MASTERS:

MASTER IN CLINICAL AND HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY

SUBJECT

DD341-MANAGEMENT OF PSYCHOLOGICAL SERVICES

IN THE SOCIO-HEALTHCARE ENVIRONMENT

NAME
LADYJACKELINECARDENASRIVERA

GUALAQUIZA-ECUADOR

2022
 PRACTICAL CASE 1
Design a health program, following the five phases of health planning, on the
topic of breastfeeding. The approximate length of the design should be between 6 and 15.
pages, divided into the following sections:
Título del Programa: Lactancia ¡Si!
Phase 1. Determination of needs and identification of the problems
2 to 5 pages.
Breastfeeding is considered a tool provided by nature.
so that human beings can preserve their lives after birth, this instrument is
capable of providing food, immunoprotection, emotional security thanks to physical connection
between the mother and the child; this activity exerts an efficient functioning of the organisms
both from the mother and the baby (Hernández & Lazarte, 2011).
According to Roig (2012), breastfeeding with breast milk is also
inimitable since its consumption does not include any additional food whether solid or liquid,
this power supply has the capacity to provide energy and nutrients
necessary for the baby, as their consumption enables optimal development in addition to a
adequate growth.
Breastfeeding is considered by science as the best alternative for
feeding the human being during their first six months of life as it is considered a
critical period due to the fact that during this stage rapid growth and development is experienced,
It is extremely important that this diet is exclusive and not adulterated due to
what is the only one that can include the essential nutrients for the baby and can protect it from
different infections and diseases, after this period of time the child can
include new foods in your daily intake and, if possible, continue breastfeeding
partial up to two years (Jácome, 2016).

The WHO corroborates this information and also suggests using breastfeeding as a
health strategy to combat morbidity and mortality, the impact on psychological development,
cognitive and motor skills of infants, thereby improving child survival, for this reason
that, during the last few decades, there has been an effort to recommend and promote breastfeeding in the

infants, however the results are not what was expected, so it is important to continue
incentivizing breastfeeding through different health programs led by the
corresponding health authorities.
It is intended to improve health conditions in babies through campaigns of
incentives and information given the topic of breastfeeding and its incidence in the
infants are unknown to many mothers and the process is carried out
only with the knowledge acquired from the family or social environment, this knowledge
empirical evidence on breastfeeding has led mothers to frequently substitute the method of
child nutrition through the use of artificial milk; on the other hand, far from the benefits that are
There are great advantages for the mother as children adhere in the same context.
WHO states that due to breastfeeding there is a reduction in the cancer rate.
both from the ovary and the breast, in this regard, this activity can save 800 thousand lives annually
(PAHO, 2021).
Within the Ecuadorian context through the study: 'Knowledge and practice of
exclusive breastfeeding in mothers of children under 6 months who attend the Center
of Health, a low knowledge was identified with 27% regarding the relevance and
benefits for the members of society, as well as for the mother and the child,
Similarly, a regular knowledge was found at 60.9% regarding the breastfeeding technique.
in the extraction and preservation of the milk that the mother provides to her child (Barboza &
Morales, 2021, p. 16.
Another study conducted in a locality of Ecuador (Tungurahua - Health Area No.
Factors associated with early cessation of breastfeeding in health area 2
The factors that influence an early cessation of breastfeeding were identified.
having as results the following causes:
Maternal occupation (Work or studies)
Maternal age (teen mothers)
Marital stability
Paternal absence in the family nucleus
Lack of knowledge about the topic of breastfeeding

The study surveyed 302 pairs (mothers and children under 6 months) and in terms
Numerical data reflected that 52.9% of mothers practice breastfeeding according to
lineamientos de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, en el centro de salud del Área 2,
mothers offer exclusive breastfeeding to their babies at a rate of 52.4%, the rest opt
for introducing foods at an early age having a greater incidence of abandonment
in ages ranging from 2 to 4 months, 65% of these mothers express
having received information about the benefits and techniques of breastfeeding, but being
insufficient knowledge of methods for preserving breast milk at home and
 correct use (pp. 47-48); on the other hand, it was also discovered that one of the
main reasons why mothers replace breastfeeding with some
artificial milk resulting in low milk production, mastalgia and
cracks in the nipples (Jácome, 2016).

