WHAT IS GLOBALIZATION?

Much has changed since time immemorial. Human

beings have encountered many changes over the last
century especially in their social relationships and
social structures. Of these changes, one can say that
globalization is a very important change, if not, the
“most important” (Bauman, 2003). The realityand
omnipresence of globalization makes us see ourselves
as part of what we refer to as the “global age” (Albrow,
1996).
 The internet, for example, allows a person
from the Philippines to know what is
happening to the rest of the world simply by
browsing Google. The mass media also
allows for connections among people,
communities, and countries all over the
globe.
So what is globalization? This question is probably an
easy one to answer. However, many scholars gave and
tried to formulate its definitions. This resulted in
different sometimes contradicting views about the
concept. It cannot e contained within a specific time
frame, all people, and all situations (Al-Rhodan, 2006).
Aside from this globalization encompasses a multitude
of processes that involves the economy,political
systems, and culture. Social structures therefore are
directly affected by globalization.
Over the years, globalization has gained many
connotations pertaining to progress,
development, and integration. On the one hand,
some view globalization as a positive
phenomenon. For instance, Swedish journalist
Thomas Larsso (2001) saw globalization as the
“the process of world shrinkage, of distances
getting shorter,things moving closer.
 It pertains to the increasing
ease with which somebodyon the side of the
world can interact, to mutual.
benefit with somebody on the otherside of the
world”. On the otherhand, some see it as
occurring through and with regression,
colonialism, and destabilization. Inthe mid-1990s,
Martin Khor, the former president of the Third
World Network (TWN) in Malaysia, once regarded
globalization as colonization.
GLOBALIZATION

01 02

BROAD NARROW
 Since its first appearance in the Webster’s Dictionary in
1961, many opinions about globalization have flourished.
The literature on the definitions lf globalization revealed
that definitions could be classified either broad and
inclusive or narrow and exclusive. The one offered by
Ohmae in 1992 stated “…. globalization means the onset of
the borderless world…” (p. 14). This is an exampleof a
broad and inclusive type of definition. If one uses such, it
can includea variety of issues that deal with overcoming
traditional boundaries. However, it does not shed light on
the implications of globalization due to its vagueness.
 Narrow and exclusive definitions are better justified but
can be limiting in the sense that their application adhere to
only particular definitions. Robert Cox’s definition suits
best in this type “the characteristics of the globalization
trend include the internationalizing of production, the new
international division of labor, new migratory movements
from South to North, the new competitive environment that
accelerates these processes, and the internationalizing of
the state… makes states into agencies of the globalizing
world” (as cited in RAWOO Netherlands Development
Assistance Research Council, 2000, p. 14
 No matter how one classifies a definition of globalization, the
concept is complex and multifaceted as the definitions deal with
economic, political, or social dimensions. In fact, in a
comprehensive study of 114 definitions by the Geneva Center for
Security Policy (GCSP) in 2006, 67 of them refer to economic
dimension. These definitions include political and social
dimensions as well. The sheer number and complexity of
definitions do not mean that there is a remarkable improvement
in every definition given by scholars. Kumar (2003) took on a
differentargument and what it is are [Link] is in relation to
what some academics have claimed about globalization - it is a
useless task.
A more recent definition was given by Ritzer (2015), “globalization
is a transplanetary process or a set of processesinvolving
increasingly liquidity and the growing multidirectional flows of
people,objects, places, and information as wellas the structures
they encounterand create that are barriersto, or expedite those
flows…” (p. 2). Generally, this definition assumes that
globalization could bring either or both integration and/or
fragmentation. Although things flow easily in a global world,
hindrances or structural blocks are also present. These blocks
could slow down one’s activityin another countryor could even
limit the places a person can visit.
 If so, why are we going to
spend time studying this
concept? How can we
appreciate these
definitions? How can these
help us understand
globalization?
 THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE PERSON WHO DEFINES
GLOBALIZATION SHAPES ITS DEFINITION
The overview of definitions implies that globalization is many things to many
different people. In 1996, Arjun Appadurai said, “globalization is a ‘world of
things’ that have ‘different speeds, axes, points of origin and termination, and
varied relationships to institutional structures in different regions, nations, or
societies’” (as citedin Chowdury, 2006, p. 37). In a more recentstudy, Al-Rhodan
(2006) wrote that definitions suggest the perspective of the author on the
origins and the geopolitical implications of globalization. It is a starting point
that will determine concretesteps in addressing the issues of globalization. For
example, if one sees globalization as positive, the person can say that it is
unifying [Link] the other hand, if it is deemed as creating greaterinequalities
among nations, globalization is negatively treated.
 GLOBALIZATION IS THE DEBATE AND THE DEBATE IS
GLOBALIZATION

One became part and parcelof the other. As Poppi (1997) wrote:
“The literature stemming from the debateon globalization has
grown in the last decade beyond any individual’s capability of
extracting a workable definition of the concept. In a sense, the
meaning of the concept is self- evident, in another, it is vague
and obscure as its reaches are wide and constantly
[Link], more than any other concept, globalization is
the debate about it” (as cited in Kumar, 2003, p. 95).
 GLOBALIZATION IS REALITY

It is changing as human society develops. It has happened

before and is still happening today. We should expect it to
continue to happen in the future. The future of
globalization is more difficult to predict. What we could
expect in the coming years is what has happened over the
past 50 years and that is the fluidity and complexity of
globalization as a concept, which made more debates,
discussions, and definitions than agreements on it.
 Overall, globalization is a concept that is not
easy to define because in reality,
globalization has a shifting nature. It is
complex, multifaceted, and can be
influenced by the people who define it.
Moreover, the issues and concerns involving
globalization have a wide range - from the
individua society, from small communities to
nations and states, and from the benefits we
can gain from it to the costs it could carry.
 In his article, “The Globalization of Nothing,”
Ritzer (2003) said, “attitudes toward
globalization depend, among other things, on
whether one gains or losses from it” (p. 190).
Nevertheless, the task of defining
globalization shouldstimulate more
discussions about it. More importantly, the
act that we experience globalization should
give one the interest of engaging in the study
of it.
 METAPHORS OF GLOBALIZATION
In order for us to better understand the concept of globalization,we will
utilize metaphors. Metaphors make use of one term to help us better
understand another term. In our case, the states of matter - solid -
liquid - will be used. In additions, other related concepts that are
included in the definition such as structure and flows will be
elaborated.
METAPHORS OF GLOBALIZATION

