MIDTERM

Religion, Visual arts, Performing arts, Sports, Cuisines, and Festivals in the Philippines

Learning Outcomes:
Students will be able to critically analyze and articulate the interconnectedness of Philippine
culture by exploring its diverse religious beliefs, visual and performing arts, traditional and
modern sports, culinary practices, and vibrant festivals, demonstrating an understanding of
how these elements collectively shape Filipino identity, community values, and social
dynamics.

LESSON 6- RELIGION OF THE PHILIPPINES

Leraning Outcomes

⮚ identify and analyze the major religions in the Philippines, including their historical
development and cultural impact on Filipino society.
⮚ show appreciation of one’s cultural identity through religion

⮚ demonstrate critical and reflective thought in analyzing different religion

Motivational Activity

Activity: Religious Picture Analysis

Objective: To deepen students' understanding of different religions in the Philippines through
visual analysis, fostering critical thinking and cultural appreciation.
Materials Needed:
● A selection of images representing various religions (e.g., churches, mosques, religious
symbols, community events, rituals).
● Projector or printed images for group work.
 ● Paper ad markers for notes and sketches.

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Introduction to Religion

Religion is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon that has shaped human societies
throughout history. It encompasses a wide range of beliefs, practices, and institutions that seek
to address fundamental questions about existence, morality, and the nature of the universe. At
its core, religion often provides a framework for understanding life’s mysteries, guiding moral
behavior, and fostering a sense of community among its adherents.

● Christianity

Christianity arrived in the Philippines with the landing of Ferdinand Magellan in 1521. In the late
16th century, the archipelago was claimed for Spain and named it after its king. Missionary
activity during the country's colonial rule by Spain and the United States led the transformation
of the Philippines into the first and then, along with East Timor, one of two predominantly
Catholic nations in East Asia, with approximately 92.5% of the population belonging to the
Christian faith.
● Catholicism

Catholicism is the predominant religion and the largest Christian denomination, with estimates
of approximately 80.6% of the population belonging to this faith in the Philippines. The country
has a significant Spanish Catholic tradition, and Spanish style Catholicism is embedded in the
culture, which was acquired from priests or friars.
The Catholic Church has great influence on Philippine society and politics. One typical event is
the role of the Catholic hierarchy during the bloodless People Power Revolution of 1986.
ThenArchbishop of Manila and de facto Primate of the Philippines, Jaime Cardinal Sin appealed
to the public via radio to congregate along Epifanio de los Santos Avenue in support of rebel
forces. Some seven million people responded to the call between 22–25 February, and the
nonviolent protests successfully forced President Ferdinand E. Marcos out of power and into
exile in Hawaii.
Several Catholic holidays are culturally important as family occasions, and are observed in the
civil calendar. Chief among these are Christmas, which includes celebrations of the civil New
Year, and the more solemn Holy Week, which may occur in March or April. Every November,
Filipino families celebrate All Saints' Day and All Souls' Day as a single holiday in honor of the
saints and the dead, visiting and cleaning ancestral graves, offering prayers, and feasting. As of
2018, Feast of the Immaculate Conception on December 8 was added as a special non-working
holiday.
● Philippine Independent Church

The Philippine Independent Church (officially Spanish: Iglesia Filipina Independiente, IFI;
colloquially known as the Aglipayan Church) is an independent Christian denomination in the
form of a national church in the Philippines. Its schism from the Catholic Church was proclaimed
in 1902 by the members of the Unión Obrera Democrática Filipina due to the mistreatment of
Filipinos by Spanish priests and the execution of nationalist José Rizal under Spanish colonial
rule.
Isabelo de los Reyes was one of the initiators of the separation, and suggested that former
Catholic priest Gregorio Aglipay be the head of the church. It is also known as the Aglipayan
Church after its first Obispo Maximo, Gregorio Aglipay.
Commonly shared beliefs in the Aglipayan Church are the rejection of the Apostolic Succession
solely to the Petrine Papacy, the acceptance of priestly ordination of women, the free option of
clerical celibacy, the tolerance to join Freemasonry groups, non-committal in belief regarding
transubstantiation and Real Presence of the Eucharist, and the advocacy of contraception and
same-sex civil rights among its members. Many saints canonized by Rome after the schism are
also not officially recognized by the Aglipayan church and its members.
Today, Aglipayans in the Philippines claim to number at least 6 to 8 million members, with most
from the northern part of Luzon, especially in the Ilocos Region and in the parts of Visayas like
Antique, Iloilo and Guimaras provinces. Congregations are also found throughout the Philippine
diaspora in North America, Europe, Middle East and Asia. The church is the second-largest
single Christian denomination in the country after the Catholic Church (some 80.2% of the
population), comprising about 6.7% of the total population of the Philippines. By contrast, the
2010 Philippine census recorded only 916,639 members in the country, or about 1% of the
population. It has 47 dioceses including the dioceses outside the Philippines such the Diocese
of Tampa (USA) and the Diocese Western USA and Canada. It has Fellowship congregations in
the United Kingdom, United Arab Emirates, Hongkong and Singapore. IFI is in full communion
with the Anglican Churches and the Episcopal Church.

● Iglesia ni Cristo

Iglesiani Cristo (English: Church of Christ; Spanish: Iglesia de Cristo) is the largest entirely
indigenous-initiated religious organisation in the Philippines comprising roughly 1.5% of
religious affiliation in the Philippines. Felix Y. Manalo officially registered the church with
the Philippine Government on July 27, 1914 and because of this, most publications refer
to him as the founder of the church. Felix Manalo claimed that he was restoring the church of
Christ that was lost for 2,000 years. He died on April 12, 1963, aged 76. The Philippine Arena
was constructed by the Iglesiani Cristo for its Centennial Anniversary and large gatherings.
The Iglesiani Cristo is known for its large evangelical missions. The largest of which was the
Grand Evangelical Mission (GEM) which also occurred simultaneously on 19 sites across the
country. In Manila site alone, more than 600,000 people attended the event. Other programs
include the LingapsaMamamayan (Aid to Humanity) The KabayanKoKapatidKo (My
Countrymen, My Brethren) and various resettlement projects for affected individuals.

