UNIT I INTRODUCTION AND APPLICATION LAYER

PART-A

1 Compare LAN and WAN.

LAN WAN
Scope of Local Area Network Scope of Wide Area Network
is restricted to a small/ single spans over large geographical area country/ Continent
building
LAN is owned by some A part of network asserts is owned
organization. or not owned.
Data rate of LAN 10-.10- Data rate of WAN is Gigabyte.
100mbps.

2 Define networks. (Nov 12)

A computer network is a group of computer systems and other computing hardware devices
that are linked together through communication channels to facilitate communication and
resource-sharing among a wide range of users. Networks are
commonly categorized based on their characteristics.

3 Why do we need a Domain Name System? What role does the DNS Resolver play in the DNS
system? (Nov 12)
Domain Name System can map a name to an address and conversely an address to name. The
Domain Name System converts domain names into IP numbers. IP numbers uniquely
identify hosts on the Internet

4 What is a protocol? What are the key elements of a protocol? (Nov

15)
Protocol is the set of rules governing the exchange of data between two entities. It defines what is
communicated, how it is communicated, when it is communicated. The Key elements of a
Protocol are as follows,
 Syntax – It refers to the structure or format of data meaning the order in which they are
presented.
 Semantics – It refers to the meaning of each section of bit. How to do interpretation.
 Timing – When data should be sent and how fast they can be
sent.
5 Define File Transfer Protocol. (Nov 21)
The File Transfer Protocol is a standard communication protocol used for the transfer of
computer files from a server to a client on a computer network. FTP is built on a client–server
model architecture using separate control and data connections between
the client and the server.

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6 What is WWW and SMTP? (Nov 10,15 ) (May 15)
World Wide Web is an internet application that allows user to view
pages and move from one web page to another.
7 List the two types of DNS message. (May 16)
There are two types of DNS messages – Query and Response
 Query message – consists of the header and question records.
 Response message – consists of header, question record, authoritative record and
additional record.
8 What are the four groups of HTTP Headers? What are the two methods of HTTP? (May
15) (Nov 15)
The four groups of HTTP headers are
 General headers
 Entity Headers
 Request Headers
 Response Headers.
Two methods of HTTP are Get Method( ) Post Method( )
9 Justify the need for layer five in the OSI model. (Nov 21)
Layer 5 of the OSI Model: Session Layer is the layer of the ISO Open Systems Interconnection
(OSI) model that controls the dialogues (connections) between computers. It establishes,
manages, and terminates the connections between the local and
remote application.

10 What are the functions of Application Layer? (Apr 11)

It enables the user (human/software) to access the network. It provides user interfaces and
support for services such as electronic mail, remote file access and transfer, shared database
management and other types of distributed information services. Services provided by the
application layer are Network Virtual terminal, File transfer, access and management. Mail
services, Directory
services.

PART- B
1 Explain different types of networks in detail with neat diagram
(Nov/Dec 2021)
2 Discuss in detail about the layers in OSI model. (Nov
10,11,12,15,19) (May 12) (May / June 2021)
3 Explain in detail about the TCP/IP protocol suite with neat
diagram
4 Discuss how the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) is useful in electronic mail. (May 12,15)
(Nov 13,15) (Nov 19) (May/June 2021)
(Nov 21)
5 Explain the role of a DNS on a computer network, including its
involvement in the process of a user accessing a web page. (May 13) (Nov 15, 19) (Nov
21)

