LESSON4.

THEPERI
ODI
CTABLEOFELEMENTS

Att
heendoft hel
esson,thestudentwil
labl
eto:
1.I
denti
fythedif
fer
entelementsintheperi
odict
able.
[Link]
ribethepropert
ies,r
eacti
vi
ty,andtr
endoftheelement
s.

I
nt roducti
on:
Theper iodict abl eoft heel ement si soneoft hemos tpower f
ul ic
onsi ns c
ienc e:a
singledoc umentt hatc ons oli
dat esmuc hofourknowl edgeofc hemi [Link] ersionon
thewal lofnear lyev er yc hemi call aborat oryandl ecturehal linthewor [Link],
not hi
ngqui tel ikei tex i
s tsint heOt herdi sciplinesofs c i
ence. Thes toryoft heper iodic
system forc lass i
fyingt heel ement sc anbeTr ac edbac kov er200y ears. Throughouti t
s
l
onghi st
or y ,theper iodi ctabl ehasbeendi sput ed,al t
eredandi mpr ov edass cienc e
haspr ogr es sedandasnewel ement shav ebeendi scovered.
Bef oreallnat urall
yoc c urri
ngel ement swer edi s covered,theper i
odi ctablewasus ed
topr edictt hec hemi c al andphy s i
c alproper tiesofel ement sint hegapsont het abl e.
Today ,thet ablec anbeus edt opr edictpr oper t i
esofel ement syett obedi scover ed,
althought hes enewel ement sar ehi ghlyr adioac tiv
eandbr eakdowni ntomor ef ami li
ar
element sal mos tins tant [Link],t het ablei sus eful f
ormoder ns tudent sands cient ist
s
bec auseithel pspr edi ctthet y pesofc hemi calr eac t
ionst hatapar t i
cularel ementi s
l
ikelytopar tic i
pat ein. Rat hert hanmemor izingf actsandf i
gur esoreac hel ement ,
studentsands c i
ent i
stsneedonl ygl anc eatt het ablet olear nmuc haboutt he
reac t
ivi
tyofanel ement ,whet heri tislikelyt oc onduc telectri
c i
ty,whet heri tishar dor
soft,andmanyot herc har ac t
eristi
c s.

Act
ivi
ty1 WhatdoIknow?
[Link]
syourowndef
ini
ti
onofaper
iodi
ctabl
e?

Let
’sExpl
oreont
his
….
[Link] ouknowaboutt
hear
rangementoft
heel
ement
sint
heper
iodi
ctabl
e?
 Ast hel i
stofknownel ement sex pandeddur ingtheear l
y1800’ s,at tempt swer e
madet of indpat ternsinc hemi calbehav [Link] eeffortsculmi natedi nt he
developmentoft heper i
odi ctablei n1869. Wewi llhav emuc htos ayaboutt he
periodict ableinl aterchapt er
s ,buti tiss oimpor t
antandus efulthaty ous houl d
becomeac quaintedwi thi tnow. Youwi llquickl
ylear nthatt heper i
odi ctabl eist he
mos tsigni fi
cantt oolthatc hemi stsus eforor ganizingandr emember i
ngc hemi cal f
acts
.
Manyel ement sshows trongs i
mi larit
iest ooneanot [Link] ement slithium ( Li)
,
sodium ( Na) ,andpot assium (K)ar eal lsoft,v
eryr eactivemet als,forex ampl [Link]
element shel i
um (He) ,neon( Ne) ,andar gon( Ar)areal lnonreact i
vegas es .I
ft he
element sar earrangedi nor derofi ncreasingatomi cnumber ,t
hei rchemi cal and
phys i
calpr oper ti
ess howar epeat ing,orper i
odicpat [Link] ampl e,eac hoft he
soft,r
eac tivemet al
s–l i
thium,s odium,andpot ass i
um –c omesi mmedi atelyaf terone
ofthenonr eacti
v egas es–hel ium,neon,andar gon,r espectivel
y–ass howni nf igure
below.

Thearrangementofelement
sinorderofincreasi
ngatomicnumber ,wit
helements
havingsimi
larpr
opert
iespl
acedinvert
icalcolumns,i
sknownast heper i
odi
ctable.
The
tabl
es howstheatomi
cnumberandat omi csymbolforeachelement,andtheatomic
weightisoft
engivenbaswell
,asinthi
stypicalent
ryforpotas
s i
um.

At
omi
c

number

At
omi
csy
mbol

At
omi
cwei
ght

(
pt.
chemi
cal
st
ore.
com)

Youmightnot
icesl
ightv
ar i
ati
oninper
iodi
ctabl
esf
rom onebooktoanotheror
bet
weenthos
einthelec
turehallandinthet
ext.
Thesear
esi
mpl ymatt
ersofs
tyle,or
theymightconcernthepar t
icul
ari
nformat
ioni
[Link]
ear
enof undamental
dif
fer
[Link]
owsoftheperiodi
ctablear
ec al
l
edper
[Link]
irs
t
peri
odc ons
istsofonlytwoelements,hydr
ogen
(H)andhelium (
He).Thes econdandt hi
rdper i
odsc onsi
stofeightelementseac [Link]
fourt
handf if
thperi
odsc ontai
n18el [Link] enthperi
odshav e32
elementeach,butinordert ofi
tonapage14oft heel ementsfrom eachperiod( at
omic
numbers57- 70and89- 102)appearatthebot tom ofthetable,thevert
icalcol
umnsar e
[Link] nwhicht hegroupsarelabell
ediss omewhatar bit
rar
[Link]
ing
schemesarei ncommonus e,t
woofwhi chares howni nthefigurebelow.