As the years go by, according to a report from the International Food Network
infant breastfeeding is imminently reduced, due to the appearance of
a large amount of substitute (prepared) foods for babies, due to this the
UNICEF has stated that the proportion of mothers who breastfeed their
the percentage of babies has decreased from 45% in the year 2006 to 29% in the year 2012. This is why in the

In the Ecuadorian context, it is important to propose, design, and implement a health program that
can combat childhood malnutrition due to improper management of breastfeeding,
this approach is proposed through the program: distribute educational materials in all the
health units of the MSP (Ministry of Public Health), creation of support groups for the
community-level breastfeeding, support, encouragement, and establishment of institutional breastfeeding rooms in

the different health centers.

Phase 2. Definition of objectives (1 page).

General Objective
Generate public health actions that allow for an active response to the
basic survival needs for all boys and girls in the early stage
vulnerable and dependent on life (0 to 6 months), promoting workshops and campaigns
informative and promotional for breastfeeding.
Specific Objectives
Characterize the sociodemographic variables according to: age, marital status, education,
occupation, which interferes with ineffective breastfeeding.
Design the teaching material for the delivery of workshops in the Units of
MSP.
Determine the psychological factors: stress and anxiety in the mother through the
observation and practice of breastfeeding in the workshop (Annex No. 1).
Create institutional lactation rooms in the different health centers.
Conduct workshops on awareness and encouragement for breastfeeding.
 Evaluation of the results obtained

Table 1
Summary of objectives and actions

Strategic objectives Actions

1) Characterize the sociodemographic variables Workshop design.
according to: age, marital status, education, occupation, that
Approval of the workshop.
they intervene in ineffective breastfeeding.

Preparation and delivery of

taller.
2) Design the teaching material for the workshop delivery.
from the workshops in the MSP Units.

Preparation and delivery of the

taller.
3) Determine the psychological factors: stress and workshop design.
anxiety in the mother through observation and
breastfeeding practice in the workshop (Annex No.
1). Preparation and delivery of
taller.
4) Create institutional lactation rooms in the different proposal designs.
health centers.
Proposal management.

Conducting the workshop.

5) Conduct awareness workshops and
incentives for breastfeeding. Conducting the workshop.

6) Evaluation of the results obtained

Completion of workshops.
Phase 3. Development of the program plan (2 to 5 pages).
Table 2
Activity plan for: BREASTFEEDING YES!

No. ACTIVITY POPULATION PERIODICITY ANNEX

1 Recommend breastfeeding on demand (in Mother - Monthly workshop
opposition to breastfeeding restricted to a schedule. Mother's partner

2 Ensure the effective emptying of the breasts during the Mother - Monthly workshop
breastfeeding and allowing the infant to empty at least Mother's partner No. 3
a breast in each shot. No. 4
No. 5
3 Teaching parents to recognize the signs of a Mother - Monthly workshop No. 2
ineffective breastfeeding and advise seeking help if available Mother's partner
- Health control
continued weight loss after the week of
life.
4 Simultaneous extraction of both breasts with pump of Mother - Monthly workshop No. 6
preferably electrical extraction, if they need to be extracted Mother's partner No. 7
milk for an extended period of time.
5 Recommend exclusive breastfeeding until 6 months old. Mother - Monthly workshop
months and, subsequently supplemented with others Mother's partner
- In any contact.
food, up to 2 years or more.
6 Recommend the introduction of nutrition - Mother - Monthly workshop
complementary starting at 6 months. Offer soon Mother's partner
- Health control.
foods rich in highly bioavailable iron.
7 Offer structured antenatal education programs Pregnant woman - Monthly workshop
and postpartum support for breastfeeding. Mother
- In any contact.
Mother's partner
8 Offer mothers the opportunity to contact support groups or to Mother - In any contact.
less the possibility of attending workshops of Mother's partner
- Health control
postpartum lactation.
9 Provide information available via the Internet for support of Mother - In any contact.
breastfeeding and about medication and breastfeeding. Mother's partner
 Phase 4. Execution Planning (1 to 2 pages).