● Islam

Islam reached the Philippines in the 14th century with the arrival of Muslim traders from the
Persian Gulf, Southern India, and their followers from several sultanate governments in
Maritime Southeast Asia. Islam's predominance reached all the way to the shores of Manila
Bay, home to several Muslim kingdoms. During the Spanish conquest, Islam had a rapid decline
as the predominant monotheistic faith in the Philippines as a result of the introduction of Roman
Catholicism by Spanish missionaries and via the Spanish [Link] southern Filipino tribes
were among the few indigenous Filipino communities that resisted Spanish rule and
conversions to Roman Catholicism. The vast majority of Muslims in Philippines follow Sunni
Islam of Shafi school of jurisprudence, with small Shiite and Ahmadiyya minorities.] Islam is the
oldest recorded monotheistic religion in the Philippines.
As of 2015. According to the Philippine Statistics Authority, the Muslim population of Philippines
in 2015 was 5.57%. However, a 2012 estimate by the National Commission on Muslim
Filipinos (NCMF) stated that there were 10.7 million Muslims, or approximately 11 percent of the
total population.
In 1380 Karim ul' Makhdum the first Arabian trader reached the Sulu Archipelago and Jolo in the
Philippines and through trade throughout the island established Islam in the country. In 1390 the
Minangkabau's Prince Rajah Baguinda and his followers preached Islam on the [Link]
Sheik KarimalMakdum Mosque was the first mosque established in the Philippines on Simunul
in Mindanao in the 14th century. Subsequent settlements by Arab missionaries traveling to
Malaysia and Indonesia helped strengthen Islam in the Philippines and each settlement was
governed by a Datu, Rajah and a Sultan.

● The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) in the Philippines was founded
during the Spanish–American War in 1898. Two men from Utah who were members of the
United States artillery battery, and who were also set apart as missionaries by the Church
before they left the United States, preached while stationed in the Philippines. Missionary work
picked up after World War II, and in 1961 the Church was officially registered in the
Philippines. In 1969, the Church had spread to eight major islands and had the highest
number of baptisms of any area in the Church. Membership was 710,764 in 2015. A temple
was built in 1984 which is located in Manila, and a second temple was completed in Cebu City
in 2010. As of 2019, four more LDS temples have been announced, they are planned to be built
in Urdaneta, Cagayan de Oro, Davao, as well as a second temple in the greater Manila area.
Founded by Joseph Smith.
● Jehovah's Witnesses

is a millenarian restorationist Christian denomination with nontrinitarian beliefs distinct from

mainstream Christianity. The group reports a worldwide membership of approximately 8.68
million adherents involved in evangelism and an annual Memorial attendance of over 20 million.
[4]
Jehovah's Witnesses are directed by the Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses, a group of
elders in Warwick, New York, United States, which establishes all doctrines[6] based on its
interpretations of the Bible. They believe that the destruction of the present world system at
Armageddon is imminent, and that the establishment of God's kingdom over the earth is the
only solution for all problems faced by humanity.
The group emerged from the Bible Student movement founded in the late 1870s by Charles
Taze Russell.

Lesson 7: Importance of Religion

Learning outcomes

⮚ Students will demonstrate an understanding of how religion influences moral and ethical
frameworks within personal and societal contexts.

1. Cultural Identity:
o Religion plays a crucial role in shaping the cultural identity of Filipinos,
influencing language, customs, and traditions. It provides a sense of belonging
and continuity (Gonzalez, 2013).
2. Festivals and Celebrations:
o Religious festivals, such as Sinulog and Ati-Atihan, are integral to Filipino culture,
showcasing the vibrant expression of faith and community spirit through music,
dance, and food (Fresnido, 2012).
3. Art and Literature:
o Religion has inspired a wealth of artistic expression in the Philippines, from
religious paintings and sculptures to literature that reflects spiritual themes and
moral lessons (Macansantos, 2016).
4. Social Commentary:
o Religious leaders and texts often provide a platform for social critique,
addressing issues such as poverty, corruption, and injustice, encouraging moral
responsibility among followers (Alarcon, 2019).
5. Moral and Ethical Framework:
o Religion serves as a foundation for moral and ethical standards, guiding
individuals in making decisions about right and wrong, and fostering a sense of
social responsibility (De la Torre, 2014).
6. Media and Entertainment:
o Religious themes permeate various forms of media, including television shows,
films, and music, reflecting the cultural significance of faith in everyday life (Dela
Cruz, 2020).
 7. Interfaith Dialogue:
o The Philippines promotes interfaith dialogue as a means to foster understanding
and harmony among different religious groups, addressing conflicts and building
community resilience (Abdulbaki, 2018).

LESSON 8- VISUAL ARTS IN THE PHILIPPINES

Learning outcomes
⮚ Students will be able to analyze and articulate the influence of indigenous traditions on
contemporary Filipino visual arts, recognizing the continuity and transformation of
cultural expressions.
⮚ apply techniques and concepts learned in class to produce their own original artworks that
reflect Filipino themes, materials, and artistic practices.