El
ementsar
rangedinor
derof St
epl
i
kel
i
nedi
vi
des Gr
oups–v er
ti
calc
olumns
cont
aini
ngincr
easi
ngatomi
cnumber. metal
sfr
om non-metal
s.
el
ementswithsi
mil
arpr
opert
i .
es

Peri
od-
Hori
zont
al
rows.

(
www.
kj
vbi
ble.
org)

Wewi lluset hetradi t

ionalNor thAmer i
cac onv entionwi thAr abi cnumer alsand
thelettersAandB. Element singr oupof tenex hibits i
milariti
esi nphy s i
calandc hemical
[Link] ampl e,the“ c oinagemet als”–c opper( Cu) ,sil
ver( Ag),andgol d( Au)
–bel ongt ogr oupI [Link] eel ement sar el essreac t
ivet hanmos tmet als,whichiswhy
theyhav ebeent raditi
onal l
yus edt hroughoutt hewor ldt omakec oins .Manyot her
groupsi ntheper iodict ableal sohav enames ,listedint het ablebel ow.
Wewi lll
ear nt hatel ement sinagr ouphav esimilarpr oper t
iesbec ausetheyhav e
thesamear rangementofel ec tronsatt heper i
pher yoft hei ratoms . Howev er
,weneed
notwai tunt i
lthent omakegoodus eoft heper iodictabl e:afterall,thec hemistswho
developedt het ableknewnot hingaboutel ectrons!Wec anus et het able,asthey
i
ntended,t oc or relatebehav iorsofel ement sandt ohel pusr emembermanyf ac t
[Link]
fi
guresbel ows howst hat ,exc eptf orhydr ogen,al ltheel ement sont hel eftandi nthe
middleoft het abl ear emet all
icel ement s,ormet [Link] alli
cel ement sshare
characteris
ticpr oper ti
es ,suc hasl us t
er,andhi gh
elec
tri
calandheatc
onduc
tiv
ity
,andal
loft
hem ex
ceptmer
cur
y(Hg)ar
esol
i
datr
oom
temperatur
e.

NameofSomeGr
oupsi
nthePer
iodi
cTabl
e

Group Name Elements

I
A Al
kalimetals Li
,Na,K,Rb,Cs ,Fr
2A Al
kalineeart
hmet
als Be,Mg,Ca,Sr,Ba,Ra
6A Chalcogens O,S,Se,Te,Po
7A Halogens F,Cl
,Br,I
,At
8A Noblegas es He,NE,[Link],Xe,Rn

Themet al
sares epar atedf rom thenon-met all
icelementsornon-metals,bya
steppedl inethatrunsfr om bor on( B)toastati
n( At).(
Notethathydrogen,althoughon
thelefts i
deoft hetable,i snon- metal
).Atr
oom t emper atur
eandpr ess
ure,someof
thenon- metalsaregas eous ,somear esoli
d,andonei sli
[Link]-metal
sgener all
y
diff
erfrom met alsinappear anc efi
gurebelowandi not herphysi
calpr
[Link]
oftheel ement sthatli
eal ongt helinethatseparatemet alsf
rom non-metalshav e
propertiesthatfallbetweent hos eofmet al
sandnon- met al
[Link]
eof t
enr eferr
ed
toasmet all
[Link] eex ampl esofsomemet alsandnon- metal
s.

I
ron(
Fe) Copper Al
umi
num(
Al)

Si
l
ver(
Ag) Lead Gol
dAu)
(Pb)
Met
als(
images
.couns
elheal
.
com)