01 02

SOLIDITY LIQUIDITY
METAPHORS OF GLOBALIZATION
 The epochs that preceded today’s globalization paved way for
people, things, information, and places to harden over time.
Consequently, they have limited mobility (Ritzer, 2015). The social
relationships and objects remained where they were created.
Solidity also refers to barriers that prevent or makedifficult the
movement of things. Furthermore, solids can eitherbe natural or
manmade. Examples of natural solids are landforms and bodies of
water. Man-made barriers include the Great Wall of China and the
Berlin Wall. An imaginary line such as the nine- dash line used by the
People’s Republic of Chinain their claim
to the South China Sea is an exampleof modern man-madesolid. This
createsto the access of Filipino fishers to the South China Sea.
Obviously, these examples still exist. However, they have the
tendency to melt. This should not be taken literally, like an iceberg
melting. Instead, this process involves how we can describe what is
happening in today’s global world. It is becoming increasingly liquid
METAPHORS OF GLOBALIZATION
 Liquid, as a state of mater, takes the shape of its container.
Moreover,liquids are not fixed. Liquidity, therefore, refers to the
increasing ease of movement of people, things, information, and
places in the contemporary world. Zygmunt Bauman’s
ideaswere the ones that have much to say aboutthe
characteristics of liquidity. First, today’s liquid phenomena
change quickly and their aspects, spatial and temporal, are in
continuous fluctuation. This means that space and time are
crucial elementsof globalization. In global finance,for instance,
changes in the stock market are a matter of seconds. Another
characteristic of liquid phenomena is that their movement is
difficult to stop.
 For example, videos uploaded on YouTube or Facebook are
unstoppable once they become viral. The so-called internet
sensations becomefamous not only in theirhomeland but also to
the entire world. Finally, the forces (the liquid ones) made
political boundaries more permeable to the flow of people and
things (Cartier, 2001). This brings us to what Ritzer (2015, p. 6)
regarded as the most important characteristic of liquid: it
“tends to melt whatever stands in its path (especially solids) “.
The clearest example is the decline, if not death, of the nation’s
state.
 Liquidity and solidity are in constant interaction.
However, liquidity is the one increasing and
proliferating today. Therefore, the metaphor that
could best describe globalization is liquidity. Liquids
do flow and this idea of flow (Appadurai, 1996; Rey and
Ritzer, 2010) will be the focus of the next
discussion/module. Also, it should be expected that
this concept will appear in the succeeding
modules/topics. The literature of globalization makes
use of the concept of flows.
 The previous section described the melting process of solid
phenomena followed by the increase in liquidity. It is only logical
to discuss the flows of liquid phenomena. Flows are the movement
of people, things, places, and information brought by the growing
“porosity” of global limitations (Ritzer, 2015). Think of the different
foreigncuisines being patronized and consumed by the Filipinos.
Aside from the local dishes, many of us are fond of eating sushi,
ramen, hamburger, and French fries - foods introduced to us by
foreign cultures. Clearly, foods are being globalized. Another
example of flows is global financial crises. As Landler (2008, p. 1)
put it:
“In the global financial system, national borders are porous.” This
means that a financial crisis in a given country can bring
ramifications to other regions of the world. An example of which is
the spread of the effects of the American financial crisis on Europe
in 2008. The following are the other kinds of flows that can be
observed today: poor illegal migrants flooding many parts of the
world (Moses, 2006), the virtual flow of legal and illegal
information such as blogs and child pornography, respectively,
and immigrants recreating ethnic enclavesin host countries. A
concrete example is the Filipino communities abroad and the
Chinese communities in the Philippines.
FOOD
GLOBAL FINANCIAL CRISES
ILLEGAL MIGRANTS
THE VIRTUAL FLOW OF LEGAL AND ILLEGAL
INFORMATION
IMMIGRANTS RECREATING ETHNICENCLAVES
 SIX CORE
CLAIMS OF
GLOBALIZATION
JERICK C. ROXAS
 INTRODUCTION
GLOBALIZATION is the interconnectedness of
economies, cultures, and societies
worldwide, driven by cross-border trade,
technological advancements, and the
movement of capital, people, and information
1. Globalization Is About the Liberalization
and Global Integration of Markets
The triumph of markets over governments remains at the
center of globalization (Steger, 2005).

Markets are the driving factor behind global order.

As an effect, globalization power is overly controlled (taxation,

crime prevention, anti-competition policies, social services,
etc.)
 EXAMPLES:
There’s great participation of private entities -

Liberalization (P= G-R) meaning Government minus Restrictions

and Regulations equals Participation of private entities

It can allow those people who want to open a business in the

free market
2. GLOBALIZATION IS INEVITABLE AND
IRREVERSIBLE

Globality is the endpoint. It cannot be stopped.

 EXAMPLES:
Market will help us reach the end point.

Due to the growing demand on all aspects of the

globalized market of developed and developing
countries.
 3. NOBODY IS IN CHARGE OF
GLOBALIZATION
If market forces decide our history's path, no social class or
group can dominate the globalization agenda.(Steger, 2005)
Globalization should not include the goal of any particular class
or group.
 EXAMPLES:
Globalist are not dictating their on agenda to the
people

Reason why there’s nobody in charge: most countries

are possessive of their own economy
 4. GLOBALIZATION BENEFITS
EVERYONE
Globalization brings "Economic Growth", Many people are
lifted out of poverty and the middle class has been
expanded

Rapid dissemination of information, technological

innovation, growth of skilled jobs. (Steger, 2005)
 EXAMPLES:

Businessman: Steve Jobs (Apple) gained

wealth by trading. Trade to other countries like
Libya, South Korea, Bhutan, and etc.
 5. GLOBALIZATION FURTHERS THE
SPREAD OF DEMOCRACY IN THE WORLD

Democracy, free market, freedom, and free trade

are similar, according to the globalists’ belief.
 EXAMPLES:

Act of voting- We have the freedom to pick our

leaders for our country.

Human rights- A basic right that everyone

needs to respect and follow
6. GLOBALIZATION REQUIRES WAR ON
TERROR

Terrorism stalls global free trade and economic

growth
 EXAMPLES:
The 9-1-1 attack - which joins the possibility of
financial globalization with the American
brand of traditional international strategy
(straightforwardly aggressive and
nationalistic)
CONTEMPORARY
WORLD

BY: JERICK ROXAS, LPT.

GLOBALIZATION
 WHAT IS GLOBALIZATION?
Globalization is the process by which
people, businesses, technologies, ideas,
and cultures from different countries
become more interconnected and
interdependent.
 It involves the increasing movement and exchange of:

• Goods and services (international trade)

