PART A: BASIC CONCEPTS & DEFINITIONS (1-2 marks)
1. A die is thrown once. Find the probability of getting a prime number
2. Two coins are tossed. Find the probability of getting at least one head
3. If P(A) = 0.4, P(B) = 0.5 and P(A")B) = 0.3, find P(A"*B)
4. If P(A) = 0.6, P(B) = 0.3 and P(A")B) = 0.2, find P(A|B)
5. A card is drawn from a well-shuffled deck of 52 cards. Find the probability of getting a red
king
6. If A and B are mutually exclusive events and P(A) = 0.3, P(B) = 0.4, find P(A"*B)
7. Find the probability that a leap year has 53 Sundays
8. If P(A) = 0.8, P(B) = 0.5 and P(B|A) = 0.4, find P(A")B)
PART B: CONDITIONAL PROBABILITY (2-4 marks)
1. If P(A) = 0.3, P(B) = 0.4 and P(A"*B) = 0.5, find P(A|B) and P(B|A)
2. A die is thrown twice. Find the probability that the sum is 8 given that the first die shows 3
3. Two dice are thrown. Find the probability that the numbers are different given that their sum
is 8
4. If A and B are two events such that P(A) = 0.5, P(B) = 0.6 and P(A")B) = 0.3, find P(A|B) and
P(B|A)
5. Prove that if A and B are independent events, then A' and B' are also independent
6. If P(A) = 1/3, P(B) = 1/4 and P(A"*B) = 1/2, check if A and B are independent
PART C: MULTIPLICATIONTHEOREM & INDEPENDENCE (4-5 marks)
1. A bag contains 5 red and 3 black balls. Two balls are drawn at random one after another
without replacement. Find the probability that both balls are red
2. Three cards are drawn successively without replacement from a pack of 52 cards. Find the
probability that all three are spades
3. A problem is given to three students A, B, C whose chances of solving it are 1/2, 1/3, 1/4
respectively. Find the probability that the problem will be solved
4. A can solve 90% of problems and B can solve 70% of problems. What is the probability that
at least one of them will solve a problem given to both?
5. If A and B are independent events with P(A) = 0.3 and P(B) = 0.4, find P(A")B) and P(A"*B)
6. The probabilities of A, B, C solving a problem are 1/3, 1/4, 1/5 respectively. Find the
probability that the problem is solved
PART D: BAYES' THEOREM (4-6 marks)
1. In a factory, machines A, B, C produce 40%, 35%, 25% of items respectively. 2%, 3%, 4%
of their outputs are defective. An item is drawn at random and found defective. Find the
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probability it came from machine A
2. There are three coins - one with two heads, one fair, and one with two tails. A coin is
selected at random and tossed, showing heads. Find the probability it's the two-headed coin
3. A man is known to speak truth 3 out of 4 times. He reports that a six occurred when a die
was thrown. Find the probability that a six actually occurred
4. In a class, 60% are boys and 40% are girls. 30% of boys and 50% of girls play cricket. A
student playing cricket is selected. Find the probability it's a girl
5. Two groups are competing for positions. Probabilities are 0.6 and 0.4 respectively. If the first
group uses fair means, probability of winning is 0.8, otherwise 0.3. They win. Find probability
they used fair means
PART E: PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS (4-6 marks)
1. Find the probability distribution of number of heads in two tosses of a coin
2. Find the probability distribution of number of sixes in three throws of a die
3. A random variable X has the following distribution: X: 0, 1, 2, 3 P(X): 0.1, k, 2k, 0.4 Find k
and P(X"e2)
4. For a binomial distribution with n=5, p=0.3, find P(X=3) and P(X"e1)
5. The mean of a binomial distribution is 4 and variance is 3. Find P(X=2)
PART F: MEAN & VARIANCE (4-6 marks)
1. Find the mean and variance of the number of heads in three tosses of a fair coin
2. For a random variable X with probability distribution: X: 1, 2, 3, 4 P(X): 0.4, 0.3, 0.2, 0.1 Find
E(X) and Var(X)
3. A die is thrown twice. Let X be the sum of numbers obtained. Find the mean and variance of
X
4. For a binomial distribution B(6,p), if 9P(X=4) = P(X=2), find p and P(X"e1)
5. The mean and variance of a binomial distribution are 4 and 4/3 respectively. Find P(X"e1)
PART G: CASE STUDIES (4 marks)
1. Medical Test: A disease affects 1% of population. A test is 99% accurate for sick people and
95% accurate for healthy people. i) Find the probability a person has the disease given they
test positive ii) Interpret the result in context
2. Quality Control: A factory has three machines producing bulbs. Machine A produces 50%
with 2% defective, B produces 30% with 3% defective, C produces 20% with 4% defective. i)
Find the probability a randomly selected bulb is defective ii) If a bulb is defective, find the
probability it came from machine A
3. Examination Performance: In an exam, 60% students studied, 40% didn't. 80% of those
who studied pass, 30% of those who didn't study pass. i) Find the overall pass percentage ii) If
a student passes, find the probability they studied
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PART H: PROOFS & THEOREMS (6 marks)
1. Prove that P(A') = 1 - P(A) for any event A
2. Prove the addition theorem: P(A"*B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A")B)
3. Prove that if A and B are independent, then P(A")B) = P(A)·P(B)
4. State and prove Bayes' theorem
5. Derive the mean and variance of binomial distribution B(n,p)
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