Non-
met
als(
img.
ecpl
aza.
com)
 Per
iodi
cTr
endsofEl
ement
sTabl
e

Periodi ct rendsar es pec i

fi
cpat ternst hatar epr es enti nt heper iodict abl e
i
ll
ustrat
et hati l
lus t
r atedi ffer entas pec tsofac ertainel ement ,inc ludi ngi tss izeandi t
s
el
ectronicpr oper tiesMaj orper i
odi ct rendsi nclude:el ec tronegat ivity,ioni zationener gy,
el
ectronaf fi
nity,at omi cr adi us ,mel t
ingpoi nt ,andmet alli
cc harac ter .Per iodictrends ,
ari
si
ngf rom t hear rangementoft heper iodi ctable,pr ov idec hemi stswi t
han
i
nvaluablet ool toqui cklypr edic tanel ement ’
spr oper ties . Thes et rendsex i
stsbec aus e
ofthes i
mi larat omi cs truc tureoft heel ement swi thi nt heirr es pec tivegr oup/ familiesor
peri
ods ,andbec aus enat ur eoft heel ement s.
 El ectronegat i
v i
ty–c anbeunder stoodasac hemi c
al pr oper tydes cri
bingan
at om’ sabi li
tyt oat tractandbi ndwi t
hel ec trons . Itinc r
eas esf rom l efttor ight
ac ros st heper i
odanddec r
eas est opt obot tom downagr oup.
 I oni zationEner gy–i stheener gyr equi r
edt or emov eanel ec t
ronf rom a
neut ralat om i ni tsgas eousphas e. I
tinc reas esf r om l eftt or ightac rossthe
per i
odanddec r
eas est opt obot t om downagr oup.
 El ectronAf fi
nity–i st heabi li
tyofanat om t oac ceptanel ec tr
on. I
t
inc reas esf rom l ef ttor ightac ros st heper iodanddec r
eas est opt obot tom
downagr oup.
 At omi cRadi us–i sone- halft hedi stancebet weent henuc l
ei oft wo
at oms .Itdec reas esf rom l eftt or i
ghtac ros st heper iodandi nc r
eas es
topt obot tom downagr oup.
 Mel ti
ngPoi nt–i st heamountofener gyr equi redt obr eakabond( s)to
c hanget hes olidphas eofas ubs tanc et oal iqui d. Met al sgener all
ypos ses s
hi ghmel t
ingpoi nt .Mos tnon- met alspos s essl owmel t
ingpoi nt [Link]-
met al carbonpos s es s
esc arbont hehi ghes tmel tingofal ltheel ement [Link]
semi -met al bor onal sopos ses s eshi ghmel t
ingpoi nt.
 Met alli
cChar ac ter–c anbedef inedadhowr eadi lyanat om c anl os ean
elec tron,i tdec reas esf rom l ef tt or ightac ros st heper i
odandec reas etopt o
bot
tom downagr
oup.
Act
ivi
ty2.
1.
Consi
dert
heel
ementsHe,Ne,andAr.
Cany
ouc
omeupwi
thar
eas
onwhyt
heyar
e
int
hesamegr
oupintheperi
odict
abl
e?

AssessmentTas
k.
Appl
yingwhatyouhavelear
nedaboutt
heles
sons,ans
wert
hef
oll
owi
ngt
otes
t
y
ourmast
[Link]
eshortbondpaperf
oryourans
wer..

[Link]
ri
ngt otheperi
odictable,i
denti
fythegroupandper i
odt owhi
cheac
h
ofthefol
[Link]
sametal
,
non-metal,ormetal
loi
dsandwr i
teyouransweronthec orr
espondi
ngcol
umns.

El
ement Gr
oup Per
iod Met
al Non-
met
al Met
all
oid
Se
Cs
Fe
Cu
Br

[Link]
ori
neisahal
[Link]
selementi
ntheper
iodi
ctabl
e.
[Link]
ssymbol?
[Link]
odandgroupwher eisi
tloc
ated
[Link]
satomicnumber?
[Link]
tametalornon-metal
?

[Link]
rangethes
eel
ement
sinor
derofi
ncr
eas
ingi
oni
zat
ionener
gy:As
,K,Cr
,Zn.
Whatisy
ourbas
is?
[Link]
om wit
hanatomicr
adi
ussmal
l
erthanthatofs
ulphur(
S)i
s:
a)Oxygen(
b)Chl
ori
ne(c
)Cal
ci
[Link].

[Link]
emet
all
oidel
ement
s,whatar
ethei
rus
es?
As
ses
smentTool
:PenandPaper(25/25)
(10/10)

HOLLI
STI
CRUBRI
CFORSHORTESSAY

Thiswi
ll
bemybas i
singi
vi
ngs
cor
esi
nyouras
ses
smentt
asksandot
her
ac
tiv
iti
esinafor
m ofes
say.

10poi
nts  Demons trateathor oughunder st
andingofthe
conceptsand/ orproc eduresembodi edinthetas
k.
Responsei
s  I
ndicatesthatthes tudenthasc ompletedt
hetask
complet
e corr
ectly
,us i
ngappl iedc onceptsandpr oc
edures.
andcorr
ect
.  Contai
nsc l
ear
,c ompl et
eex planati
onand/oradequat
e
workwhenr equired.

6poi
nts  Demons trat epar t
ialunder standingoft he
conc epts/ andorpr oc edur esembodi edi nt hetask.
Responsei
s  Addr essesmos taspec t
soft het ask,us i
ngappl i
ed
par
tial
l
y conc eptsandpr ocedur es .
cor
rect.  Mayc ont ainani nc orrectans werbutappl iesappr opri
ate
proc esswi t
hv ali
dr eas oningand/ orex pl anat i
on.
 Mayc ont ainac orrec tans werbutpr ovides
i
nc ompl et epr oc edur es,reas oning,and/ or
explanat i
on.
 Mayr ef
lec ts omemi sunder standingoft heunder lyi
ng
conc eptsand/ orpr oc edur es.
3poi
nts  Demons trat eonl yal imi tedunder standi ngoft he
conc epts/ andorpr oc edur esembodi edi nt hetask.
Responsei s  Mayaddr es ss omeel ement soft het askc orrectl
ybut
i
ncompl eteand reachesani nadequat es olutionand/ orpr ov i
des
exhi
bitsmany reasoningt hati sfaul tyori nc ompl et e.
fl
awsbuti snor  Exhibitsmul ti
pl eflawsr elatedt oa
i
ncorrect. misunder standi ngofi mpor tantas pec t
soft he
task,mi sus eoft hec onc eptorpr oc edur es ,or
faultyreas oni ng.
 Reflectsal ackofes s
ent ialunder standi ng
conc eptsandpr ocedur es .
 Mayc ont ainac orrec tans werbutr equi redwor kisnot
prov i
ded.
LESSON5.
NAMESANDFORMULASOFI
ONI
CCOMPUNDS
Att
heendofthelesson,thestudentswil
lbeabl
eto:
1.I
denti
fyt
hecommonc ati
onsandani ons.
[Link]
techemi
calfor
mul aofioniccompoundsusi
ngcat
ionsandani
ons
.