Table 3
Resource allocation

Objective 1
Fecha de comienzo y Personal
Activity Necessary material
final necessary

Specialist Bibliography, books,

Since 09/05/2022
1 articles
until 9/09/2022.
Psychologist scientists.

Computer,
Since 20/10/2022
2 Analyst posters, notebooks,
until 12/22/2022.
software

Objective 2

Analyst Bibliography, books,

Since 05/09/2022
1 Specialist articles
up to 13/09/2022.
Psychologist scientists.

From 05/09/2022
2 Analyst Computer
until 09/14/2022.

Objective 3
Specialist DSM5
Since 20/10/2022
1 Database
until 12/22/2022. Psychologist
lifted.
Objective 4

Authorities of
Since 10/09/2022
1 health Meetings, official documents.
until 15/09/2022.
Psychologist

Computer,
Since 20/10/2022 Specialist
2 projector, posters,
until 22/10/2022. Psychologist
elaborated material.

Objective 5
 Specialist Computer,
Since 20/10/2022
1 projector, posters
until 12/22/2022.
Psychologist prepared material.
Objective 6
Computer,
Since 22/12/2022
1 Analyst software, database
until 10/01/2023.
collected data.

Fase 5. Evaluación del programa (1 a 2 páginas).

Evaluation and control

Regarding the evaluation, it is proposed to evaluate based on its temporal location within the
final or summative evaluation category in order to assess overall performance. For its
The object aims to be evaluated based on the program's objectives, as the purpose of this
the type of assessment is to collect information based on the results obtained, that is,
it means to attend to the specific products that the program delivers (Aramayo, n.d.).
whoever does it, establishes to conduct an external evaluation, that is, it will be carried out by
an outsider to the program to achieve greater objectivity. Finally, a will be used
qualitative type technique for collecting information, specifically, a will be developed
focus group with the program participants.
Regarding management control, it is established that the indicators to detect that the
the program effectively achieves its objectives are the theoretical constructs of cognitions,
knowledge, beliefs and attitudes regarding breastfeeding, that is to say, the
Participants will be able to refer to the results of the program from their self-perceptive process of

cognitions, knowledge, beliefs, and attitudes related to breastfeeding with the aim of
to know if there were positive changes to prevent breastfeeding abandonment or its
you can improve it.
Bibliographic References
Aramayo, O. (n.d.). Strategic Planning Manual. Retrieved from:
[Link]
Barboza, A., & Morales, S. (2021).Conocimiento y práctica de lactancia materna exclusiva
in mothers of children under 6 months who attend the Condorillo Health Center,
Chincha 2021.
[Link]
%20-%[Link]
Hernández, T., & Lazarte, J. (2011). Breastfeeding. In Cruz, Pediatric Treatise (pp.
1037-1042). Spain: Panamericana.
Jácome, J. (2016). Factors associated with early abandonment of breastfeeding in the
Health Area 2, January - August 2012.
FACTORS
Associated with Early Abandonment of the
BREASTFEEDING IN THE AREA OF
%20HEALTH%202,%20JANUARY%20-%[Link]
PAHO. (2021).Campaña de la Semana Mundial de la Lactancia Materna 2021.
[Link]

Roig, A. O. (2012). The premature abandonment of breastfeeding: incidence, factors of

risk and strategies for protection, promotion, and support of breastfeeding
dissertation, University of Alicante.
 ANNEXES
ANNEX No. 1
 ANNEX NO. 2
Signs of possible ineffective breastfeeding

ANNEX No. 3
ANNEX No. 4
ANNEX NO. 5
ANNEX NO. 6
 ANNEX NO. 7
Breast milk extraction