5

The z-transform and its

application

5.1 Introduction
The z-transform plays an important role in the analysis of discrete-time signals and LTI
systems as the Laplace transform does in the analysis of continuous-time signals and system.

z(n) System
(Time domain) IR= hn]
X(2) Y(z)= X()H(2)
(z- domain) TF= H(2)

In z-domain, the convolution of two time-domain signals is equivalent to multiplication

of their corresponding z-transforns: This property simplifies the analysis of the response of
an LTl system to various signals. Also, the z-transform provides ameans for characterizing
an LTI system, and its response to various signals by its pole-zero locations.
The unilateral z-transfom is used to solve Linear diference equation with initial con
ditions.

5.1.1 The z-transform

DefnitionT. he z-transform of a discrete-time signal rn] is defined as the powerseries

(5.1)

where z is a complex variable. The above relation is also called the direct z-transform
because it transforms time- domainsignal zn] into its complex plane representation X(2).

21
 the whichwhich The 5.1.3 the
[Link] We5.1.2 5.2
In
the where Since can Signals
and
range|X(2)| Expressing z-transform
ROCof X(2) the The obtain The
of above the is
r= the
valuesfiniteis =angle atains region z|iverse
n]
he z-transform contour Systems
(2), X magnitude
tsummation of
of if complex a a from
'r' the |X(2)| of finite signal of z-transform
..
integral its
sequence
for z= is covergence
of value.
variableconverges. an z(n] z-transform
which < li z
oo Izeresxo = infinite is over
the zfn<r z given
z a
sequence in Thuspower closed X(z)
rez=
e polar by
[ROC)
is E-00 E-00
absolutely ROCseries,
exists it path by
forn using
z|n]r z(n<r-e-jtn of that
as, X(z) encircles the
summable.
is equation
absolutely is
the only
set for the
To of
those origin
summable. find all
ROC valuesvalues and
lies
determine of of
within
(5.3) z, z (5.2)
for for

Solution Problem : sums

5.2) S.I) aun]54)
5.6) S.5) zlal= 5.3) 5.2) S.1) generally
ROC: are The
z<n] ROC: z(n] z(n] zn]= z(n] z[n]= z<n= covergence
finite
specified
All =Allz = =
z = Find if
Except (
Except { -au|-n-
a'un]+ {4 { { the there as
3 1 1
3 z-transforms angularis ofg-00
z=
2 3 5 2 3 no
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00 =1+3z+5z+ 6 0 7z-3 = 1] 2 6 7) region
requires
z(0j2 3
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=32 + } following z-planefor both
l1]z -00
+22 two
sums
+ sequences sumswhich
+z z|2]2+ be The
then is z-transform
and is
+6 finite.
the
X(z)
and common
z3]2 Thus
specify does
the
not
region
the exist. ROCof application5.3
ROC where
X(z)
both (54)
is
 54
zn]=
un]5.4) S.3)
5.5) Signals
ROC:
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The z<n]= and
above AIl z =Systems
sequence |z|
> Execpt z (
lal. sequence 4
-a"u|-n 53
wil
wil =0and z=
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x) .= 2
X() 1] converge X(2) 6
42
= = 1.}
if -i=-e -
) K=0 o0 +
laz<1
--~uy if ) 52
laz<i aun<=n +3+
-a'u-n
ie n=0
2:-+6z-24z-3
lz| ie
< 1J2-n - lalzl. >
lal.
Img(2)