• People (migration, tourism, labor)
• Capital (investment across borders)
• Information (through media, the internet, communication)
• Culture (music, food, fashion, language)
Globalization
Theories
 We have established the many definitions of and
issues in defining globalization and the
metaphors that we can use to understand easily
the concept. We have also looked into its origins
and history. This section will give you a glimpse of
the important theories on globalization.
 We will analyze globalization culturally,
economically, and politically in this book as
reflected in the succeeding chapters. In the
meantime, it would be helpful to assert that the
theories see globalization as a process that
increases either homogeneity or heterogeneity.
 Homogeneity
refers to the increasing sameness in the world as
cultural inputs, economic factors,and political
orientations of societies expand to create common
practices, same economies, and similar forms of
government. Homogeneity in culture is often linked to
cultural imperialism.
For example, the dominant religion in our country is
Christianity, which was brought to us by the
Spaniards. Another example is Americanization,
which was defined by Kuisel (1993) as “the import by
non-Americans of products, images, technologies,
practices, and behavior that are closely associated
with America/Americans” (p. 96).
 In terms of the economy, there is recognition of the
spreadof neoliberalism, capitalism, and the market
economy in the world (Antonio, 2007). Global
economic crises are also products of homogeneity in
economic globalization. Stiglitz (2002), for instance,
blamed the International Monetary Fund (IMF) for its
“one-size-fits all” approach which treats every
country in the world as the same.
In the end, rich countries become advantageous in the
world economy at the expense of poor countries,
which leads to increased inequality among nations.
The political realm also suffers homogenization if one
takes into account the emerging similar models of
governance in the world. Barber (1995) said that
“McWorld” is existing. It means only one political
orientation is growing in today's societies.
The global flow of media is often characterized as media
imperialism. TV, music, books, and movies are perceived
as imposed' on developing countries by the West (Cowen,
2002). Media imperialism undermines the existence of
alternative global media originating from developing
countries, such as the Al Jazeera (Bielsa, 2008) and the
Bollywood (Larkin, 2003), as well as the influence of the
local and regional media.
 The Internet can be seen as an arena for
alternative media. Cultural imperialism denies
the agency of viewers, but people around the
world often interpret the same medium (e.g., a
movie) in significantly different ways. Global
media are dominated by a small number of large
corporations. As McChesney (1999) put it, this is
being “extended from old media to new media” (p.
11), such as Microsoft, Facebook, Twitter, Google,
and Apple’s iTunes.
 As a result, in the long run, the Internet could end up
being less diverse and competitive. Independent Media
Center, associated with the alter- globalization
movement, helps to counter this trend. It disseminates
information to facilitate global participation of activists.
Hacktivists extend activism to the Internet by hacking
into computer programs to promote a particular cause
(Juris, 2005).
 Ritzer(2008) claimed that, in general, the contemporary
world is undergoing the process of McDonaldization. It is
the process by which Western societies are dominated by
the principles of fastfood restaurants. McDonaldization
involves the global spread of rational systems, such as
efficiency, calculability, predictability, and control.
Ritzer (2008) pointed out that this processis “extended to
other businesses, sectors, and geographic areas”
 Globalization, in contrast to glocalization, is a
processwherein nations, corporations, etc. impose
themselves on geographic areas in order to gain profits,
power, and so on (Ryan, 2007).Ritzer (2007) also
espoused the idea that globalization can also be seen as
a flow of “nothing” as opposed to “something,” involving
the spread of non-places, non-things, non-people, and
non-services.
 Heterogeneity
pertains to the creation of various
cultural practices, new economies, and
political groups because of the
interaction of elements from different
societies in the world.
 Heterogeneity
refers to the differences because of
eitherlasting differences or of the
hybrids or combinations of cultures
that can be produced through the
different transplanetary processes
 Contrary to cultural
imperialism, heterogeneity in
culture is associated with
cultural hybridization.
 A more specific concept is
“glocalization” coined by Roland
Robertson in 1992. To him, as global
forces interact with local factors or a
specific geographic area, the “glocal” is
being produced.
 Economic issues are not exempted from
heterogeneity. The commodification of
cultures and “glocal” marketsare
examples of differentiation happening in
many economies around the world. The
same goes with political institutions.
Barber (1995) also provided the alternate of
“McWorld”—the “Jihad.” As Ritzer (2008)
mentioned, it refers to the political groups
that are engaged in an “intensification of
nationalism and that leads to greater
political heterogeneity throughout the
world” (p. 576).
PERSPECTIVE ON
PERSPECTIVE ON

GLOBALIZATION
GLOBALIZATION
 INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION

IN AN INCREASINGLY INTERCONNECTED WORLD, THE CONCEPT OF

GLOBALIZATION STANDS AS ONE OF THE MOST SIGNIFICANT AND DEBATED
PHENOMENA OF OUR TIME. IT IS A PROCESS THAT TRANSCENDS NATIONAL
BORDERS, WEAVING TOGETHER THE ECONOMIES, CULTURES, AND POLITICAL
SYSTEMS OF COUNTRIES ACROSS THE GLOBE. DRIVEN BY ADVANCEMENTS IN
TECHNOLOGY, COMMUNICATION, AND TRANSPORTATION, GLOBALIZATION
HAS RESHAPED HOW SOCIETIES INTERACT, TRADE, AND EVEN PERCEIVE
THEMSELVES. HOWEVER, THIS TRANSFORMATIVE FORCE IS NOT WITHOUT ITS
COMPLEXITIES AND CONTROVERSIES. WHILE PROPONENTS HIGHLIGHT ITS
POTENTIAL FOR ECONOMIC GROWTH, CULTURAL EXCHANGE, AND GLOBAL
COOPERATION, CRITICS POINT TO ISSUES OF INEQUALITY, CULTURAL
HOMOGENIZATION, AND THE EROSION OF NATIONAL SOVEREIGNTY.
 HYPERGLOBALIST
HYPERGLOBALIST

PERSPECTIVE
PERSPECTIVE

ACCORDING TO THE HYPERGLOBALIST PERSPECTIVE, “PEOPLE HAVE ACHIEVED

THE END OF GEOGRAPHY, AT LEAST FROM THE STANDPOINT OF THE NATION-
STATE” (GERACIE). ECONOMIC ACTIVITY IS FREE TO MOVE FROM ONE PLACE
TO ANOTHER INTERNATIONALLY, LOCATED WHEREVER THE PRICES,
REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT, AND INFRASTRUCTURE ARE MOST CONDUCIVE
TO BUSINESS. GLOBALIZATION IS IRREVERSIBLE AND IS SEEN POSITIVELY
ACCORDING TO THIS PERSPECTIVE. IT IS BECAUSE IT IS CONSIDERED A
METHOD OF BOOSTING THE ECONOMIC WELL-BEING OF ALL PEOPLE BY
PERMITTING MORE EFFECTIVE RESOURCE ALLOCATION THROUGH THE MARKET
AND FREE COMMERCE. AT THE SAME TIME, IT IS PERCEIVED TO LESSEN
GOVERNMENT INTRUSION IN PEOPLE’S LIVES LEADING TO MORE LIBERTY AND
INDIVIDUAL INDEPENDENCE.
 THE SKEPTICAL
THE SKEPTICAL

PERSPECTIVE
PERSPECTIVE

THE SKEPTICAL PERSPECTIVE INDIVIDUALS DRAW UPON VARIOUS EVIDENCE

THAT GLOBALIZATION IS OVERSTATED, THAT IT IS A MYTH, AS ARE THOSE
PERCEIVED BENEFITS UNDER GLOBALIZATION THAT THE HYPER GLOBALISTS
PRESENT. SKEPTICAL PERSPECTIVE PROPONENTS PRESENT THREE ESSENTIAL
CLAIMS; FIRST, THEY CONTEND THAT THE WORLD ECONOMY WAS MORE
GLOBALIZED FROM 1890 TO 1914 THAN TODAY IN TERMS OF COMMERCE.
SECOND, THEY ARGUE THAT THE “HEADQUARTERS OF THE VAST MAJORITY OF
MULTINATIONAL COMPANIES (MNCS) ARE STILL FIRMLY EMBEDDED IN
PARTICULAR NATION-STATES, WHERE YOU WILL ALSO FIND A HIGH SHARE OF
ASSETS AND OPERATIONS” (GERACIE). THEY CLAIM THAT MOST INVESTMENT
AND TRADE STILL OCCUR BETWEEN MATURE ECONOMIES AND NATIONS OR
WITHIN MACRO-REGIONS SUCH AS THE EUROPEAN UNION (EU) AND SOUTHEAST
ASIA.
 THE SKEPTICAL
THE SKEPTICAL