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 UNIT II TRANSPORT LAYER

PART-A
1 Give any two Transport layer service. (Dec 12)
Multiplexing: Transport layer performs multiplexing/de- multiplexing function. Multiple
applications employ same transport protocol, but use different port number. According to
lower layer n/w protocol, it does upward multiplexing or downward multiplexing.
Reliability: Error Control and Flow Control.
2 How congestion occurs in a network? (May / June 2021)
The routers / switches in a network have a limited buffer size to store the received packets. If the
packets arrive at a faster rate than what the receiver can store, then the packets are dropped
leading
to congestion.
3 What is a Port? (Nov 21)
In computer networking, a port is a communication endpoint. At the software level, within an
operating system, a port is a logical construct that identifies a specific process or a type of
network
service.
4 What are the advantages of using UDP over TCP? (Nov 10)
UDP is very useful for audio or video delivery which does not need acknowledgement. It is
useful in the transmission of multimedia
data. Connection Establishment delay will occur in TCP.
5 What are the four aspects related to the reliable delivery of data?
(May 12)
The four aspects are
(i) Error control,
(ii) Sequence control
(iii) Loss control
(iv) Duplication control.
6 Outline Stop and Wait ARQ mechanism. (Nov 19)
In the stop-and-wait ARQ mechanism, sender sends one frame at a time; it is a special
case of the general sliding window protocol with transmit and receive window sizes
equal to
one in both cases.
7 What do you mean by slow start in TCP congestion? (May 16)
TCP slow start is an algorithm which balances the speed of a network connection. Slow start
gradually increases the amount of data transmitted until it finds the network’s maximum
carrying
capacity.
8 Differentiate congestion control and flow control. (Nov 13,15)
Congestion Control Flow Control

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 Congestion control means Flow control means preventing the source from sending data
preventing the source that the receiver will end up dropping because it runs out of
from sending data that buffer space.
will end up getting
dropped by a router
because its queue is full.
This is more complicated, This is fairly easy with a sliding window protocol
because packets from
different sources
travelling different paths
can converge on the same
queue.
9 List the different phases used in TCP Connection. (May 16)
The different phases used in TCP connection are Connectio establishment Phase, Data
transfer and Connection Terminatio
Phase
10 List the advantages of Connection oriented services over connectionless services.
(May 17)
Connection Oriented:
Advantages:
1. Buffers can be reserved in advance
2. Sequencing can be guaranteed. Short headers.

PART B

1 Write short notes on (May 12) (Nov 19) (Nov 21)

(i) TCP segment format (ii) Silly window syndrome (Or) discuss
the silly window syndrome and explain how to avoid it.
2 With neat architecture, Explain TCP and its sliding window
algorithm for flow control. (Nov 15)
3 Describe with examples the three mechanisms by which
congestion control is achieved in TCP. (Nov 13,15)(May 15,16)(Nov 19)

4 Discuss congestion avoidance algorithm like DEC bit method and

random early detection in transport layer with an example.(May 12,17)

5 What are the 2 broad categories of congestion control mechanisms?

Briefly explain all the techniques. (May / June 2021)

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 UNIT-III NETWORK LAYER
PART-A
1 What is packet switching? (Nov 12)
In a packet-switched network, it’s not necessary to dedicate
transmission capacity along a path through the network. Rather, data are sent out in a sequence
of small chunks, called packets.
2 What is subnetting? (Nov 11,15)
The whole network can’t manage by single server, so that the entire network divided into small
network in order to manage the network easily. Subnetting provides an elegantly simple way to
reduce the total number of network numbers that are assigned. The idea is to take a single IP
network number and allocate the IP address with that network to several physical networks,
which are
now referred to as subnets.

3 When ICMP redirect message is used? (May 17)

An ICMP redirect is an error message sent by a router to the sender of an IP packet Redirects
are used when a router believes a packet is being routed sub optimally and it would like to
inform the sending host that it should forward the subsequent packets to
that same destination through a different gateway.

4 State the rules of non-boundary-level masking? (May 12)

 The bytes in the IP address that corresponds to 255 in the mask will be repeated in the sub
network address.
 The bytes in the IP address that corresponds to 0 in the mask will change to 0 in the sub
network address.
 For other bytes, use the bit-wise AND operator. Example-
IP address 45 123 21 8
Mask 255 192 0 0
Subnet 45 64 0 0
123 01111011
192 11000000
64 01000000

5 How many network addresses and host addresses are supported by class A, class B
networks?
Class A: Number of networks = 127 Number of hosts = 224 -1 Class B: Number of networks =
214 -1
Number of hosts = 216 – 1 = 65,535