ROC
Z-plane

Ref2)

common
ROC. No Case 5.6)
ROC: Divide
1:ROC: 2hd 1* |n]=
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> lal un] <
lal. |X=-
az-1(z) Multiply
b| <
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z-transform < wil wil
| converge
converge + by
z(n]OR
=
8°u-n-
1 az
does X(2) if if X(=) =
|bz| =
1]
not =blz1 laz|<1, ns-00
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for The
lal l2| lz|< n]z
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az-1
and
its
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5.S
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6) S) 4) 3) 2) 1) 2:
s Ifzn] Ifzln Z=[Link]<n] ROC The
ThiIfzln]
Properties sided
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Two Right-sided
Sequence al and
ROC Right-sided
infinite infinite infinite
au<n]
z= finite finite
finite Left-sided <
ROC
is is is is does blSystems
two left right a
wil finite not of
be
sided sided sided
duration
contain (z) X
the infinite consists of (321§
zal=
zn]zn]={453261)(a]=(4357)
infinite infnite ROC Example
section any
scquence, poles. +8u-n-1|
-oul-n-1| =
sequence,
sequence, ofa
sequence,
ring Tabl5.e1l
of then ROC.
the then then in
then the the
ROC's z-plane X()
X()--ai X(=3z+23
=1+3:-+5z-3
2) ++6X(2) X(=)
ROC ROC ROC ROC 2-plane
of is is
= +z-3
4+52+22 6z+= +72z-transfom
the wil interiorexterior is entire centercd
1 1 R(z)
[Link]
to z
of the to plane about +3,
a the
ring circle. circle. except the
lal lal<lal z0All z Allz zAll z
in z origin. < ROC
the = |< 0
z-plane. 0
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SolutionS.13)=eMoun]
5.12) 5.z<n]
z{n)[Link]]9) S.8) 11) 5.10) S.9) S.8) 5.7Problem:
)
ROC: Entire
ROC:
z(n]z-plane. zfn] z{r] z(n] zn] (a] z[n]
ROC:
Entire = = = = = = =
,or öfn a"u-n] eoun) un] Qn8n] Find
z-plane - - the
| 0snsN-1 k]
z-transforms
except
lel>
un<zX() = z=0 X(z)
1 of
the
= =1 following
-00 )
Sju
- sequences The
kjzn
z-tranform
and
find
and
their
its
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neo

S.7
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u-n]
S.12) S.I1) eufn]
z<n]=
S.10) SI
Signals
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= and
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wil
z-planc 0snsN-1 |l|<4
coverge
ex
x)-2
pt if or
z=0. (z| or
<1. u-n]nX(=) ==1-ejilag-1
X() Iel
N-1 1zl x)-}eang >
1> 1.
sequence
converge.
le|<1 wil If

1-az-1(az-lyI-

Solution Problem:
5.15) Solution Problem
5.14) : which "poles". "zeroswhere factored
form as The 5.2
Expressing
H(z) as There Poles Zero's transfer
Sketch Find H(2) Poles
and z1,
arc the are are p1,P2 2..
the thrceThere is function
poles denoted
infinity. the and
pole-zero
plot are
are ..values
poles, and
two by are the H(z)
Zeros
atzeros,
z
zerossymbolX' of theroots
=-(-2-)l Imglz)| 'z' roots of
=0 of of a
H(z)= the of Fig. at for system
the the
z=-2 z = which of
5.1
H(z) transfe and
function.
transfer =l numerator
denominator
Pz).. (2- is
P+42+52+2z 1+ and zerosare H(z) (2-P)z- gien
(z+1)z+1) pole-zero Poles and
OS z z(z fanction
(s-1)(2-3)
z=3 is )(z
= polynomias
5 2)(z- + zero
denoted polynomial -
plol The
H(z) and 2). z-transform
5) and bypoles of
"0° of
H(2)
sketch in are H(2),
Fig. ad
phane. he hich kcan
52 the which its
values be application
pole-zero pole-zero
aeare epressed
of called
'z aled
plol. plot (5.5)
fo 59
asas in
 Proof. ROC then Linearity
It5.3.1 signals. The 5.3 SI0
states value
Final9) 8)reversal
7)Time 6) Time-shifing
5) 4) 3)
is Linearity
2)Different
1) properties Double
the Initial
Differentiation
Conjugate Convolution
z-domain
Scalingin z=-2tjpoles at Sigals
that Properties
intersection
the value zeros and
z{az1(n] properties of
z-transform
theorem
theonem of z-transform atSystems
a in z
of complex inz time =-1
+ ROC'az1|n]+
s. domain domain
of of
bzn|} of z-transform
the sequence
z-Transform
are
if sum very
= =-00 = braln]
aX1(z) + ’X(:)
zan} z1n]ofsignals useful
are:
-00 +’
(az1|n] +
bX2(z) aX(2) finding in
X(z) is
the
+ sum the
bznal] +
bXa(z) z-transforms
of
their
individual
of
some
z-transforms complicated
(S.6)