PERSPECTIVE
PERSPECTIVE

FROM THE SKEPTIC PERSPECTIVE, GLOBALIZATION IS VIEWED AS A HELPFUL

POLITICAL FICTION TO BOLSTER THE CLAIMS OF FREE MARKETERS AND NEO-
LIBERALS OVER THOSE WHO ARGUE FOR MORE SIGNIFICANT GOVERNMENT
INTERVENTION AND INVOLVEMENT AS REPRESENTATIVES OF THE PEOPLE.
“THIRD-WORLD COUNTRIES ARE NOT BEING INTEGRATED INTO THE GLOBAL
ECONOMY WITH THE SAME BENEFITS AS FIRST-WORLD COUNTRIES” (GERACIE).
THEY CLAIM THAT ANY GROWTH IN GLOBAL ECONOMIC INTEGRATION THAT
DOES NOT INCLUDE GOVERNMENTAL INVOLVEMENT OR INTERNATIONAL
COLLABORATION WOULD EXPAND THE GAP BETWEEN THE RICH AND POOR.
 TRANSFORMATIONALIST
TRANSFORMATIONALIST

PERSPECTIVE
PERSPECTIVE

TRANSFORMATIONALIST PERSPECTIVES, LIKE SKEPTICS, RECOGNIZE THAT

GLOBALIZATION IS A LONG-TERM HISTORICAL PROCESS THAT BEGAN WITH THE
COLONIAL EXPANSION OF WESTERN EUROPEAN GOVERNMENTS IN THE
SIXTEENTH CENTURY. “THEY DIFFER FROM SKEPTICS IN THEIR BELIEF THAT THE
GLOBAL ECONOMY IS UNDERGOING SIGNIFICANT QUALITATIVE CHANGES THAT
REDEFINE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN GOVERNMENTS, FIRMS, AND
COMMUNITIES” (GERACIE). TRANSFORMATIONALISTS REALIZE, IN CONTRAST
TO HYPER-GLOBALISTS, THAT THE IMPACTS OF GLOBALIZATION ARE NOT AS
SIMPLY QUANTIFIABLE. TRANSFORMATIONALISTS REJECT THE
HYPERGLOBALISTS’ END-OF-GEOGRAPHY ARGUMENT. GLOBALIZATION DOES
NOT MAKE ALL LOCATIONS THE SAME; INSTEAD, IT CREATES NEW TYPES OF
DIFFERENCES.
 CONSTRUCTIVISM
CONSTRUCTIVISM

PERSPECTIVE
PERSPECTIVE

CONSTRUCTIVISM IS WHEN INDIVIDUALS THINK OF THE SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT

THROUGH SYMBOLS, LANGUAGE, PICTURES, AND INTERPRETATION. IT IS THE
PRODUCT OF A CERTAIN KIND OF AWARENESS AND HOW IT IS EXPRESSED. “A
CULTURE’S MORE PROFOUND SOCIAL, ECONOMIC, AND CULTURAL IMPACTS
MAY BE TRACED BACK TO SECOND-ORDER SYSTEMS LIKE PRODUCTION AND
GOVERNMENT” (BURLACU ET AL. 124). SOCIETAL ACTORS CONSTRUCT THEIR
REALITY BY THINKING ABOUT IT AND COMMUNICATING IT WITH ONE ANOTHER,
WHICH IS THE FOCUS OF CONSTRUCTIVIST THEORY. PEOPLE CAN FORM THEIR
VIEWS OF THE WORLD AND SOCIAL NORMS VIA DISCUSSION AND SYMBOLIC
INTERACTIONISM: BOTH THE MIND AND THE BODY ARE INVOLVED IN THE STUDY
OF SOCIAL GEOGRAPHY.
 CONCLUSION
CONCLUSION

GLOBALIZATION IS A LONG-TERM TREND THAT IS SHIFTING AND MAY BE

SLOWING. THERE ARE BENEFITS AND DRAWBACKS TO GLOBALIZATION’S
PROMOTION OF MORE OPEN BORDERS AND FREE COMMERCE. THE DIFFERENT
PERSPECTIVES ON GLOBALIZATION INCLUDE THE TRANSFORMATIONALIST
PERSPECTIVE, THE SKEPTICAL PERSPECTIVE, THE HYPERGLOBALIST
PERSPECTIVE, AND THE CONSTRUCTIVIST PERSPECTIVE. GLOBALIZATION
DISPROPORTIONATELY IMPACTS POORER AND MORE VULNERABLE
SOCIOECONOMIC GROUPS, ESPECIALLY DEVELOPING COUNTRIES. AS A RESULT,
THESE ORGANIZATIONS AND NATIONS MUST ACQUIRE A CRITICAL AWARENESS
AND ASSESSMENT OF THE NATURE AND PROCESS OF GLOBALIZATION AND ITS
SOCIETAL REPERCUSSIONS. INDIVIDUALS, CORPORATIONS, AND GOVERNMENTS
MUST EVALUATE ALL SIDES OF THE GLOBALIZATION PERSPECTIVE.
 WORKS CITED
WORKS CITED

BURLACU, SORIN, ET AL. “GLOBALIZATION, PROS AND CONS – RESEARCHGATE.”

GLOBALIZATION–PROS AND CONS., VOL. 19, 2018, 122-125. WEB.

GERACIE, MICHELE. “GLOBALIZATION THEORIES AND DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES ABOUT

IT.” MICHELE GERACI – ECONOMY, SOCIETY AND THE WORLD.

PETERSEN, AND CORA JUNGBLUTH. “GLOBALIZATION REPORT 2018: WHO BENEFITS

MOST FROM GLOBALIZATION?” GLOBAL & EUROPEAN DYNAMICS.

PETTINGER, TEJVAN. “WHAT CAUSED GLOBALIZATION?” ECONOMICS HELP. WEB.

HTTPS://[Link]/ESSAYS/FOUR-PERSPECTIVES-ON-GLOBALIZATION/
 DRIVERS OF
GLOBALIZATION
 Drivers of Globalization
Globalization is driven by a complex array of factors that work together to
increase the interconnectedness and interdependence among nations,
economies, and cultures. Understanding these drivers provides insight into
how globalization evolves and the diverse ways it impacts the world. Here are
the main drivers of globalization in detail:
 Technological Drivers
Technology shaped and set the foundation for modern globalization.

Innovations in the transportation technology revolutionized the industry.

Inventions in the area of microprocessors and telecommunications enabled highly
effective computing and communication at a low- cost level.
Finally the rapid growth of the Internet is the latest technological driver that created
global e-business and e-commerce.
 Political Drivers
Liberalized trading rules and deregulated markets lead to lowered
tariffs and allowed foreign direct investments in almost all over the
world.

The institution of GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) 1947

and the WTO (WorldTrade Organization) 1995 as well asthe ongoing
opening and privatization in Eastern Europe are only some examples of
latest developments.
 Market Drivers
As domestic markets become more and more saturated, the opportunities for growth
are limited and global expanding is a way most organizations choose to overcome this
situation.

Common customer needs and the opportunity to use global marketing channels and
transfer marketing to some extentare also incentives to choose internationalization.
(Ferrier, 2004)
 Cost Drivers
Sourcing efficiency and costs vary from country to country and global
firms can take advantage of this fact.

Other cost drivers to globalization are the opportunity to build global

scale economies and the high product development costs nowadays.
(Ferrier, 2004)
 Competitive Drivers
With the global market, global inter-firm competition increases
and organizations areforced to “play” international.