Introduction

Visual arts in the Philippines encompass a rich tapestry of expressions that reflect the country’s
diverse cultural heritage, history, and social dynamics. Rooted in indigenous traditions, the
visual arts have evolved through centuries of colonization, globalization, and contemporary
influences.
From ancient pottery and weaving to modern painting, sculpture, and installation art, Filipino
artists draw inspiration from their surroundings, often integrating local materials and themes.
The visual arts serve as a powerful medium for storytelling, cultural preservation, and social
commentary, addressing issues such as identity, migration, and environmental concerns
(Ocampo, 2016).
Key movements, such as the Philippine Renaissance in the 19th century and the contemporary
art scene, highlight the contributions of notable artists like Juan Luna, Fernando Amorsolo, and
contemporary figures such as Julie Lluch and Benedicto Cabrera (Roldan, 2014). Today, the
visual arts continue to thrive in galleries, public spaces, and community initiatives, showcasing
the vibrant creativity of Filipino artists and their commitment to pushing boundaries in the global
art landscape.
References
● Ocampo, A. (2016). Art in the Philippines: A Historical Overview. Philippine Studies:
Historical and Ethnographic Viewpoints.
● Roldan, S. (2014). Filipino Artists and the Evolution of Contemporary Art in the
Philippines. Asian Art Journal.

a. TAMPUHAN (painting)
Tampuhan,meaning "sulking", is an 1895 classic oil on canvas impressionist painting by
Filipino painter and revolutionary activist Juan Luna. It depicts a Filipino man and a Filipino
woman having a lovers' quarrel.
Luna's Tampuhan is a depiction of two persons staying inside the sala or living room of a
BahaynaBato house. The two people are Filipino lovers sulking – experiencing "tampo" –
because of an argument. The man is looking out at the street besides a Capiz Window. The
woman on the other hand wearing a Maria Clara gown is focusing her eyes on the floor of the
room. According to Rosalinda Orosa, the man is Ariston Bautista Lin, a friend of Luna who
studied medicine in Europe. Orosa further described that the woman is Emiliana Trinidad.
Trinidad is the ancestor of the owner of the painting, and is claimed by Orosa to be the same
woman who posed for Luna's La Bulaqueña, another Luna artwork that illustrates Filipino
culture.

Manunggul Jar
Year 890-710 BCE
Type Burial Jar
Dimension 66.5 cm (26.2 in); 51 cm diameter (20 in)
s
Location National Museum of Anthropology, Manila

B. THE MANUNGGUL JAR

is a secondary burial jar excavated from a Neolithic burial site in the Manunggul cave of the
Tabon Caves at Lipuun Point in Palawan. It dates from 890–710 B.C. and the two prominent
figures at the top handle of its cover represent the journey of the soul to the afterlife. The
Manunggul Jar is widely acknowledged to be one of the finest Philippine pre-colonial artworks
ever produced and is considered a masterpiece of Philippine ceramics. It is listed as a national
treasure and designated as item 64-MO-74 by the National Museum of the Philippines. It is now
housed at the National Museum of Anthropology and is one of the most popular exhibits there. It
is made from clay with some sand soil.
The Manunggul Jar was found by Dr. Robert B. Fox and Miguel Antonio in 1962. It was found
alongside the remains of Tabon Man. It was recovered by Dr. Fox in Chamber A of
Manunggul Cave in Southwestern Palawan
The Manunggul Jar shows that the Filipinos' maritime culture is paramount that it reflected its
ancestors' religious beliefs. Many epics around the Philippines would tell how souls go to the
next life, aboard boats, pass through the rivers and seas. This belief is connected with the
Austronesian belief of the anito. The fine lines and intricate designs of the Manunggul Jar reflect
the artistry of early Filipinos. These designs are proof of the Filipinos' common heritage from the
Austronesian-speaking ancestors despite the diversity of the cultures of the [Link] upper
part of the Manunggul jar, as well as the cover, is carved with curvilinear scroll designs
(reminiscent of waves on the sea) which are painted with hematite. The practice of jar burial is
an instance of secondary burial, in which only the bones of the deceased are reburied.

C. PINTADOS

Pintados was the term used by Spanish colonists to describe the tattooed indigenous Cebuano
Visayan people. They were found on the islands of Cebu, Bohol, eastern part of Negros, and
western parts of Leyte in the Biçayas (Visayas) region of the Philippines. The word itself means
"painted," and was first used during the Spanish colonization of the Philippines.[citation needed]
The men are known for their tattoo art, which often covers most of their bodies. They apply the
tattoos by pricking the skin with sharp pieces of iron and then applying black powder to the open
wounds which is absorbed into the skin permanently. The inhabitants of the province of
Camarines, located at the eastern end of the islands, resemble the Pintados. During 16th
century, "Visayan" would only refer to the people in the Visayas, west of the Pintados. However,
in modern times, the term "Visayan" connotes all ethnic groups of the Visayas regions, while the
term "Bisaya", connotes the ethnic Cebuanos.

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● Pintado native clothing

Pintado natives wear their hair long, fastened in a knot on the crown of their head. Women often
wear large earrings made of gold and ivory, and decorative scarves around their heads. The
women also wear skirts that reach halfway down their leg with a loose, collarless jacket with
tight sleeves. Fastened in front, these garments are made of medriñaque and colored silks,
wearing bahaques (breech-clouts). Tumao wore the barong mahaba.
● Sagras
The Pintados have strict marriage customs, no one marries below his station. Men and
women marry as many wives and husbands as they can buy and support. The women are
sexually uninhibited, even encouraging their own children' sexuality.
● Weapons
The Pintado's weapons consist of large curved knives, such as cutlasses, spears, and
caraças (shields).
● Mangubat
Tattoos are indicative of a man's bravery in battle: the more tattoos, the more success. The
Pintados are a warlike race; continually waging war on both land and sea for Mangubat (booty).
This word means going to other lands in search of conquest, to plunder, raid or to fight. Lots
are cast using the teeth of a crocodile or wild boar. The men inquire of their gods and ancestors,
as to the result of their impending wars and journeys. Using knots made of cords, they foretell
the outcome. The Indios (Indians) along the coast set out every year on plundering expeditions
in the season of the bonanças, right after their harvests, which takes place between the brisas
and the vendabals.
Any booty taken, of whatever nature, belongs to the chiefs, except for a small portion which is
given to the Timaguas (Timawa) who go with them as oarsmen. While on raids, captured
enemies are not killed. If a captive is killed, the perpetrator has to pay the chief for the victim, or,
if unable to do so, serve as a slave to pay off the debt.
● Larao
Larao, meaning mourning of the dead, is an observance carried out with great vigor. An
enclosure is made around the house of the dead man, and if anyone, great or small, passes by
and transgresses this boundary, he or she shall be punished. When a chief die, all mourn him
with the following restrictions:
1. no quarrels during the time of mourning;
2. spears must be carried pointed downward, and daggers must be carried in the belt with
hilt reversed;
3. no brightly colored dress shall be worn during that time; 4. no singing on board a
barangay when returning to the village;
5. strict silence is maintained.
In order that all men may know of a chief’s death, one of the timawas goes through the village
and announces the period of mourning. Whoever transgresses the law must pay a penalty.
D. MARANAO PEOPLE