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6 What is the network address in a class A subnet with the IP addresses of one of the hosts
as [Link] and mask [Link]? (May 14)
IP Address - [Link] , Mask - [Link] , Network Address
- [Link]
7 Explain IPV6 protocol. Why IPV6 is preferred over IPV4? (May
/ June 2021)
IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6) is a set of basics of IPv6 are similar to those of IPv4. The most
obvious improvement in IPv6 over IPv4 is that IP addresses are lengthened from 32 bits to 128
bits. This extension anticipates considerable future growth of the Internet and provides relief
for what was perceived as an
impending shortage of network addresses.
8 What is DHCP? (Nov 19)
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) is a protocol that provides quick, automatic, and
central management for the distribution of IP addresses within a network. DHCP is
also used to configure the subnet mask, default gateway, and DNS server information on the
device.
9 Present an outline of IPv6 addressing. (Nov 19)
An IPv6 address is 128 bits in length and consists of eight, 16-bit fields, with each field
bounded by a colon. Each field must contain a hexadecimal number, in contrast to the dotted-
decimal notation
10
What are the differences between IPV4 and IPV6? (Nov 21)
IPV4 IPV6
A 32-bit numeric address in IPv6 addresses are 128-bit IP
IPv4 is written in decimal as address written in hexadecimal
four numbers separated by and separated by colons. An
periods. Each number can be example IPv6 address could be
zero to 255. written like this:
For eg, 3ffe:1900:4545:3:200:f8ff:fe21:67
[Link] could be an IP cf
address.
PART B
1 What are the different routing algorithms ? list out their pros and cons. (April/May 21)
2 i) Discuss the IP addressing methods. (May/June2014)
ii) Write short notes on ARP. (May/June2014) or Explain in detail ARP. (Nov/Dec 2015)

3 Explain in detail about DHCP. (Nov/Dec 2015)

4 What is the need for ICMP? Mention ICMP MESSAGES and their
purpose. (May/June 2013)
5 Explain about IPV6? Compare IPV4 and IPV6 (May 16)(Nov 21)

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 UNIT IV ROUTING
PART A
1 Define routing. (Nov12,15)
It is the process of building up the tables that allow the collect output for a packet to be
determined. It is a lot harder to create the forwarding tables in large, complex networks with
dynamically changing topologies and multiple paths between destinations. Routing is a
process that takes place in the background so that, when a data packet turns up, we will have
the right information
in the forwarding table to be able to forward, or switch, the packet.

2 Write on the packet cost referred in distance vector and link state routing. (May 2012)
In distance vector routing, cost refer to hop count while in case of link state routing, cost is a
weighted value based on a variety of
factors such as security levels, traffic or the state of the link.

3 What is source routing? (Nov 13)

Rotation, stripping off and using pointers are the different types
of source routing approach.
4 What is the function of a router? (Nov 10)(Nov 21)
Routers relay packets among multiple interconnected networks. They route packets from one
network to any of a number of potential destination networks on internet. A router operates at
the physical, data link and network layer of the OSI model.

5 What is piggybacking? (Nov 19)

The technique of temporarily delaying outgoing acknowledgment so that they can be hooked
onto the next outgoing data frame is
widely known as piggybacking.
6 What are the metrics used by routing protocols? (Apr/May 2015)
Path length, bandwidth, load, hop count, path cost, delay, Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU),
reliability and communications cost.

7 Define Unicasting, Broadcasting and Multicasting. (Nov/Dec 2011)

Unicasting: Transmitting data from a single sender to a single receiver.
Broadcasting: Transmitting data from a single source to all the other nodes in the network
Multicasting: Transmitting data from a single source to a group of destination nodes.