Strong interdependences among countries and high two- way

trades and FDI actions also support this driver.
 Conclusion
All things considered, globalization is an integral part of the world we are living in. It helps
facilitate the sharing of ideas, products, and cultures between people in different countries.
Technology, transportation, and trade have made connecting with others in the world so much
easier and closer than before. The globe has become small, and individuals are closer than
ever. Business can grow with the creation of jobs in so many countries with globalization. It
also allows us access to a wider variety of goods, foods, and experiences from other places.
But not to forget, it can cause some challenges, such as hurting local businesses or the
environment. Still, when countries work together, they are solving some of the problems and
thus making the whole world a better place. As we continue to grow and connect with others,
globalization will keep shaping our future. It's up to us to make sure that we use it in positive
ways for everyone.
KEY ISSUES IN A GLOBALIZING WORLD

BY: JERICK C. ROXAS, LPT.

 GLOBALIZATION
The world is becoming more connected, with countries and
people increasingly sharing goods, services, ideas, cultures,
and capital across borders. This increased connection is
driven by advances in transportation and communication
technologies, creating a more interdependent world where
local events can impact distant locations and vice versa.
BY: JERICK C. ROXAS, LPT.
KEY ISSUES IN A GLOBALIZING WORLD

BY: JERICK C. ROXAS, LPT.

Because it acts as both a primary driver of globalization and
a significant source of its most pressing challenges. It
facilitates unprecedented interconnectedness, but also
creates new forms of inequality and raises complex ethical
questions.

TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENT
Technology, particularly in communications and
transportation, has been the engine of
globalization. It has made the world "smaller" by
reducing the friction of distance.

TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENT
While technology drives integration and prosperity,
its uneven distribution and rapid pace have
created several critical issues

TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENT
 The Digital Divide
Job Displacement and Economic Inequality
Ethical and Governance Challenges

TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENT
 Ethical and Governance Challenges
Data Privacy and Surveillance
Cybersecurity
Spread of Misinformation

TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENT
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
2
because they are interconnected, transcend
national borders, and disproportionately affect
vulnerable populations. Globalization
accelerates these issues through increased
economic activity and consumption, while also
providing the framework for potential
solutions.
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
2

Climate change, pollution, and

sustainability are urgent global
concerns
POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC CHANGES
3
because globalization fundamentally reshapes the
distribution of power and resources, challenging
traditional political structures and creating new
economic dynamics. It both erodes the
sovereignty of nation-states and creates new
forms of international governance and economic
inequality.
POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC CHANGES
3

Shifting power dynamics (e.g., rise of

China, challenges to democracy).

Economic systems becoming more

interdependent
 SOCIAL MOVEMENTS
3

Advocacy for gender equality, LGBTQ+

rights, racial justice, and more.
Youth involvement in activism
PANDEMICS AND GLOBAL CRISES
4

Events like COVID-19

highlight global health and
economic vulnerabilities.
PANDEMICS AND GLOBAL CRISES
4

Pandemics and global crises are key issues in a globalizing world

because globalization both accelerates their spread and
complicates their management. The same interconnectedness
that drives economic growth and cultural exchange also makes
nations more vulnerable to shared threats, which challenge
traditional concepts of national sovereignty.
WORLD DIVISION:
NORTH-SOUTH
DIVISION
PREPARED BY: MR. JERICK C. ROXAS, LPT.
 Introduction
Globalization has also made it easier for people to access
foreign goods and services, and has increased cultural
exchange. The individual: standard of living and quality
of life are often increased in developing nations, but may
negatively affect developed nations. Business: can have
positive effects for a product's life cycle and negative
effects for balance sheets.
 GLOBAL DIVIDE
It divide the world in half geographically. o
The Global North contains all countries
North of the Equator in the Northern
Hemisphere while Global South holds all the
countries in the Southern Hemisphere.
 GLOBAL DIVIDE
According to Kwarteng and Botch (2018) “The North and
South divide in the practice and application of international
laws have been previously perceived to be evident in
international environmental law where the Global developed
North countries on the one hand advocate for a collective
action to protect the environment while the Global developing
Southern countries, on the other hand, argue for social and
economic justice in practice”
Global North and
Global South
Differentiated
Global North and Global South
Differentiated
The terms Global North and Global
South refer to different regions of the
world and their economic and political
positions.
 The Global North
consists of developed countries such as the
United States, Western Europe, Japan,
Australia, and Canada, which possess
strong economies, advanced technology,
and high levels of income.
 The Global South
encompasses developing countries in
Africa, South America, and parts of Asia,
which have weaker economies, lower
levels of income, and less advanced
technology.
 This distinction highlights the unequal
distribution of resources, power, and wealth
among different regions of the world, with the
Global South facing challenges such as poverty,
inequality, and limited access to resources
compared to the Global North's economic growth
and prosperity.
The table below illustrates the
difference between the Global
North and the Global South.
 The concept of the Global North and
Global South can help to emphasize the
unequal distribution of resources,
opportunities, and outcomes among
different regions of the world.
The South-South Cooperation
South-South Cooperation means
countries in the Global South
collaborating to promote their
mutual economic, social, and political
progress.
The South-South Cooperation
It started in the late 20th century as developing
countries responded to challenges and sought more
equitable and sustainable development. By working
together, developing countries can leverage their
resources and experience to achieve common goals.
South-South cooperation takes many forms, such as
joint trade initiatives, cooperation in areas such as
agriculture, health, and energy, and sharing of
successful methods and experiences.
The South-South Cooperation
It is seen as important in promoting
sustainable development and reducing
poverty in the Global South,
complementing traditional forms of
development assistance from developed
countries.
 Global Stratification
Global stratification refers to the unequal
distribution of resources, wealth, and power
among different groups and individuals across
the world. This hierarchy is influenced by
economic, political, and historical factors,
leading to some countries and regions becoming
more prosperous while others lag behind.
 Global Stratification
The division between the Global North
and the Global South is a significant
example of global stratification, leading
to unequal access to resources,
opportunities, and outcomes. This
disparity can also lead to social,
economic, and political tensions.
 Global Stratification
Initiatives to address global
stratification include South-South
cooperation, foreign aid, and
development assistance, and reforms to
the global economic system.
Classifications of Global
Stratification
 Resource Distribution
Natural resources are unevenly
distributed across the globe. Countries
rich in resources can leverage them for
economic growth, while resource-poor
nations may struggle to develop.
 Political Power
Governance structures and political
stability greatly affect development.
Corruption, poor leadership, and
conflict can hinder economic progress,
while stable and democratic
governments can foster growth.
Education and Technology
Access to education and technology is
often unequal. Countries that invest in
education and innovation tend to
develop faster, while those that lack
such investments fall behind.
Global North and the Global South
division of the world into wealthy,
industrialized nations of the North and
less developed nations of the South.
This division is a reflection of the
economic, political, and social power
imbalances between them.
Developed and Developing Countries
Developed countries are advanced,
industrialized, and have high standards
of living, while developing countries are
less economically developed, less
technologically advanced, and have
lower standards of living.
A Tale of Two Countries:
Developed Countries and
Developing Countries
 Developed countries have service-based
economies that use advanced technology
and modern production methods. They also
have good access to quality education and
healthcare. Examples of developed countries
include the United States, Japan, Canada,
and various European countries.
Developing countries are nations that have
limited industrialization, low standards of
living, and agricultural-based economies.
They typically have low literacy rates, poor
health conditions, rapidly growing
populations, and a low GDP per capita.
Examples of developing countries include
Afghanistan, Angola, Bangladesh,
Bolivia, Cambodia, Chad, Cuba, Ethiopia,
Ghana
The Effects of Global
Stratification
 Wealth Inequality
There are significant income gaps
between developed and developing
countries. This affects access to
resources, education, and
healthcare.
 Access to Education
Due to global stratification, many
children in low-income nations do
not have access to high-quality
education, which frequently results
in unequal educational chances.
 Governance Challenges
Many developing countries face
governance issues, including
corruption and instability, often
exacerbated by their low economic
status.
Addressing Global Stratification
requires a concerted effort to
promote greater equity and justice in
the distribution of resources and
opportunities, as well as greater
respect for the sovereignty and self-
determination of all nations.
Poverty and Income Inequality
Billions of people in low-income
countries live in absolute poverty
(lacking basic needs like food,
water, shelter)
 Health Disparities
Higher rates of disease,
malnutrition, infant mortality, and
shorter life expectancy in poor
countries.
Shorter Life Expectancy