I
ntroduc tion:
Thepr i
mar yfunc tionofnami ngc hemi cal compoundsi st oens ur et hatas pok enor
writt
enc hemi calnamel eav esnoambi guityc onc ern9ngwhi chc hemi c alc ompoundt he
namer eferst o:eac hc hemi calnames houl dr efert oas ingles ubs tanc e. Al ess
i
mpor t
antai mi atoens ur et hateac hsubs tanc ehasas inglename( althoughal imited
numberofal ternativenamesi sac cept ableins omec ases )
.Thef orm ofnomenc lature
useddependsont heaudi enc et owhi c hitisaddr essed. Ass uch,nos inglec orrect
form ex i
sts,butr athert her ear edi f
ferentf ormst hatar emor eorl es sappr opr i
at ein
diff
erentc i
rc ums tances . Ac ommonnamewi lloftens ufficetoi dent ifyac hemi cal
compoundi napar ticulars etofc ircums tanc es .Howev er,i
naf ews pec i
fi
c
cir
cums t
anc es( suchast hec ons t
ructi
onofl ar gei ndices),itbec omesnec es saryt o
ensuret hateac hc ompoundhasauni quename. Indi scussingc hemi stry
nomenc l
at ur esitisnec es saryt oi dentifythet y peofc ompoundi nc l
udi ngs toichiomet r
y
andt ypeofc ons ti
tuentat oms . Thef i
rstsepar ati
onofi mpor tanc ei stodi s tinguish
betweeni nor gani candor gani cc ompounds . Unf ortunately,thiss epar ationi snot
alwaysc learev ent oex per ienc edc hemi [Link] hislesson,y ouwi llfoc usonnami ng
onlythei nor gani cc ompoundsorc ommonl yknownasi onicc ompounds .Iti s
i
mpor t
antt hought haty ouhav ef amili
ar i
zet hec ommonenc ount eredc ations( +)and
anions( -).

Ac
tiv
ity Wha
tdoI
know?
[Link]
ouknowaboutc
ati
onsandani
ons
?

Let
’sExpl
oret
his
.
[Link]
dionsc
ombi
net
ofor
mioni
ccompounds
?
I
oni
ccompoundsusuall
yconsi
stofmetali
onscombinedwithnon-
met
ali
ons
.The
met
alf
ormthecat
ions,andthenon-metal
sfor
mt heanions
.

[Link]
ions
[Link]
onsf
ormedf
rom met
alat
omshav
ethes
amenameast
hemet
al:

Na+ s
odi
um i
on Zn2+z
inci
on Al+3al
umi
num i
on

b.I
famet al
canf
ormcat
ionwi
thdif
fer
entchar
ges,t
heposi
ti
vechar
geis
i
ndi
catedbyaRomannumer
icali
nparent
hesi
sfol
lowi
ngthenameofthe
met
al:

Fe
2+
I
ron(
II
)ion Cu+ Copper(
I)

Fe
3+
I
ron(
II
I)i
on Cu2+ Copper(
II
)

I
onsoft hes ameel ementt hathav ediff
erentchargeshav edif
ferentc hemi c al
and
phy sicalpr oper t
ies,s uc
hasc [Link] tmet al
sthatformc at i
onswi thdiff
er entc har ges
aret rans i
tionmet als,el
ement st hatoc curinthemi ddl
eoft heper i
odictable,f rom
3+
group3Bt ogr oup2B,aswel lasAl (group3A)andt wot ransit
ionmet alions :Ag+
(group1B)andZn2+(gr oup2B) .Char gesarenotex pressedwhennami ngt hisions .
Howev er,iftherei sanydoubti ny ourmi ndwhet heramet alformsmor et hanone
cation,us eaRomannumer al
Toi ndic atethec harge. I
tisnev erwr ongt odos o,event houghi tmaybeunnec essary.
Anol dermet hods ti
llwidelyus edf ordist
ingui
shingbet weendi ffer
ent ly
char gedi onsofsmet alusest heendi ng–ousand–i caddedt ot herootoft he
element sLat inname:

Fe
2+
f
err
ous Cu+c
upr
ous

Fe
3+
f
err
ic Cu2+c
upr
ic

Althoughwewillonl
yrar
elyus
etheol
dernamesi
nthi
stex
t,y
oumi
ghtenc
ount
er
them els
ewher
e.

c
.Cationsfor
medfrom mol
ecul
esc
ompos
edofnon-
met
alat
omshav
e
namesthatendi
n-ium:

NH4+ ammoni
um H3O+ hy
droni
um i
on

Thes
etwoi
onsar
etheonl
yionsoft
hiski
ndt
hatwewi
l
lenc
ount
erf
requent
ly.
Thenamesandfor
mul
asofs
omec
ommonc
ati
onsar
eshowni
nthet
abl
ebel
ow.
The
i
onsonthelef
t
arethemonat omicionst hatdonohav emor ethanonepos s
ibl
ec harge.
Thos eonthe
ri
ghts dear
i eeitherpolyatomicc at
ionsorc at
ionswit
hmor ethanonepos s
iblechar
ge.
TheHg2 i2+ oni sunsualbec ause,eventhoughi ti
sametalion,i
tisnotmonat omi
c.I
tis
cal
ledmer cur y(I
)ionbec auseitcanbet houghtofastwoHg+i onsboundt oget
her.
Thec ati
onst hatyouwi l
lenc ountermos tf
requentl
yareshowni [Link]
l
earnt hi
sc ationf i
rst
.Thet ablebelowar ethec ommoncati
ons .