S.17) S.16) Solution S.19) 5.18) 5.17) S.1Problem:

6)
|zl
zn] ROC:>2 taking .. z(n] z(a]z/n]=zn]= zn]
=7(2)"u(n) z(n] = = =
z-transform
=4r1n] (4 in cos
s7(2)"u(n) (4 Find
(4)" (n,n) (on) (4)" the
- + z-transform
+5(2)°]
3(5)"u[-n + 5(2)] ufal] un -
=(2)"u{n]
zin]Let 5zr] 3(5)"u|-n-
+5X,|
X[=|
4X1l=:e] La u{a) un)
(2)"un]
zaln]= of
=1-si-<5Xa(2) aln]= - Xalel=,-1|>2xi--i the
1 zil-(G): 1]following
1
(5)u<-n
-1 5z
sequences. The
-
1) z-trasform

and
is
pplicatlon

Si1
 S.18) S.12
z-transform
taking Signals
ROC:
l=f> 1 z-transform
taking z{n]= ROC:2
and
cosn Systems
(z| <
<5
un]
X(2) x() Let
=-22-1
=Xl:) Xa(2)
elun!=zaln] = *;-22-5
X1(2) 72
1-z-'cosSlo =llyil>1
2-2cos lo
2-z|e
+e-]
cos + 3z
Slo XA\4) 1-e-ilg|>1
tz-2

(5.T)

Proof. property
Shifting
Shifing
the 5.3.2 S.19)
ROC:>1
1z| z-transform
taking z<n]=
z{zn
sequence
then sin
-
|) lon
= z<n rlr] if by
'k' un)
-
k} units X(2)=1-2:-l zn]=
eun Let
n-k=lLet sn-
X(2)z-* ’ in sin
time-domiu eR"ujn)
zaln] X1(2)
= Slon
k<z* X(2)
n=l+k zsin l, =-elp-I =
I-00 cos en-ejn]
results Sn 1
2 The
(Except +
in z-transform
ROC
multiplying
[Link]
with R 2
possibly >
1
and
z by its
=0 |-* application
or in
|zl z-domain
= (5.8)
oo) (5.9) 5.13
 5.22) 521) Problem:
S.20) 5.14
5.22) S21) S.20)Solution
Signals
ROC: OR (n]
2nROC: z1(n]= ROC: (n]= aln]= z1ln]
All =Find and
= Al All =
z z { Systems
Except exceptz=0 z except
{ { {
{ the
{ 2 2
t 2 zn+2) z12]=
.: OR 2 2 2 z-transform
Xa(2) Xa(z) 3 3 3
z 3 Xi(z) Xi(z) 3 z X() 3 5
= 5Xi(z)=X(*) 5=0 5 5 5
0 = = 7and = 7 7 7
2+3z 2+3z- 7and = = 7
8z= 2z+32+5+
8 z 8 8 8 ofX(2):-t -
(22+3z2z+32 8 9 the ls-00
.. 9 0 9 00= 9 9} 9
}
}
) following
X(2)
=zn-2)aln]
+5+7+822 }
= +5²+7z+8+9z-1
5z2+7:-+ ++5+7:-+8z-+9:-1?
7:-+8z- sequence.
X(z)z-?