Lack of access to medicine,

clean water, and nutrition.
 Education Gaps

Access to quality education is

uneven; wealthier nations have
higher literacy and school
completion rates.
Theories of Global
Stratification
 Modernization Theory
this theory posits that global stratification
results from differences in economic
development levels between countries. It
suggests that countries in the Global North
are more advanced and industrialized, while
those in the Global South are less developed
and industrial.
 World System Theory
this theory posits that global stratification is
caused by unequal power and wealth
distribution among countries, which is
influenced by the global economic system. It
categorizes countries into core (wealthy and
powerful), peripheral (poor and weak), and semi-
peripheral (in between) based on their economic
status.
 Dependency Theory
this theory posits that global stratification
results from unequal relationship between
countries, with counties in the Global south
being dependent on countries in the Global
north for resources, trade, and investment.
This dependency leads to an unequal
distribution of wealth and power.
THE NATION-
STATE
JERICK C. ROXAS, LPT.
 INTRODUCTION
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What is state?
The modern term “state” is derived
from the word “status”. It was
Niccolo Machiavelli ( 1469 – 1527)
who first used the term “state” in
his writings. His important work is
titled as “Prince”.
 defenition
The state is the most universal and
most powerful of all social institutions.
The state is a natural institution.
Aristotle said man is a social animal and
by nature he is a political being. To him,
to live in the state and to be a man were
identical.
 The state is the highest form of
human association. It is necessary
because it comes into existence out
of the basic needs of life. It continues
to remain for the sake of good life .
 To Woodrow Wilson,
"State is a people
organized for law within
a definite territory.
" Aristotle defined the state as a
"union of families and villages
having for its end a perfect and
self - sufficing life by which it
meant a happy and good life".
Burgess defines the state as "a
particular portion of mankind
viewed as an organized unit.
 According to Sidgwick.
"State is a combination or
association of persons in the
form of government and
governed and united
together into a politically
organized people of a
definite territory."
According to Gardner, "State
is a community of people
live in a definite form of
territory free of external
control and possessing an
organized government to
which people show habitual
agreement.
" Prof. Laski defines "state
as a territorial society
divided into government
and subjects whose
relationships are
determined by the
exercise of supreme
coercive power."
 THE ELEMENT OF STATE
From the above definitions, it is clear that the following are the elements of the state :-

PHYSICAL BASES OF STATE

population territory

a total of individuals is the area that

occupying an area or controlled by the
making up a whole government
 THE ELEMENT OF STATE
From the above definitions, it is clear that the following are the elements of the state :-

POLITICAL BASES OF STATE

government sovereignity

is the most exclusive

the group of people that
elements of state. Without
makes a rules/laws and
sovereignty no state can
control the country.
exit
Two Types of Sovereignty

INTERNAL SOVEREIGNTY
EXTERNAL SOVEREIGNTY
 TWO TYPES OF SOVEREIGNTY
Internal Sovereignty EXTERNAL SOVEREIGNTY

the power of the state to the power and freedom of

command authority the state to carry out its
within its jurisdiction. activities without foreign
domination or control.
Two Types of Sovereignty

INTERNAL SOVEREIGNTY
EXTERNAL SOVEREIGNTY
 THE PHILIPPINE TERRITORY
Article 1 Section 1 of the 1987 Constitution states the NATIONAL TERRITORY ofthe
Philippines:

Art.1 Sec. 1 1997 Constitution NATIONAL TERRITORY

The national territory comprises the Philippines archipelago, with all the islands
and waters embraced therein, and all other territories over sovereignty or
jurisdiction, consisting of its terrestrial, fluvial and aerial domains, including its
territorial sea, the seabed, the subsoil, the insular shelves and other submarine
areas. The waters around, between and connecting the island of the archipelago,
regardless of their breath and dimensions form part of the internal waters of the
Philippines.
 Duties of the State
The following are the concerns of the state which are also considered
as its duties or responsibilities.

Peace and order and national security

Political harmony or good laws
Social justice
Economic development
Individual and collective development of people
what is nation?
A nation is a stable community of people
formed in the basis of a common
language, territory, economic life,
ethnicity and/or psychological make-up
manifested in a common culture. Is
distinct from a people and is a more
abstract, and more overtly political than
an ethnic group.
what is nation?
A Nation (from Latin: natio, "people,
tribe, kin, genus, class, flock") is a
large group or collective of people
with common characteristics
attributed to them - including
language, traditions, mores (customs),
habitus (habits), and ethnicity
 “i Benedict Anderson asserted that nations
were ”imagined communities” it is imagined
because even though people do not know
each other or do not meet all the members,
they share the same common history,
culture, language and tradition that are
practiced by every member. They have the
same feelings of belongingness and talk the
same events that were part of their history
even though they were miles away from one
another.
THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN NATION AND STATE
 Nation and state are two different but
interlinked concepts. Different in the sense
that nation is a more cultural and identify-
based term, while State mainly refers to a
political entity bounded by a territory and
headed by a government. (Quilop 2006)
Is the Philippines a
nation or a state?
The Oxford English Dictionary defines nation-
state as “an independent political state
formed from a people who share a common
national identity (historically, culturally, or
ethnically"
 A nation-state is a self-governed political
entity occupied by people who speak the
same language and share a common history
and culture.
 A nation-state is a self-governed political
entity occupied by people who speak the
same language and share a common history
and culture.
Both nation and state share the fact that they refer to
a single group of people despite the difference on
how these group are organized, with one stressing a
more cultural organization and the other a more
political one. However, these concepts complement
each other and their combined assumptions of the
cultural and political make up for a stronger
organization.
Thus is the creation of the concept nation-
state, which generally refers to a political
unit with a defined territory, government,
and constituents that more or less share
the same culture and identity.
 In the nation-state, the political
organization and the government are
supported by the cultural base of imagined
unity and identity as presented by Benedict
Anderson in his most influential work on
nationalism, Imagined Communities (1991).
The Philippines is a
nation-state.
GLOBAL INTERSTATE SYSTEM
JERICK C. ROXAS, LPT.
GLOBAL INTERSTATE SYSTEM
It is the whole system of human interactions. The modern world
system is structured politically as an interstate system - a system of
competing and allying states. Political scientists commonly call this
the international system and this is the focal point of the field of
international relations.

Page 4
 GLOBAL INTERSTATE SYSTEM
World-Systems are defined by the existence of a division of labor. The modern
world-system has a multi-state political structure (the interstate system) and
therefore its division of laber is international division of labor.

