COMPUTER NETWORKING
- Two or more devices connected to one another in order to
exchange Information or share the resources.
- The basic types of networks are:
1. PAN
2. WAN
3. LAN
4. MAN
- LOCAL AREA NETWORK
The LAN stands for "Local Area Network", as its name implies that this type of network
is dedicated to a speci c geographic area. In the LAN, a group of computers belongs to
the same organization within a small geographic area.
- PERSONAL AREA NETWORK
A PAN stands for "personal area network". It is a network that fully dedicates to a person
within a single building.
- METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK
A MAN stands for "Metropolitan Area Network". MAN connects multiple LAN nearby with
high speeds. It is used to connect multiple building within a city.
- WIDE AREA NETWORK
A WAN stands for "Wide Area Network". It connects multiple LANs and MANs. This is a
network that connects networks on large geographic distances. It is also known as a
network of networks. The Internet is an example of WAN. It is used within country.
1. 10 km range-lan
2. 50km- man
3. above 50km is wan
ARPANET
Advanced Research Projects Agency Network
1. The goal of this project was to connect computers at di erent universities and US defense.
ARPANET started with a handful of computers but it expanded rapidly. In mid 80s, another
federal agency, the National Science Foundation, created a new, high-capacity network called
fi
ff
NSFnet, which was more capable than ARPANET. NSFnet allowed only the academic research
on its network and not any kind of private business on it. So, many private companies built
their own networks, which were later interconnected along with ARPANET and NSFnet to form
Internet.
INTERNET
The Internet is a huge global network that connects millions of computers, phones, and
other devices so they can share information with each other.
Measuring Capacity of Communication Media
In data communication, the transmission medium is also known as channel.
The capacity of a channel is the maximum amount of signals or traffic that a
channel can carry. It is measured in terms of bandwidth and data transfer rate
as described below:
11.3.1 Bandwidth
Bandwidth of a channel is the range of frequencies
available for transmission of data through that channel.
Higher the bandwidth, higher the data transfer rate.
Normally, bandwidth is the difference of maximum and
minimum frequency contained in the composite signals.
Bandwidth is measured in Hertz (Hz).
1 KHz =1000 Hz
1 MHz =1000 KHz = 1000000 Hz
11.3.2 Data Transfer Rate
Data travels in the form of signals over a channel. One
signal carries one or more bits over the channel. Data
transfer rate is the number of bits transmitted between
source and destination in one second. It is also known
as bit rate. It is measured in terms of bits per second
(bps). The higher units for data transfer rates are:
1 Kbps=2**10 bps=1024 bps
1 Mbps=2**20 bps=1024 Kbps
1 Gbps=2**30 bps=1024 Mbps
1 Tbps=2**40 bps=1024 Gbps
11.4 Types of Data Communication
Data communication happens in the form of signals between two or more
computing devices or [Link] transfer of data happens over a point-to-point
or multipoint communication channel. Data communication between different
devices are broadly categorised into 3 types:
Simplex communication, Half-duplex communication, and Full-duplex
communication.
A. It is a one way or unidirectional communication between two devices in which one device is
sender and other one is receiver. Devices use the entire capacity of the link to transmit the
data. It is like a one way street where vehicles can move in only one direction. For example,
data entered through a keyboard or audio sent to a speaker are one way communications.