The Maranao people is the term used by the Philippine government to refer to the southern
tribe who are the "people of the lake", a predominantly-Muslim Lanao province region of the
Philippine island of Mindanao. They are known for their artwork, weaving, wood, plastic and
metal crafts and epic literature, the Darangen. They are ethnically and culturally closely related
to the Iranun, and Maguindanao, all three groups being denoted as speaking Danao languages
and giving name to the island of Mindanao.
Maranao culture can be characterized by:
● Lake Lanao
● Sarimanok (PapanokaMra and Mara-patik)
● Torogan, the highest form of a Maranao royal house, where the architecture used is the
most aesthetic in the Philippines
● Darangen, a UNESCO Intangible cultural heritage \
● Kirim, pre-Hispanic handwriting based from Arabic letters with 19 consonants and 7
vowels.
● Singkil, a Philippine dance
● Okir (leaf and spiral motifs) on wooden artifacts and brasswares
● Kapmorod and Kakhalilang with Sambolayang and Pasandalan a Morog and Marigay for
KazipasaManggis
● Kaplagod (Racing horse)

The culture of the Maranaos is centered on Lake Lanao, the largest in Mindanao, and the
second-largest and deepest lake in the Philippines. This lake is the subject of various myths
and legends. It supports a major fishery, and powers the hydroelectric plant installed on it; the
Agus River system generates 70% of the electricity used by the people of Mindanao. A
commanding view of the lake is offered by Marawi City, the provincial capital.

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E. SARIMANOK CARVED
Sarimanok, Papanoka "Mra" or "Mara patik" is a legendary bird of the Maranao that is a
ubiquitous symbol of their art. It is depicted as a Hoodhud (Arabic) with colorful wings and
feathered tail, holding a fish on its beak or talons.
The Sarimanok is the legendary bird that has become an ubiquitous symbol of Maranao art. It is
depicted as a fowl with colorful wings and feathered tail, holding a fish on its beak or talons. The
head is profusely decorated with scroll, leaf, and spiral motifs. It is said to be a symbol of good
fortune.

F. KUT-KUT ART FROM SAMAR

Kut-kut is a painting technique combining ancient Oriental and European art process.
Considered lost art and highly collectible art form. Very few known art pieces existed today. The
technique was practiced by the indigenous people of Samar Island between early 1600 and late
1800 AD. Kut-kut is an exotic Philippine art form based on early century techniques—sgraffito,
encaustic and layering. The merging of these ancient styles produces a unique artwork
characterized by delicate swirling interwoven lines, multi-layered texture and an illusion of
threedimensional space.

G. BINAKOL
Binakol weaving is the “op art” of the Philippines. The patterns of binakol cloths are ancient, and
are dizzying on purpose. Traditionally, the Itneg tribe from Northern Luzon made blankets in this
design. They believed that evil spirits that hovered overhead and preyed on sleeping souls. The
blankets in the dizzying designs, they believed, would confuse and distract the evil spirits.
H. ART OF TATTOING
Whang-Od Oggay born February 17, 1917, also known as Maria Oggay, is a Filipino tattoo
artist from Buscalan, Tinglayan, Kalinga, [Link] is often described as the "last" and
oldest mambabatok (traditional Kalinga tattooist) and is part of the Butbut people of the larger
Kalinga ethnic group.
She has been tattooing headhunters and women of the indigenous people of Butbut in
Buscalan, Kalinga, since she was 15 years old, but the Butbut warriors who used to earn
tattoos through protecting villages or killing enemies no longer exist. Despite that, Whang-
Odcontinues to apply her traditional art form to tourists visiting Buscala

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I. ISLAMIC ART
This art is also not of a specific religion, time, place, or single medium. Instead Islamic art
covers a range of artistic fields including architecture, calligraphy, painting, glass, ceramics, and
textiles, among others.
Islamic art is not restricted to religious art, but instead includes all of the art of the rich and
varied cultures of Islamic societies.
One characteristic of Islamic Art is the absence of human form.
There are repeating elements in Islamic art, such as the use of stylized, geometrical floral or
vegetal designs in a repetition known as the arabesque . The arabesque in Islamic art is often
used to symbolize the transcendent, indivisible and infinite nature of God.

Colonial Visual Artwork

1. Religious Art and Iconography

● Example: The Last Supper by various Filipino artists during the Spanish colonial period.
● Description: This artwork often features European styles and techniques, reflecting the
fusion of local and Spanish influences. Religious themes dominated, with works found in
churches and cathedrals.
2. Portraiture
 ● Example: Portrait of a Lady by José Honorato Lozano (19th century).
● Description: Lozano's works showcase the blending of European artistic styles with
Filipino subjects, often portraying mestizo individuals in a manner that highlights their
social status.

References:
● Janda, R. (2010). The Art of the Philippines: From the Pre-Colonial to the Contemporary.
Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press.
● Salcedo, S. (1995). Philippine Colonial Art. Manila: San Agustin Museum.