The division of labor consists of three zones according to the prevalence of

profitable industries or activities: core, semi periphery and periphery.

Page 5
Page 6
THREE DIVISION OF LABOR
 DIVISION OF LABOR
Core - high income nations in the world economy. This is the
manufacturing base of the planet where resources funnel in to become
the technology and wealth enjoyed by the Western World today. They
are dominant capitalist countries that exploit peripheral countries for
labor and raw materials.

Page 8
DIVISION OF LABOR
Semi-periphery - are the middle-income countries, such as India and
Brazil. These are considered semi-periphery due to their closer ties to
the global economic core.

Peripheral countries share characteristics of both core and peripheral

countries.

Page 9
DIVISION OF LABOR
Semi-periphery - are the middle-income countries, such as India and
Brazil. These are considered semi-periphery due to their closer ties to
the global economic core.

Peripheral countries share characteristics of both core and peripheral

countries.

Page 10
DIVISION OF LABOR
Periphery - called as the low-income countries, whose natural
resources or labor support the wealthier countries, first as colonies and
now by working for multinational corporations under neocolonialism.

Peripheral countries are dependent on core countries for capital and

have underdeveloped industry.

Page 11
 GLOBAL INTERSTATE SYSTEM
Resources are redistributed from the underdeveloped (poor part of the
world - the periphery) to developed countries (core).

Cyclical rhythms represent the short-term fluctuation of economy, while

secular trends mean deeper long run tendencies, such as general economic
growth or decline.

Page 12
 GLOBAL INTERSTATE SYSTEM
The term contradiction means a general controversy in the system, usually
concerning some short term vs. long term trade- offs. The last temporal
feature is the crisis: a crisis occurs if a constellation of circumstances
brings about the end of the system.

The world-system theory stresses that world-systems should be the

basic unit of social analysis. Thus, we should focus not on individual
states, but on the relations between their groupings (core, semi-periphery,
and periphery)
Page 13
 GLOBAL INTERSTATE SYSTEM
The term contradiction means a general controversy in the system, usually
concerning some short term vs. long term trade- offs. The last temporal
feature is the crisis: a crisis occurs if a constellation of circumstances
brings about the end of the system.

The world-system theory stresses that world-systems should be the

basic unit of social analysis. Thus, we should focus not on individual
states, but on the relations between their groupings (core, semi-periphery,
and periphery)
Page 14
Page 15
GLOBAL GOVERNANCE

Page 16
 GLOBAL GOVERNANCE
is sometimes referred to as "world
governance." Global is a movement
towards political cooperation among
transnational actors, negotiating
responses to problems that affect more
than one state or region. "Global
Governance" may mean the process of
designating laws, rules, or regulations
intended for a global scale. Page 17
EFFECTS OF GLOBAL
GOVERNANCE

Page 18
EFFECTS OF GLOBAL GOVERNANCE
Globalization restrains governments by
inducing increased budgetary pressure.
As a consequence, governments may
attempt to curtail the welfare state,
which is often seen as a drag on
international competitiveness, by
reducing especially their expenditures on
transfers and subsidies.
Page 19
Internationalism
vs Globalization

Page 20
 Internationalism vs
Globalization
Internationalization refers to the
increasing importance of international
trade, international relations, treaties,
alliances, and many more. International,
means between or among nations. The
basic unit remains the nation, even as
relations among nations become
increasingly necessary and important. Page 21
 Internationalism vs
Globalization
Globalization refers to global economic integration
of many formerly national economies into one
global economy, mainly by free trade and free
capital mobility, but also by easy or uncontrolled
migration. It is the effective erasure of national
boundaries for economic purposes. International
trade (governed by comparative advantage)
becomes interregional trade (governed by absolute
advantage).
Page 22
WHAT IS GLOBAL GOVERNANCE?
Global governance brings together diverse actors to
coordinate collective action at the level of the planet.
The goal of global governance, roughly
defined, is to provide global public
goods, particularly peace and security,
justice and mediation systems for
conflict, functioning markets and unified
standards for trade and industry.
WHAT IS GLOBAL GOVERNANCE?
One crucial global public good is
catastrophic risk management –
putting appropriate mechanisms in
place to maximally reduce the
likelihood and impact of any event
that could cause the death of 1
billion people across the planet, or
damage of equivalent magnitude.
 Objectives of Global Governance

The objectives of global governance can be broadly categorized as

follows:

• To tackle worldwide issues such as poverty, conflict,

disease outbreaks, and climate change, which go beyond
national borders and necessitate collective action.
Objectives of Global Governance

To encourage international collaboration among countries,

organizations, and individuals to attain mutual objectives
and resolve shared difficulties.

To foster and preserve global peace and security, as well

as to address dangers to international peace and stability.
Objectives of Global Governance

It is also essential for solving shared problems:

pandemics, wars, and financial crises.
 Second Amendment

A well regulated Militia, being necessary

to the security of a free State, the right
of the people to keep and bear Arms,
shall not be infringed.
 Forms and Formats of Global Governance

These three concepts are

important in international
relations that describe different
approaches to cooperation and
decision-making among states.
 Unilateralism:

A state pursues its national

interests without considering
the views or interests of other
states.
 Bilateralism

Cooperation and decision-

making between two states
based on shared interests.
 Multilateralism:

Cooperation and decision-making

among three or more states, often
to address global challenges that
require collective action.
Core Principles in Global Governance

These principles are essential for guiding global

governance.

Multilateralism
Inclusiveness, transparency, accountability
Coherence
Core Principles in Global Governance

These principles are essential for guiding global

governance.

Solidarity and Cooperation

Core Principles in Global Governance

These principles serve as a foundation for

effective global governance, guiding the
actions of various actors and facilitating
cooperation to address the complex challenges
facing the world.
 Techniques in Global Governance

Agenda-setting (identifying and prioritizing the issues that need

to be addressed by the global community).

Policymaking (the development and negotiation of rules and

policies to address the issues identified in the agenda-setting stage).
 Techniques in Global Governance

Implementation and enforcement (putting the policies into

action and ensuring that they are adhered to by the relevant actors).

Evaluation, monitoring, and adjudication (monitoring the implementation

of policies, evaluating their effectiveness, and resolving any disputes that may
arise).
Five Global Governance Gaps

Knowledge Gaps:

This refers to the lack of understanding and

information about the issues and challenges
facing the global community.
Five Global Governance Gaps

Knowledge Gaps:

This refers to the lack of understanding and

information about the issues and challenges
facing the global community.
 Five Global Governance Gaps

Normative Gaps:

This refers to the lack of agreement on values,

principles, and norms to guide global
governance.
Five Global Governance Gaps

Policy Gaps:

This refers to the lack of effective policies to

address the challenges and issues facing the
global community.
Five Global Governance Gaps

Compliance Gaps:

This refers to the failure of actors to comply

with the rules and policies established by the
international community.
 Global Governance Gaps

These gaps present challenges to the

effectiveness of global governance and need to
be addressed for it to be successful in
addressing the complex issues facing the world.
 Global Actors

refer to individuals or organizations that

have a significant influence on global
politics through their actions and
decisions.
 Global Actors

Examples of global actors include national

governments, international organizations,
multinational corporations, non-governmental orga-
nizations, civil society organizations,
intergovernmental organizations, inter- national
financial institutions, and regional organizations.
 Global Actors