4+9:-]:-? +9:s8z4 +9z-3

S.23)Problem: k=l,n=l+kn-
Let Substituting Proof. then z-domain
Convolution
Covolution
property
5.3.3
transform. Find zn]
the of
zila]* z2[r| "
covolution two
+ sequences
zn]=
Xi(z)X2lz) z[n]and
of z1n) if
k=-o0
k-00 k-00 k=-00 in
zin] time-domain
k-00
= 1[k|=aln with
(2 l=-00 l-00 Xz(z) Xi(z)
E-00o
3 lz-00 ROC is
k] with same
4}
and R, with The
n R0C ROC as
Rg multiplying z-transform
zaln]
R, RË
= and
{! z-transforms
their in
its
5 application
9}
using
(S.10) 5.15
:
 Seletlos 5.16
New ROC Preof. 5.34 LAMSform.
Taking
irsE Cumolon
yals
ROC: r
< Scsllng and
|| in
ar tioe Systems
<
< a'zthlen property
|=| zfa| If dumaán
< changes Y()
ars = is
(Scaling - sane
lo vtrl 2z+
(2434 2z4344z
X(z)
x) X() as
in 13+1:-4 mulipication
(2
-*) z-domain] 13 4r'(1+
-00
37
47 47 in
z
ROC R
ROClwia<Rth with 36} 5z+9)4+ -
Domain
361-3

22
5.24)Solutlen 5.24)Preblem
Applying
property
ucaling property
scaling
Using property
scaling
Using z[r]= z{n]
= :
a aFind
cosfl,n cos cos
sln u<]lonsin S,n the
on lon T
un) un] of
uln] ulr] the
t-9,-lc0. following

(/2)sinl, -21-l 1-()"co, I-cos Sl signals.

coe
Sl, The
z-transform
+
ROC ROC
ROCJ-| > and
|=| ROC>a
|=|
le| ls
> appllcation
1 >
1

5.17
 Convolution in Solution
Proof. 5.3.4 z-transform.
inverse
Taking S.16
New ROC
Signals
ROC: n< rË Scaling
<|z|<r2 and
ari time Systems
<
azalthen property
If domain
z< Y(2) Y(z)
changes zal
ar2 = (2: - = same is
t +3+4)(1+52-1+92-7)
(Scaling wln] 2z
to a'{o°ztn|
znlen) = + Xi(2)- Xa(z)zaln= X1(z) z(a]=
X) X(2) =
(2 13multiplicationas =
in
ns-00 z-domain] +372- Xa(z) 1+5z-+ = t 2z (2
st)"
-x) - 13
-00 +3+4z-!
5 3
37 9) 4)
+
47
472-+362-3 in
z 9z-2
lROC ROC R
wia<Rth with 36) -
Domain

22,
s26) S.24),Solution z[n)=
S.25) <fn]=
[Link]:
24)a"
Applying zlr] property
scaling
Using property
scaling
Using z[n]
ea) =
property
scaling
= a Find
a cos cos coslonufn]
urs]in n cos S2,ul
cosn l<r]osinn the
flon lon
Ron zT
un1-2(8)cosl, u<n] of
uln| the
t-2az-l following

zsin
(1/2)lo 1-(A)cosn, 1-zcos - signals.
zsin 2o azcos1-
lo 2:-l Ro
cos
cos Slo The
lo +z7 z-transform
+a'z (4) +
ROC>1
|2|
and
ROC>a
|z|
lis
application

5.17
 z{n]=
S27)
nun)Solmtion S.=n'unl
29) 5.28)
z{n]z(n]=
nu<n]
S27)
Problem: Multiplying differentiating
w.t z Proof. 5.3.5 S.18
differcntiation
Applying
property know
thatWe
z(n] Signals
= 2-transform DIferentlation
na Find both and
u<n] side, nrnthen-2
the Systems
z-transform If
by is
defined z(n]
-z.
nulr] in
dX()dz +
-z z-domain
dX(z) as
of nzfn]-z dz = s(a<:-n
X(2) = X(2)
the q-00 dX(2)
- following dz