8 How congestion occurs in a network ? April/May 21

Network congestion occurs when a network is overrun with more data packet traffic than it can
cope with

9 What happens in the three way handshaking between any two devices ?April?may 21
TCP uses a three-way handshake to establish a reliable connection. The connection is full duplex,
and both sides synchronize (SYN) and acknowledge (ACK) each other. The exchange of these four
flags is performed in three steps—SYN, SYN-ACK, and ACK

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10 What is piggy backing? NOV/DEC 19
Piggybacking is the technique of delaying outgoing acknowledgment and attaching it to the
next data packet

PART B
1 Explain what is Distance Vector Routing and Demonstrate how
distance table gives routing table (Nov 21)
2 Discuss about Link-state routing and routers. (Nov 12) (May 15)
3 Write a detailed note on congestion avoidance mechanism used in TCP. Nov/Dec 17
4 Explain the Routing Information protocol/Distance vector
routing in detail. (Nov 13,15) (May 15,16)(Nov 19)
5 What are the different routing algorithms? List out their pros and
cons. (May / June 2021)
UNIT V - PART A

1 List out the functions of data link layer (May / June 2021)
Data link layer deals with node-to-node delivery of data. The
services provided by the data link layer include: framing, flow control, error control and
access control.
2 What do you mean by framing? (Nov/Dec2013 and Nov/Dec 2014)
The data link layer divides the stream of bits received from the network layer into manageable data
units called frames. The ways to address the framing problem are
 Byte-Oriented Protocols (PPP)
 Bit-Oriented Protocols (HDLC)
 Clock-Based Framing (SONET)

3 What are the two types of errors occurred during data transmission? (May/June 2012)
Single bit error and burst error

4 Compare error detection and correction. (Nov/Dec 2012)

Error Detection Error Correction
Only the occurrence of an error The exact number of bits that are corrupted and location of
is checked error in the message are known.

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5 Define bit stuffing. (Apr/May 2011)
HDLC denotes both the beginning and the end of a frame with the distinguished bit sequence
01111110. This sequence might appear anywhere in the body of the frame, it can be avoided by
bit stuffing. On the sending side, any time five consecutive 1’s has been transmitted from the
body of the message (i.e., excluding when the sender is trying to transmit the distinguished
01111110
sequence), the sender inserts a 0 before transmitting the next bit.

6 What do you mean by Flow Control? (Nov/Dec 2011)

Flow control is a technique for assuring that a transmitting entity does not overwhelm a receiving
entity with data. It is a feedback mechanism by which the receiver is able to regulate the sender.
Such a mechanism is used to keep the sender from overrunning the receiver, i.e., from
transmitting more data than the receiver is able to process
7 What is the difference between stop and wait and sliding window protocol? (Nov/Dec
2012)

Stop and Wait Protocol Sliding Window Protocol

In stop and wait protocol, In sliding window protocol, we can send multiple frames at a
we can send one frame at time.
a time
Shows poor performance As sliding window doesn't waste network bandwidth compared with
than Sliding Window stop-n-wait, both in normal and in congested condition, sliding
Protocol, comparatively window show better performance than stop-n-
wait.

8 Find the hamming distance between the two pair of code words: A = 01011; B = 11110 (May
/ June 2021)
Hamming distance is the numbers of bits by which two codes
differ. Here hamming distance = 3
9 Define hidden node problem. (May 16)
In wireless networking, the hidden node problem or hidden terminal problem occurs when a node
is visible from a wireless access point (AP), but not from other nodes communicating with
that AP. This leads to difficulties in media access control sub layer.

10 What is the access method used by wireless LAN? (May 14)

The access method used by wireless LAN is Carrier Sense Multiple
Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA)
PART B

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1 Given a remainder of 111, a data unit of 10110011 and a divisor of
1001, is there an error in the data unit. Justify your answer with necessary principles. (May
14)
2 Explain the various error detection techniques with example. (Nov
10,12), (May 12,16)
3 The message X5 + X4 + X 11001001 is to be transmitted, using CRC error detection algorithm.
Assuming the CRC polynomial to be X3
+ X2 + 1, determine the three-bit CRC code that should be
appended to message. (May / June 2021)
4 Discuss in detail about the HDLC protocol (Bit Oriented Protocol).
(May 16) (Nov 19)
5 Explain various flow control mechanisms. i) Stop Wait protocol ii)
Go Back-N iii) Selective Repeat (Nov 15)

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