Contemporary Visual Artwork

1. Installation Art
● Example: Bayanihan by artist Maria Taniguchi.

● Description: Taniguchi’s work often engages with social issues and reflects
contemporary Filipino identity through the use of modern materials and techniques,
integrating themes of community and displacement.
2. Mixed Media and Street Art
● Example: Mural of the Philippine Eagle by various street artists.
● Description: Contemporary street art in the Philippines often addresses environmental
and social issues, blending traditional symbols with modern styles to create impactful
visual statements.
References:
● Ponce, M. (2019). Contemporary Art in the Philippines: A New Perspective. Manila: Art
Publishing.
● Tan, C. (2018). Art for Social Change: Contemporary Filipino Artists. Quezon City:
University of the Philippines Press.
LESSON 9 - Performing Arts Learning
Outcomes
⮚ Students will be able to identify and describe various forms of traditional Filipino music,
dance, and theater, recognizing their historical roots and cultural significance.
⮚ Students will assess how traditional performing arts reflect community values, beliefs, and
social issues in Philippine society.
⮚ Students will analyze contemporary adaptations of traditional performing arts, discussing
how these changes resonate with modern audiences while preserving cultural heritage

Peforming arts- is a form of art where artists use their voices, and bodies to convey a message
or artistic expression. It is different from visual arts, in which an artist use paint, canvas and
various materials to create art objects.

1. Folk dance is a form of dance developed by a group of people that reflects the traditional life
of a certain country or region. It is handed down from generation to generation.

1) TINIKLING
Tinikling is said to have originated from a type of bird – the tikling. The dance originated
in Leyte among the Visayan Islands in the central Philippines as an imitation of the
tikling bird dodging bamboo traps set by rice farmers.

Tinikling started in Leyte but made its way to be known around the Philippines. In fact,
this Philippine folk dance is now one of those dances performed for cultural shows.
The tinikling is a pre-Spanish dance from the Philippines that involves two people
beating, tapping, and sliding bamboo poles on the ground and against each other
in coordination with one or more dancers who step over and in between the poles in a
dance.
● Dancers imitate the tikling bird's legendary grace and speed by skillfully maneuvering
between large bamboo poles. Symbolizes grace and agility, rooted in the indigenous
communities of the Visayas.
 TIKLING BIRD

● Significance: It reflects the communal spirit and storytelling traditions of the Filipino
people.

COSTUME

For this traditional folk dance, females wear a dress called balintawak o patadyong,
and males wear a uniform called barong tagalog.

The balintawak are colorful dresses with wide arched sleeves and the patadyong are a
pineapple fiber blouse paired with checkered skirts. The barong tagalog uniform is
usually lightweight long-sleeved shirts and worn with red trousers. Dancers wear no
footwear while performing.

2) CARIÑOSA

Cariñosa (Spanish pronunciation: [kaɾiˈɲosa], meaning the loving or affectionate one) is a

Philippine dance of colonial era origin from the Maria Clara suite of Philippine folk dances,
where the fan or handkerchief plays an instrumental role as it places the couple in romance
scenario.

The dance originated in Panay Island in the Visayan Islands and was introduced by the
Spaniards during their colonization of the Philippines. It is related to some of the
Spanish dances like the bolero and the Mexican dance Jarabe Tapatio or the Mexican
Hat Dance.
- It holds cultural significance as a celebration of Filipino heritage, promoting community
bonding and the preservation of cultural identity through performance.
COSTUME

Originally, the Cariñosa was danced with Maria Clara dress and Barong Tagalog for it is
a Maria Clara Spanish Dance when it was introduced. However, as the Filipino people
saw and imitated this dance, they wore the patadyong kimono and camisa de chino
to reveal their nationalism to their country and other steps were revised or Filipinized but
the music did not change at all and reveals a Spanish Influence to the Filipinos. As
stated by the book of Francisca Reyes-Aquino, dancers may wear balintawak style (a
native dress of the Tagalog regions), camisa (a white sleeve) or patadyong kimono (a
dress of the Visayan of people) and for boys, a barong Tagalog and colored pants. Beca
use it is the national dance, the dancers may wear any Filipino costumes.

To dance the Cariñosa, a man and a woman dance together, taking slow steps around
the room, similar to those of a waltz. The female holds a fan or handkerchief, which she
coyly hides behind. The dance itself is intended as a courtship dance, and is of a
flirtatious nature. Cariñosa literally means "she that is loving" as the verb ending
indicates it refers to a woman.

The musical instrument mainly used in this dance form is the Rondalla, a string
instrument ensemble. In addition, instruments such as bandurrias, mandolins, guitars,
basses, drums, and banjos are also used.
It is 3/4 in rhythm like some of the Spanish dances.

4) SINGKIL
Singkíl (or Sayaw sa Kasingkil) is a famous dance of the Maranao people of Lake Lanao which
was popularized by the Bayanihan Philippine National Folk-Dance Company.

Singkil dance takes its name from the bells worn on the ankles of the Muslim princess. Perhaps
one of the oldest of truly Filipino dances, the Singkil recounts the epic legend of the "Darangan"
of the Maranao people of Mindanao. This epic, written sometime in the 14th century, tells the
fateful story of Princess Gandingan, who was caught in the middle of a forest during an
earthquake caused by the diwatas, or fairies or nymph of the forest.

The Singkil originated from the Maranao people who inhabit the shores of Lake Lanao. It is
derived from a story in the Darangen, the Maranao interpretation of the ancient Indian epic, the
Ramayana. The name of the dance itself means "to entangle the feet with disturbing
objects such as vines or anything in your path". It is a popular dance performed during
celebrations and other festive entertainment. Originally only women, particularly royalty, danced
the Singkil, which serves as either a conscious or unconscious advertisement to potential
suitors. A kulintang and agung ensemble always accompanies the dance. While often
erroneously referred to by non-Maranaos as a "Muslim dance", the Singkil is in fact secular in
nature, performed by the Ummah communities of the Maranao and Maguindanao. Initially, the
dance was performed with just one pair of bamboo poles, eventually adopting the use of two
criss-crossing pairs.