E-00 -0O

.ROC:|>1
2| ROC:|>1
z] signals dX(3)dz
.
ROC:
withRz with

nxln)e-zdx(2) ROC:

Rz

(S.11)

reversal
Time
5.3.6
5.29)
difierentiation
property
Using
=n'n]
S.zí28)a]
property
scaling
Using z{n] differentiation
Applying
property

af-n]then + aun] =
zn] If+ na"ua] n'un]
property
=
X(2) n-nuln]
X()
ROC:with (2-
ith a? dz -13nufn] nufn]
ROC: +1z<z] ’
-l
az-l2 ROC:1z|>1 da 2
n<lzl<
ROC: The
<< ROC: D'() -z z-transform
(2-1
|z|
2. 1=| >
> Jal
lal. and
its
application
(5.13)
(S.12)
S19
 Solution let Proof. S.20
S3) =u-n]S.z{n]30) S.z(n]31) [Link]:
=z{n]30) Findthe
-n Signals
Using Let haveWe
r] time-reversal
property
Using l,n= =
= =u<-n] and
time-reversal
property "-nl
(}"u-n] -l Systems

=2ualzia] z-transform of

Z(=|
-nln-nl) =
X{| =l-00 l=-c0
t=
E-00
-1

=l<1
ROC:
Xil <1
12l

I=|ROC:<; ROC:
|=|>
2

Since Proof. Initial

If5.3.8 Replacingz Taking Proof. 5.3.7
zn]
or
rin] is complex
By causal Conjugate
is by
causal definition,
theorem
and value z° conjugate,
we
X(2) get of
ZT a
is we complex
given z{znl} of
X*(2) = get
signal a then °n]x*]then
<taje-aX(*) = by zn<=*X(2) =
= IfX()-2:
X(:) z(n] z{0] X(2)z{n]+’ sequence
za]
7-00

=given is 200 = +
1
-00 It X(2)
by The
zn<=-n X(2) z-transform
l=|ROC:<

and
is
application

($.14)
S.21
 Proof. If Taking S2
Taking
Footnote: zln] 3.9
Signals
he is lt,o
causal Final
limits and
Z+l400 Zn]-n on
z{an]- and value 200 both Systems
N n’
then Jt
0 theorem the ..
n=0
i-|*-1. and zn
X(2)
sides
N+0 2))=h X(2)
N+0 =
z 1|J2"= - -
]- ’1 1)} r(0|
= =knl- zn]X(2)
-1]+p] on 0|
0 both X(:)|l N]= -0]
N=zlo] z(n- +
+1]+ the zlo] |1]:+2]:+..
+
1|]|=, sides. z]- = [1)z"
+ 2+1n-00
z]
2)+z3]
+
[1= n- ,[1- +z(2]z
2+ 1|]2"
+ -zX() X()|1
(34]+ = +...)
+z4|] 6] z}- X(2) X()

X(2)zt
(3.15)

depends
[Link]
all thisIn
Long
5.4.1 Methods
z-Transform
Inverse5.4
'n'. 3) 2) 1)
comverges method
expand
given ContourPartial Long
When thein
division [Link].
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X(z) Fraction 10.
divisionorintegral
is or no{n- lorn<n]cos Llun]osirn na"un]-au-n- 1] nun
rational,given method
methodpower
Signal
ROC, X(2)
method
power
series series 1}utn
cxpansion
then s(n)=X(:) = into method -
a 1|7a-lz Table5.2.
=-00 power
is as 1-2z-1 1-22- (-a) az-?[1-
performed per 2a-'z az-l
definition series 22-2 1-z-cos o
z-lsilo
n 1
- 2-transfom
of 1)3 cos cos
i-az-ii--1 The
by fomthe z-fránsform
long of (z-1)3 Lo Ro
z-transform, 2a?z 22
+2-2 +2-2
division. -a)
and
l=|>lal lzl>lal l|azl > Iz| 1> All z
The z(n) >1
Izl lzl>1 ROC is
application
division =
gn)
way fr $23