CommonCat
ions

Char
ge For
mul
a Name For
mul
a Name

1+ H+ hydrogenion NH4+ ammonium ion

Li+ li
thi
um ion Cu+ copper(
I)orcupr
ousi
on
Na+ sodium ion
K+ potassium i
on
Cs+ cesium ion
Ag+ sil
verion

2+ Mg2+ magnes i
um Co2+ cobalt(I
I)orcobaltousion
onCa2+
i cal
ci
um ion Cu2+ copper( II
)orc upr
icion
Sr2+ st
ronti
um ion Fe2+ Iron(II
)orf err
ousion
Ba2+ bari
um ion Mn2+ manganes e(I
)or
Zn2+ zi
ncion manganousionHg+ mer
c ury(
I)or
Cd2+ cadmium ion mercur
ousion
Hg2+ mer cury(II
)ornrecuric
onNi2+
i nic
kel(I
I)ornickel
ous
i
on
Pb2+ l
ead(II
)orpl umbousi on
Sn2+ tin(I
I)ors t
annousi on

3+ Al3+ al
umi
nium i
on Cr3+ c
hromi
um (
II
I)orc
hromi
cion
Fe3+ i
ron(
II
I)orf
err
ici
on

Thei
onsweus
emos
tof
teni
nthi
scour
sear
einbol
dfac
[Link]
nthem f
ir
st.

[Link]
ons
[Link]
cani
onsar
efor
medbyr
epl
aci
ngt
heendi
ngof
thenameoft
heelementwi
th–i
de”
2
H hy
dri
de O
-
ox
iN2-ni
de tr
ide
- i
on
Af
ewpol
yat
omi
cani
onsal
sohav
enamesendi
ngi
n–ide:

OH- hy
drox
idei
on CN-c
yani
dei
on O22-per
oxi
dei
on
 Poly
atomicanionscontaini
ngoxygenhav enamesendi
ngineither–ateor–
i
teandarec all
[Link]–ateisusedfort
hemos tcommonor
repr
esentat
iveoxyani
onofanel ement,and–it
eisusedforanox y
ani
onthat
hasthesamec hargebutoneOat om fewer.

NO3- ni
tr
atei
on SO42- s
ulphat
eion

NO2- ni
tr
it
eion SO32- s
ulphi
tei
on

Pref
ixesareus edwhent heseri
esofoxyani
onofanelementext
endst
o
fourmember s,aswi t
hthehalogens
.Thepr ef
ixper
-indi
cat
esonemoreO
atom thantheox yani
onendingin–ate,hypo-indi
cat
esoneOatom f
ewer
thantheox yanionendingin–it
e.

CLO4- per
chl
orat
eion(onemor
eOat
om t
han
chl
or e)CLO3- c
at hl
orat
eion
CLO2- c
hlorit
eion(oneO-atom f
ewert
han
-
chl
orate(CLO hypochl
ori
teion(
oneOatom

Thef i
gurebel owc anhelpy ouremembert hec hargeandnumberofox ygen
atomsi nthevariousox [Link]
ethatCandN,bot hper i
od2el ements,have
onlythreeOat omseac h,wher eastheperi
od3el ement sP,S,andClhav efourO
atomseac [Link] nningatthelowerr ghti
i nthefigure,notet hationicchargeincreas
es
3
fr
om righttoleft,from 1-forCl O4t
o3-f orPO4 .I
nt hesec ondper iodthec hargesal
so
- 2-
.
i
nc r
easef r
om rightt olef
t,from 1-forNO3 to2-f orCO3 Not i
ceal s
ot hatal
though
eachoft heanionsendsi n–ate,theClO4–ionalsohasaper–pr efi
x.

Max i
mum of
three0
atoms

Gr
oup4A Gr
oup5A Gr
oup6A Gr
oup7
Per
iod2 CO32- NO3–
Car
boni
um i
on Ni
tr
atei
on
Per
iod3 PO43- SO42- O4–
Cl
Phos
phat
e Sul
fat
eion Per
chl
orat
eion
i
on

Maximum of
four O
atoms i n
Charges
i
ncreasesr
ight
tol
eft
 [Link]
iv ngH+t
edbyaddi oanoxyani
onar
enamedbyaddi
ngasa
prefi
xthewordhydr
ogenordi
hydr
ogen,asappr
opr
iat
e:

CO32 c
arbonat
eion PO43- phos phate
–
- iH
on
2PO 4 dihydrogenphos phate
hydr
ogencarbonat
e i
on
+
Not i
cet hateachH addedr educ ethenegat i
vec hargeoft heparentani onby
one. Anoldermet hodfornami ngs omeoft heseionsus esthepr efi
[Link] ,t
he
HCO3-i onisc ommonl yc all
edt hebi carbonateion,andHSO4–i ss ometimesc al
ledt he
bis
ul f
ateion. Thenamesandf ormul asoft hecommonani onsarelist
edint hetable
belowandont hebac kins i
dec ov eroft hetext.
Thos eanionswhos enamesendi n–ide
arelist
edont hepor t
ionoft hetableandt hose
whos enamesendi n–atear eli
stedont [Link] tc ommonoft hes eionsar e
showni nbol [Link] houl dlearnt henamesandf ormulasoftheseani onsf i
rs t
.The
for
mul asoft heionswhos enamesendwi th–itec anbeder ivedfrom thos eendi ngin
–atebyr emov i
nganOat om. Not i
cet helocati
onoft hemonat omi ci
onsi nt he
periodictabl
e. Thoseofgr oup7Aal way shavea1- charge(F,Cl,Br,andI ),andt hose,
2- 2-
ofgr oup6Ahav ea2-c har ge(O andS )

3.I
oni
cCompounds
Namesofi
oni
ccompoundc
ons
istoft
hec
ati
onnamef
oll
owedbyt
heani
onname:

CaCl2 cal
ci
um
Al
(NO3)3 chl
ori
de
Cu(Cl
O4)2 al
uminum

I
nthechemicalf
ormulaf
oralumi
ni um ni
tr
ateandcopper(
II
)perc
hlor
ate,
par
enthes
isf
oll
owedbyt heappropr
iatesubscri
ptar
eusedbecausethe
compoundscont
aintwoormor epol
y atomici
ons.
CommonAni
ons

Char
ge For
mul
a Name For
mul
a Name

-
1- H- Hy
dri
dei
on CH3COO–(
orC2H3O2) ac
etat
eion

F- Fl
uor
idei
on O3-
Cl Chl
orat
eion

Cl- Chl
ori
dei
on O4-
Cl Per
chl
orat
eion

Br- Br
omi
dei
on NO3- Ni
tr
atei
on

I- I
odi
dei
on MnO4- Per
manganat
e
i
on

CN- Cy
ani
dei
on

OH- Hy
drox
idei
on

2- O2- Ox
idei
on CO32- Car
bonat
eion

O22- Per
oxi
dei
on O42-
Cr Chr
omat
eion

2-
S2- Sul
phi
dei
on Cr
2O7 Di
chr
omat
eion

SO42- Sul
phat
eion

3- N3- Ni
tr
idei
on PO43- Phos
phat
eion
Act
ivi
ty2.
[Link]
ouc
ombi
nei
onswi
ths
amec
har
gel
i
ket
woc
ati
onsort
woani
ons
?

AssessmentTas
k.
Appl
yi
ngwhaty
ouhavel
ear
nedaboutt
hel
ess
ons
,ans
wert
hef
oll
owi
ng.
Uses
hor
t
bondpaperf
ory
ourans
wer.

[Link]
hef
oll
owi
ngi
oni
ccompounds
:
[Link](
OH) 3
b.KMnO4
c.Na2Cr2O4
[Link]
ClO2
[Link](NO3)3

[Link]
vetheformulaoft hefol
l
owi
ngi
oni
ccompounds
:
[Link]
de
[Link] i
um sulphate
[Link]
umi ni
um chlori
de
[Link](I
I)chlor
ide
[Link]
n( I
V)chromat e

[Link]
vethetwopos
sibl
enamesf
or:
a.NaHCO3
[Link]
2

3.I
sitt
otal
l
ythes
amewayofnami
ngac
idsandor
gani
ccompounds
?
As
ses
smentTool
:PenandPaper(
15/
18)

HOLLI
STI
CRUBRI
CFORSHORTESSAY

Thi
swill
bemybas
isi
ngi
vi
ngs
cor
esi
nyouras
ses
smentt
asksandot
herac
tiv
iti
es
i
naf
orm ofessay
.

10poi
nts  Demons trateathor oughunder st
andingofthe
conceptsand/ orproc eduresembodi edinthetas
k.
Responsei
s  I
ndicatesthatthes tudenthasc ompletedt
hetask
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e corr
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,us i
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edures.
andcorr
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workwhenr equired.

6poi
nts  Demons trat epar t
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conc epts/ andorpr oc edur esembodi edi nt hetask.
Responsei
s  Addr essesmos taspec t
soft het ask,us i
ngappl i
ed
par
tial
l
y conc eptsandpr ocedur es .
cor
rect.  Mayc ont ainani nc orrectans werbutappl iesappr opri
ate
proc esswi t
hv ali
dr eas oningand/ orex pl anat i
on.
 Mayc ont ainac orrec tans werbutpr ovides
i
nc ompl et epr oc edur es,reas oning,and/ or
explanat i
on.
 Mayr ef
lec ts omemi sunder standingoft heunder lyi
ng
conc eptsand/ orpr oc edur es.
3poi
nts  Demons trat eonl yal imi tedunder standi ngoft he
conc epts/ andorpr oc edur esembodi edi nt hetask.
Responsei s  Mayaddr es ss omeel ement soft het askc orrectl
ybut
i
ncompl eteand reachesani nadequat es olutionand/ orpr ov i
des
exhi
bitsmany reasoningt hati sfaul tyori nc ompl et e.
fl
awsbuti snor  Exhibitsmul ti
pl eflawsr elatedt oa
i
ncorrect. misunder standi ngofi mpor tantas pec t
soft he
task,mi sus eoft hec onc eptorpr oc edur es ,or
faultyreas oni ng.
 Reflectsal ackofes s
ent ialunder standi ng
conc eptsandpr ocedur es .
 Mayc ont ainac orrec tans werbutr equi redwor kisnot
prov i
ded.
NamesandFor
mul
asofAc
idsandBi
nar
yCompounds
Att
heendofthelesson,thes
tudentwil
lbeabl
eto:
1.I
denti
fyt
hec hemicalf
ormul
aofac i
ds.
[Link]
tethechemicalfor
mulaofbinar
ycompounds