Adaptations:
Bayanihan
When the Bayanihan Dance Company began performing the Singkil, the traditional dance was
adapted to convey Western aesthetics. The Bayanihan portrayal, branded as the Princess
Dance or the Royal Maranao Fan Dance, became so popular that it is often mistaken for the
authentic version of the dance.

A notable variation from the original is its inclusion of male dancers, as pole clappers and in the
role of the Prince, Rajah Bantugan (the Darangen adaptation of Rama). Additional sets of
crisscrossing bamboo poles were also added.
-Its significance lies in its celebration of cultural heritage, showcasing grace, strength, and the
rich traditions of the Maranao people. The dance highlights themes of love and bravery while
preserving the history and artistry of Filipino folk traditions.

2. Music:
o Example: Kulintang—a traditional ensemble music of the Mindanao region using
a series of gongs.
o Significance: This form of music is integral to cultural celebrations and rituals,
highlighting the spiritual and communal aspects of life.
1. Theater:

- Example: Zarzuela—a form of musical theater that blends song, dance, and
spoken word, originally introduced during Spanish colonization.
 - Significance: Zarzuela serves as a platform for social commentary, reflecting the
socio-political issues faced by Filipinos throughout history.
Contemporary Adaptation
In recent years, traditional performing arts have been adapted to fit modern contexts, merging
old forms with contemporary themes and techniques:
1. Fusion of Styles:
o Artists like Joey Ayala blend traditional Filipino music with modern genres,
creating a unique sound that resonates with younger audiences while preserving
cultural roots.
2. Theater Innovations:

o Groups like Tanghalang Pilipino incorporate contemporary issues into their

productions, addressing topics such as identity, globalization, and social justice
through traditional storytelling methods.
3. Dance Revivals:
o The Ballet Philippines and other companies incorporate traditional dance forms
into their performances, showcasing them in contemporary narratives, thus
keeping the cultural heritage alive while making it relevant to today’s audience.

LESSON 10- Filipino Cuisine Learning

outcomes
⮚ Students will be able to identify and analyze the historical and cultural influences that
shape Filipino cuisine, including indigenous, Spanish, Chinese, and American
contributions, and evaluate how these influences reflect the country’s identity and
culinary practices.
⮚ Students can demonstrate the ability to prepare a variety of traditional Filipino dishes,
apply essential cooking techniques, and understand the use of key ingredients unique to
Filipino cooking.
Introduction
Filipino cuisine (lutuing Pilipino/pagkaing Pilipino) is composed of the cuisines of more than a
hundred distinct ethno-linguistic groups found throughout the Philippine archipelago. However, a
majority of mainstream Filipino dishes that compose Filipino cuisine are from the various
ethnolinguistics groups and tribes of the archipelago.
Brief Background on the Historical and Cultural Context of Filipino Cuisines

Filipino cuisine is a rich tapestry shaped by the Philippines' diverse history and cultural
influences. Its development can be traced through several key periods:
1. Indigenous Roots: Before foreign influences, early Filipinos relied on local ingredients
such as rice, fish, root crops, and native fruits. Cooking methods included steaming,
boiling, and grilling, with communal feasting being a significant cultural practice.
2. Spanish Colonization (1565-1898): The Spanish introduced new ingredients like
tomatoes, garlic, and various meats, significantly transforming Filipino cooking. They
also brought culinary techniques, leading to iconic dishes such as adobo and lechón.
Festivals and religious celebrations became elaborate, featuring a fusion of Filipino and
Spanish culinary traditions.
3. Chinese Influence: The arrival of Chinese immigrants introduced noodle dishes,
stirfrying techniques, and various cooking methods. This influence is evident in popular
dishes like pancit and siopao (steamed buns), integrating flavors that remain staples in
Filipino cuisine.
4. American Influence (1898-1946): American colonization introduced fast food concepts
and convenience foods, which affected dining habits. This period saw the blending of
American and Filipino flavors, leading to the creation of unique dishes that combine both
culinary traditions.
5. Regional Diversity: The Philippines consists of over 7,000 islands, resulting in
significant regional variations in cuisine. Each area boasts its own specialties based on
local ingredients and cultural practices, such as Bicol Express from the Bicol region and
Ilocos longganisa (sausage).

Here are some definitions relevant to Filipino cuisine and its historical and cultural
context:
1) Philippine adobo - (from Spanish adobar: "marinade," "sauce" or "seasoning") is a
popular Filipino dish and cooking process in Filipino cuisine that involves meat, seafood,
or vegetables marinated in vinegar, soy sauce, garlic, and black peppercorns, which is
browned in oil, and simmered in the marinade. It has occasionally been considered the
unofficial national dish in the Philippines.

2) Lumpia - are various types of spring rolls commonly found in Indonesia and the
Philippines. Lumpia are made of thin crepe pastry skin called "lumpia wrapper"
enveloping savory or (in the Philippines) sweet fillings.

3) Pancit - are fried noodles. Noodles were introduced into the Philippines early on by
Chinese settlers in the archipelago, and over the centuries have been fully adopted into
local cuisine, of which there are now numerous variants and types.

4) Lechón -in Spanish is a pork dish in several regions of the world, most specifically in
Spain and its former colonial possessions throughout the world. Lechón is a Spanish
word referring to a roasted suckling pig.
5) Afritada- is a Filipino dish consisting of chicken, beef, or pork braised in tomato sauce
with carrots, potatoes, and red and green bell peppers. It is served on white rice and is a
common everyday Filipino meal.

