at nity. One coulemea of sol. Grarge Inthe absence of negative charge the {ux V ee ecre charg gives rise to one coulomb of elctic fu Hence y= Q(coulome ©) While the electric fux wis a scalar quantity, the density of electric flux D is a vector quantity. = _ dys b+ a where, fis the direction of lines of flux. dy = D-nds = D-dS dy is the amount of fux passing from the interior of sto the exterior of s through ds. According to Gauss's Law D-d5 = Q The Fly § ‘ Since y = Q Gauss's Law states thatthe total fx out ofa closed surface Sis equal tothe net charge with Relation between D and € is given by, 4 ty B= we Ss be of 3 : Find the charge nthe volume defined by lefined by 0 aby OSxs1m0e gs OED oo - 124 ang Anpi (Vea e at 0042 ie Ave a 20; (b) 90-2 or? "ee cis the velocity of light ond A , are the vector and erp repee: ‘a ig 4 : A = vxA vA = vx) 0 which proves (i 4 Bae. yx = Vx(VxA) 2 viv: Ay-VA (i) ¥-E = 4m (Dee. 2008, May 2024) a [ 1a] 2 Sees HE ypich proves (0 XE 29x — __1 2H which proves (1) (xd = -¢ a ic vectors E and H are gi 1. yis a scalar function of xy, zand time t the electric and magnetic and FH =-2 X37, show that) V xi zy %y 1ay the equation SY +S¥ 353 2. In free space D = Dm sin (wt + Bz) 1. Using Maxwell's equation, show that B 3. Use Maxwell's equations (i) V-E =0, (i) V-H=0, (ii) VxE E andi satisfy wave equation y2q = Hk 2A Cateye

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