I
nt roduc tion
Wewi l
lcont inuet out i
l
izethet echniquesofnami ngc hemi cal c ompounds ,butt hi
s
ti
me,wewi llfocusonac idsandbi naryc ompounds .Ac idsarec ommons ubstanc es
foundi nmanyev erydayi tems ,from f r
uitjuicesands oftdrinkst of oodi ngredient sli
ke
vinegar . Theyar eknownt ohav epHofbel ow7at tri
but i
ngofi tspr otonorH+. Bi nary
mol ecular( cov alent)compoundsar efor medast her esultofar er eac ti
onbet weent wo
non- met [Link] her earenoi onsi nt hesec ompounds ,t
heyar enamedi na
similarmannert obinar yionicc ompounds .
Ex ampl esi ncludes uc hf ami l
iarsubs tanc esaswat er(H2O)andc ar bondi oxi
de( CO2) .
Thes ec ompoundsar ev erydi f
ferentf r
om i nocc ompoundsl ikesodi um c hl
or i
de( NaCl )
.
I
oni cc ompoundsar ef ormedwhenmet alatomsl os eoneormor eoft heirelectronst o
non- met alatoms .Ther es ult
ingc ati
onsandani onsar eelectrostat ical
lyat t
rac t
edt o
eac hot her .Sowhathol dst heat omsofmol ecularbinar ycompoundst ogether?Rat her
thanf or kingions ,theat omsofamol ec ulesharet heirelectronsins uc hawayt hata
bondf or msbet weenpai r
sofat oms .Inac arbondi oxidemol ecule,t herear etwobonds ,
eac hoc c urri
ngbet weent hec arbonat om andoneoft hetwoox y genat oms .

Act
ivi
ty1… WhatdoIknow?
[Link]
ouknowaboutt
hei
onc
ommont
oal
lac
idc
ompounds
?

Let
’sExpl
oret
his
.
[Link]
emol
ecul
arc
ompoundsdi
ff
erentf
rom i
oni
ccompounds
?
NamesandFor
mul
asofAc
ids

Aci
dsar eani mportantcl
assofhy drogen-cont ainingcompounds ,andt heyare
namedi nas pec
[Link] pose,anac idisas ubstancewhos e
mol eculesy i
eldhydrogenions(H+)whendi ssol
v edi nwat er.
Whenweenc ounterthe
chemi calformulaforanac i
datthisstageoft hec ours e,i
twillbewr itt
enwi t
hHast he
fi
rstelement ,[Link] idiscompos edofanani onc onnec t
edt o
+ 2-
enoughH i onstoneutral
izeorbalance,theatom’ sc [Link] s,t
h eSO 4 ion
requirestwoH+i ons,f
ormingH2SO4. Thenameofanac i
disrelatedtot henameofi ts
anion,ass ummar i
zedinthefi
gurebel ow.

Ani
on Ac
id

i
de hy
dro i
cac
id
-
(
chl
ori
de,Cl)
(
hydr
ochl
ori
cac
id,HCl
)

ate ic
-
(chl
orate,CLO3 ) ac
id(chl
ori
cacid,
(per
chlorate,CLO4 HClO3)(
perchl
ori
c
-
) ac
id,HCLO4)
i
te

(c
hlor
it
e,ClO2-) ousac
id
(
hypochl
ori
te,
(
hypoc
hlor
ousac
id,HCl
O)
Procedur
efornami ngac i
ds:
Hereaci
dsc ontai
ningchlori
neareus
edasanexample.
Pref
ixes
usedforoxyani
ons ,s
uc has,per-andhy
po-,ar
eret
ainedi
ntheacids
deri
vedfrom t
hos eanions.

HowtoNameAc ids
[Link]
dsc ont
aini
ngani onsendin–i
dearenamedbyc
hangingthe–i
de
endingto-i
c,addingtheprefi
xhy
dro-
tothi
sani
onname,andthe
fol
l
owi ngwit
ht hewor daci
d.