6) Empanada- is a type of baked or fried turnover consisting of pastry and filling, common
in Latin American and Filipino cultures

7) Paksiw - is a Filipino style of cooking, whose name means "to cook and simmer in
vinegar." Common dishes bearing the term, however, can vary substantially depending
on what is being cooked.

8) Sisig -is a Filipino dish made from parts of pig head and chicken liver, usually seasoned
with calamansi, onions and chili peppers. Sisig was first mentioned in a Kapampangan
dictionary in the 17th century meaning "to snack on something sour" and "salad".

9) Torta - also known as eggplant omelette,is a fritter from Filipino cuisine made by
panfrying grilled whole eggplants dipped in an egg mixture. It is a popular breakfast and
lunch meal in the Philippines. A common variant of tortang talong is rellenong talong,
which is stuffed with meat, seafood, and/or vegetables.

10) Kare-Kare- is a Philippine stew complemented with a thick savory peanut sauce. It is
made from a variation base of stewed oxtail, pork hocks; calves’ feet, pig feet, beef stew
meat, and occasionally offal or tripe.

11) Pinakbet - is an indigenous Filipino dish from the northern regions of the Philippines.
Pinakbet is made from mixed vegetables steamed in fish or shrimp sauce.

12) Pinapaitan - is a famous Ilocano soup dish mostly composed of cow or goat innards.
The name of this dish was derived from the Filipino word “Pait”, which means “bitter”.
The bitter taste of this soup comes from the bile. This is a bitter juice extracted by the
liver and stored in the gallbladder to aid digestion.

13) Sinigang - is a Filipino soup or stew characterized by its sour and savoury taste most
often associated with tamarind (Filipino: sampalok). It is one of the more popular dishes
in Filipino cuisine.

14) Balut - Balut is common street food in the Philippines and other localities, and is also
sold in stores and malls. It is a relatively cheap source of protein and calcium. Balut was
introduced to the Philippines by the Chinese in 1565 or around 1885 and since then,
balut has been included as a traditional part of the [Link] Filipinos migrated
 for work, a large market for balut would develop. Controversies arose as knowledge of
the food spread around the Southeast Asian countries and then globally. People
questioned the ethics of eating balut.

Popularly known Filipino delicacy made from incubated duck [Link] main point of
differentiation among these duck egg products is the length of the incubation process.
The Vietnamese prefer the egg to be incubated for 19 to 21 days so that the embryo will
be firm when cooked.
15) Longganisa - are usually fresh or smoked sausages, typically made with varying ratios
of lean meat and fat, along with garlic, black pepper, salt (usually coarse seasalt),
saltpeter, muscovado or brown sugar, and vinegar. Variants may add paprika, chili, anise
liqueur, and other spices.

16) Dinuguan - is a Filipino savory stew usually of pork offal (typically lungs, kidneys,
intestines, ears, heart and snout) and/or meat simmered in a rich, spicy dark gravy of pig
blood, garlic, chili (most often siling haba), and vinegar.

LESSON 11- Philippine Sports Learning

outcomes
⮚ Students recognize different forms of traditional Filipino music, dance, and theater, and
understand their historical and cultural importance

⮚ Students evaluate how traditional performing arts express community values, beliefs, and
social issues in the Philippines.

⮚ Students discuss how traditional performing arts have evolved to connect with modern
audiences while maintaining cultural heritage.

Introduction Philippine sports reflect the country’s rich cultural heritage and diversity,
showcasing a blend of traditional and modern influences. From indigenous games to globally
recognized competitions, sports play a vital role in the lives of Filipinos, fostering community
spirit and national pride.
Basketball is perhaps the most popular sport in the Philippines, deeply ingrained in the local
culture and often played in both urban and rural areas. Other sports, such as boxing, volleyball,
and badminton, also enjoy significant followings. The Philippines has produced world-class
athletes who have excelled in international competitions, notably in boxing with icons like Manny
Pacquiao.
Traditional Filipino sports, such as arnis (a martial art) and sipa (a foot-based game similar to
sepak takraw), highlight the country's unique athletic heritage. These sports not only promote
physical fitness but also preserve cultural identity.
 1) ARNIS also known as Kali (Ilocano word which means "to dig”) or Eskrima/Escrima
(Spanish word which means "fencing”), is the national martial art of the Philippines.

a. It also includes hand-to-hand combat, joint locks, grappling and weapon disarming
techniques.
- The origin of Arnis can be traced back to native fighting techniques during conflict
among the various Pre hispanic Filipino tribes or kingdoms, though the current form has
Spanish influence from old fencing which originated in Spain in the 15th century.

2) BASKETBALL - is the most popular sport in the Philippines, played on both the
amateur and professional levels. It is a team sport in which two teams, most commonly
of five players each, opposing one another on a rectangular court,

a. Basketball was introduced in the Philippines during the American colonial period
with the first American teachers teaching the sport along with baseball through
the YMCA and the school system. Basketball was first introduced to the
Philippine public-school system by the Americans as a women's sport in 1910
and was played in Interscholastic meets in 1911 until 1913. Women's basketball
met opposition from conservative groups, particularly the Catholic Church who
view bloomers worn by women basketball players as inappropriate. By the time
skirts were allowed to be worn above bloomers as a compromise, women's
basketball was already in decline and was only played in provincial and local
interscholastic meets. Indoor softball and as well as volleyball became the more
preferred sport for Filipino women.

3) BOXING- Before the Spaniards and Americans came to the Philippines, Filipinos have
their own kind of boxing known as Suntukan, which means "bare-hand fighting" in
Tagalog, generally believed to have evolved from a Filipino knife fighting technique
called "Kali". During the Spanish colonization, such martial arts and kind of fighting were
banned, so it was driven in the undergrounds where the deprivation of knives and rattan
sticks lead to fist fighting.

a. The evolution of Philippine boxing was thought to be after the Spanish– American
War, where Spain ceded its colonial territories, namely Puerto Rico, Guam, and
the Philippines to the United States as agreed in the 1898 Treaty of Paris.