Anion Cor
respondi
ngAc id
–
Cl (chl
ori
de) HCl(hydr
ochlori
cacid)
S2-(sul
phi
de) H2S(hydros
ulfur
icacid)

[Link]
dscontai
ningani
onswhos enamesendin–at
eor–it
ear
enamed
bychangi
ng–at et
o–icto-ousandthenaddi
ngthewor
daci
[Link]
efi
xes
i
ntheanionnamear er
etai
nedinthenameoftheaci
d.
 Anion Corr
espondingAc id
CLO4-(per
chlorate) HCLO4–(per chlori
cacid)
-
CLO3 (chl
orate) HCLO3-(chloricac i
d)
CLO2-(chl
ori
te) HCLO2–(c hlour ousacid)
CLO- ( hy
poc hlori
te) HCLO -(hypoc hlorousacid)

NamesandFor
mul
asofBi
nar
yCompounds

Theproc
eduresusefornami
ngbi
nary(
two-
element
)mol
ecul
arc
ompoundsar
e
s
imi
l
artothoseus
edf ornamingc
ompounds

Prefi
xesUsedinNamingBinar
y
Compounds
Formedbet weenNon-metal
s
Pref
ix Meani
ng
mono 1
di 2
tri 3
tetr
a 4
penta 5
hexa 6
hepta 7
oc t
a 8
nona 9
dec a 10

HowtoNameBi naryMol ec ularCompounds :

[Link] heel ementf ur
therintheper iodi
ctabl
e( cl
osestt
othemet al
s )
isus ual
lywr i
ttenf [Link] cepti
onoc c urswhent hec ompoundc ontains
oxy genandc hlori
ne,br omine,ori odine( anyhal
ogenex c
eptfl
uor i
ne),in
whi chcaseox ygeni swr it
tenlast
.
[Link] helement sarei nthes amegr oup,t heonec l
os ert othebottom oft he
tableisnamedf i
rst
.
[Link] hesec ondel ementi sgivenan–i deending.
[Link] efi
xesindicat esthenumberofat omsofeac hel ement.(
Exception:the
prefixmono-i snev erus edwi ththefirstelement)Whent heendsinaoroand
thenameoft hes ec ondel ementbegi nswi thav owel
,t heaorooft hepr efi
xis
oftendropped.

Rul
e4isnecess
arybec ausewec annotpr
edictfor
mul asformos tmolec
ular
substancest
hewaywec [Link] hatcontai
n
hydrogenandoneot herelementareanimportantexception,howeverthese
compoundsc anbetreatedasiftheywereneutrals
ubs t
anc escont
ainingH+ionsand
[Link]
,youcanpredictthatthesubst
ancenamedhy drogenchlori
dehast he
f
ormulaHCl,cont
aini
ngoneH+tobal
ancethechargeofoneCl.
(Thenamehy
drogen
c
hlor
ideisusedonlyfort
hepur
ecompound;watersol
uti
onsofHClar
e
c
all
edhy dr
ochlor
icaci
d.)Si
mil
arl
y,t
heformulaf
orhydr
ogens
ulphi
dei
sH2Sbec
aus
e
+ 2
t
woH i onsareneededt obal
ancethechar
geonS -

Thef
oll
owi
ngex
ampl
esi
l
lus
trat
ethes
erul
es:

Cl
2O–d i
chl
ori
nemonoxi
de NF3– nit
rogentri
fl
uor
ide
N2O4-di
nit
rogent
etr
aox
ide P2S10 t
etr
aphos usde
phor casul
fi
de

Act
ivi
ty2.
[Link]
omec
ompoundshav
ebot
hcov
alentandi
oni
cbonds
?Jus
tif
yyourans
wer
.

AssessmentTas
k.
Apply
ingwhatyouhavel
ear
nedaboutt
hel
ess
ons
,ans
wert
hef
oll
owi
ng.
Use
s
hor
tbondpaperf
oryourans
wer.
.

[Link]
l
owi
ngac
ids
:
[Link]
b.HNO3
c.H2SO4
d.H2SO3
e.H3PO4

[Link] heacidobtai
nedbyaddi
ngH+t
o:
[Link],O3–
I
[Link]
t on,NO2–
ei
[Link],F–
i
[Link] pobromit
e,BrO-
-
[Link]
de,Cl

[Link]
vethenamef
oreac
hoft
hef
oll
owi
ngbi
nar
ycompounds
:
a.N20
[Link]
c.SeCl2
d.CF4
[Link]

[Link]
vethec hemicalf
ormulaf
or:
[Link]
l
ic ontet
rabromide
[Link]
s ulf
urdichl
ori
de
[Link]
ide
[Link]
ioxi
de
[Link]
hlor
ide
As
ses
smentTool
:Rubr
ict
obeus
edi
sdes
ignedbel
ow.

Wr
it
ingandNami
ngChemi
calFor
mul
aRubr
ic

Fair(1) Good( 3) Excellent(5)

Wri
ti
ngchemi
cal Studenti snotabl e Studentisf air
ly Studenti sableto
f
ormul
a toac curately abletoident if
y accuratelyidenti
fy
i
dent if
ypol yatomic polyatomi cions polyatomi cions
i
onsandus ethem andus et hem in andus et hem
accurately writi
ngc hemi calaccurately
i
nwr i
ti
ngc hemi c
al formula. i
nwr i
ti
ngc hemical
formula formula.
Namingof Thes tudentc an Thes t
udentcan Studentc anwr i
te
compounds writenamesof writ
enamesf or chemi calnamesof
binaryc ompounds i
onicandc oval
ent polyatomi cions
buts tr
uggl es compoundsbut i
nc l
udingi onicand
nami ngpol yvalent str
uggleswit
h covalentc ompounds
met als polyat
omicmetals andac ids.