4) FOOTBALL- is a popular sport in the Philippines, although it is not as popular as

basketball, which is the most popular sport in the Philippines. However, football has a
long history in the archipelago, dating back to more than 100 years ago when Paulino
Alcántara Riestra became the first Filipino and Asian player to play for a European club.
 On 15 October 1907, the first official football match was held in Manila, with the
celebration of the opening of the Philippine Assembly.

5) BILLIARDS- is a two-player cue sport played with two cue balls and one red ball, on a
snooker sized table.

a. Efren Manalang Reyes (born August 26, 1954), nicknamed The

Magician and Bata, is a Filipino professional pool player. A winner of over 70
international titles, Reyes was the first player to win world championships in two
different disciplines in pool.

6) CHESS - is a two-player strategy board game played on a checkered board with 64

squares arranged in an 8×8 grid.
a. In 1978, the Philippines became the center of the chess world, when the
World Chess Championship between Anatoly Karpov and challenger
Victor Korchnoi was held in Baguio City. It turned out to be one of the most
celebrated matches in chess history.

7) VOLLEYBALL - is a team sport in which two teams of six players are separated by a
net. Each team tries to score points by grounding a ball on the other team's court under
organized rules
Philippine volleyball history began in 1910 when the Philippines was a United States
territory (1898–1946). It was introduced to the Filipinos by an American named Elwood
S. Brown, the then Physical Director of the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA).
It became a popular game held in backyards and at beaches in the islands. At first, the
Filipinos invented their own rules for the game. US soldiers who were assigned to the
different islands of the Philippine during the period also helped in the widespread
introduction of volleyball to the Filipinos. These American military servicemen
encouraged the Filipinos to join them in playing during their time-off from military duties.
Early in the history of the game of volleyball in the Philippines, the Filipinos used trees
as makeshift net holders (the net was hung between the two chosen trees).

8) SEPAK TAKRAW- or kick volleyball, is a sport native to Southeast Asia. Sepak takraw
differs from the similar sport of footvolley in its use of a rattan ball and only allowing
players to use their feet, knee, chest and head to touch the ball. In the Philippines, it is
also known as “sipa.” It was the country’s national sport until it was replaced by arnis in
2009. Sepak takraw is included in the country’s elementary and high school curriculum.
 9) BADMINTON- is a racquet sport played using racquets to hit a shuttlecock across a net.
Although it may be played with larger teams, the most common forms of the game are
"singles" (with one player per side) and "doubles" (with two players per side).
a. In Philippines, it was in the 1920 when British and American expatriates
introduced badminton in the country. As early as 1950's, the International
Badminton Federation (IBF) recognized the Philippines as its 21st member
country. Since then, Filipino's have been playing badminton in international
tournaments. In 1949 national rankings produced Adriano Torres, first national
Men's single champion. In 1952, the Philippine Badminton Association (PBA)
was created and became the first national badminton group, organized by 28
badminton clubs.
10) TENNIS - is a racket sport that can be played individually against a single opponent
(singles) or between two teams of two players each (doubles). Each player uses a tennis
racket that is strung with cord to strike a hollow rubber ball covered with felt over or
around a net and into the opponent's court.
- The Philippines started participating in the Davis Cup (named after the governor-
general no less) in 1926, the first country in Southeast Asia to do so. Filipinos have been
playing tennis since 1913, and the sport has gained much attention and advancement ever
since.

Here’s a more detailed overview of the significance of Philippine sports in contemporary pop
culture, complete with references for further reading:
Lesson 12- Significance of Philippine Sports in Contemporary Pop Culture
1. Media Representation:

o Sports figures like Manny Pacquiao and Hidilyn Diaz are not just athletes; they
are cultural icons featured in various media forms. Their stories often reflect
broader themes of perseverance and national pride.
o Reference: De Leon, A. (2020). Filipino Athletes as Icons: Media Representation
in Sports. Philippine Journal of Communication.
3) Basketball as a Cultural Phenomenon:
o Basketball is the most popular sport in the Philippines, serving as a communal
activity that transcends socioeconomic boundaries. Local leagues and street
basketball foster community ties.
o Reference: Villanueva, A. (2017). Beyond the Court: Basketball and Filipino
Identity. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies.
4) Influence on Music and Fashion:

o Athletes often inspire music, fashion, and trends. Merchandise featuring sports
teams and athletes is prevalent, showcasing their influence on lifestyle choices.
 o Reference: Mercado, J. (2019). Crossover Culture: The Influence of Sports on
Filipino Music and Fashion. Philippine Studies.
5) Social Media Engagement:
o Social media platforms enhance fan engagement, allowing real-time discussions
and interactions. Memes, highlights, and fan-made content create a vibrant
online sports culture.
o Reference: Ramos, P. (2021). The Digital Playground: Social Media and
Philippine Sports Culture. Asian Journal of Communication.
6) Documentaries and Biopics:
o Stories of athletes are increasingly portrayed in documentaries and films,
emphasizing their journeys and the cultural significance of their sports.
o Reference: Santos, M. (2022). Documenting Heroes: The Rise of Sports Biopics
in Philippine Cinema. Philippine Journal of Film Studies.
7) Cultural Events and Festivals:
o Sports are central to local festivals, where traditional games are celebrated
alongside modern sports, promoting cultural heritage and community spirit.
o Reference: Salas, R. (2018). Festivals and Sports: The Interplay of Tradition and
Modernity in Philippine Culture. Philippine Studies: Historical and Ethnographic
Viewpoints.
Conclusion

Philippine sports are deeply embedded in contemporary pop culture, influencing media,
community interactions, and individual identities. They reflect the nation’s values and aspirations
while fostering a sense of unity and pride.