These actors play important roles in shaping the

global agenda, addressing global challenges, and
promoting international cooperation. The actions
and decisions of these actors can shape the
international landscape and have far-reaching
impacts on the global community.
 The United Nations (UN)

The United Nations (UN) is a group of 193 member

states that was created in 1945 to encourage global
cooperation and maintain peace. It has specialized
agencies, funds, and programs that address issues
such as poverty and climate change.
 The United Nations (UN)

The Security Council is responsible for maintaining

international peace and security, while the General
Assembly allows all member states to vote. The
Secretary-General, António Guterres, is appointed
by the General Assembly.
Brief History of the United Nations

The United Nations was formed after World War II to

replace the ineffective League of Nations. Its charter was
signed in 1945 by 50 nations, and it officially began
operation on October 24, 1945. The organization's
main goals are to promote cooperation among nations,
maintain peace and security, and protect human rights.
Brief History of the United Nations

The United Nations was formed after World War II to

replace the ineffective League of Nations. Its charter was
signed in 1945 by 50 nations, and it officially began
operation on October 24, 1945. The organization's
main goals are to promote cooperation among nations,
maintain peace and security, and protect human rights.
Brief History of the United Nations

Over the years, the UN has been involved in many

international conflicts and crisis management operations,
such as the Korean War, Gulf War, and peacekeeping
missions in various regions. It has also focused on
addressing issues like poverty reduction, access to
healthcare and education, and environmental protection.
Brief History of the United Nations

Despite its successes, the UN has faced criticism and

challenges, including concerns about funding, the
effectiveness of peacekeeping operations, and the veto
power of the five permanent members of the Security
Council. Despite these issues, the UN remains a crucial
diplomatic forum and a symbol of global collaboration.
Purposes and Principles of the United Nations

The United Nations was established with the purpose of

promoting international cooperation and maintaining peace and
security. Its main objectives, as outlined in its charter, include
preventing conflict and war, settling disputes between nations
through peaceful means, promoting human rights, fostering
social and economic development, and providing humanitarian
aid to those in need.
Purposes and Principles of the United Nations

In addition to these overarching goals, the UN also works

to address a wide range of global challenges, including
poverty, hunger, climate change, terrorism, and the spread
of diseases. On the whole, the UN aims to create a world
where people live in peace, security, and prosperity, and
where their basic rights and freedoms are protected.
 The Structure of the United Nations (UN)

The International Court of Justice is the primary judicial

body that resolves legal disputes between states. The UN
Secretariat is the administrative arm that implements
policies and programs, and the Secretary-General is its
head.
The Agencies Inside the United Nations (UN)

The United Nations consists of different specialized

agencies, funds, and programs that carry out various
operations of the UN in different areas such as education,
health, child rights, NICE, Wopment. Prominent UN
specialized agencies include UNESCO, UNICEF, WHO, and
the World Bank Group.
The Agencies Inside the United Nations (UN)

The UN also includes funds and programs, such as UNDP

and UNFPA, which focus on specific development problems
and promote sustainable development. NGOs may also
leave consultative status with ECOSOC and other UN
agencies, enabling them to participate in UN's work by
offering expert advice, information, and advocacy.
The Agencies Inside the United Nations (UN)

This status allows NGOs to attend UN conferences and

events and present written and oral statements.
WHAT IS CULTURE?

Culture is a broad concept. It

includes the beliefs, values, norms,
practices, symbols, language, arts,
and material artifacts of a group of
people. It is how people make sense
of their world, how they relate to
others, and how they transmit
meaning across generations.
Impact of Cultural Globalization
Impact of Cultural Globalization

Cultural globalization refers to

the process by which cultural
ideas, values, practices, and
products spread across the
world, creating more
connectivity (and sometimes
tension) between local and
global cultures.
 POSITIVE IMPACT
CULTURAL EXCHANGE & ENRICHMENT: ACCESS TO NEW IDEAS AND KNOWLEDGE
Exposure to different traditions, Through media, the internet, and
arts, food, music, languages can migration, people learn about other
broaden people’s perspectives and societies, innovations, and
foster cross-cultural empathy. worldviews.
 POSITIVE IMPACT
HYBRIDIZATION / FUSION: ECONOMIC AND CREATIVE OPPORTUNITIES

Mixing of cultural elements can Cultural goods (films, music, literature)

produce new forms (e.g. fusion can cross borders and find new
cuisine, music genres). audiences.
 NEGATIVE IMPACT
CULTURAL HOMOGENIZATION / LOSS OF UNIQUENESS CULTURAL IMPERIALISM:
Dominant cultures (often The idea that powerful societies push
Western) may overshadow or their culture onto others, sometimes
displace local traditions, leading reducing local agency.
to a more uniform global culture
 NEGATIVE IMPACT
CONSUMERISM AND
THREAT TO LOCAL TRADITIONS AND VALUES
COMMODIFICATION OF CULTURE
Traditions become packaged as Some practices may decline if
products (tourism, souvenirs) younger generations prefer global
losing their original meaning. cultural icons.
 NEGATIVE IMPACT
ECOLOGICAL IMPACT:
Some adopted practices may not suit local environments (e.g.
mass production, packaging, fashion).
 CULTURAL
CHALLENGES OF
GLOBALIZATION
 CULTURAL
HOMOGENIZATION
Local cultures begin to look and act more alike as global
media, brands, and lifestyles spread. Example: The
popularity of Western fast food, fashion, and
entertainment (like Hollywood or K-pop) replacing
traditional local customs or foods.
 LOSS OF LANGUAGE AND
INDIGENOUS TRADITIONS
As global languages like English dominate education,
business, and media, smaller or native languages
decline. Example: Many indigenous languages in
Asia, Africa, and Latin America are now endangered.
 WESTERNIZATION AND
CULTURAL IMPERIALISM
Western ideas, values, and lifestyles (such as
consumerism, individualism, or liberal democracy) often
dominate the global culture. Example: Western movies,
social media platforms, and beauty standards influencing
young people worldwide.
 CLASH OF VALUES (E.G.,
ASIAN VS. WESTERN VALUES)
Globalization often brings different value systems into
contact. Example: Western societies emphasize freedom
and individual rights, while many Asian societies value
respect for authority, family, and community harmony.
 CULTURAL APPROPRIATION

Elements of one culture (such as clothing, music, or

symbols) are used by another culture without proper
understanding or respect. Example: Traditional tribal
designs or dances used in fashion or entertainment
without acknowledgment.
 UNEQUAL CULTURAL
INFLUENCE
Some countries (especially developed Western nations)
have more power to spread their culture than others.
Example: Hollywood and global advertising shape the
world’s cultural preferences, while local industries
struggle to compete.
 IDENTITY CRISIS

People exposed to many cultural influences may

feel confused about their own identity. Example:
Youth adopting foreign lifestyles or values that
differ from their family or community traditions.
 ENCULTURATION VS
ACCULTURATION
Enculturation is the process of learning your own
native culture, while acculturation is the process of
learning about and adapting to a new culture, often
after coming into contact with other cultures.
 XENOCENTRISM AND
ETHNOCENTRISM
Ethnocentrism is the belief that one's own culture is superior
to others, while xenocentrism is the belief that other cultures
are superior to one's own. Both are views of cultural
preference, but in opposite directions, with ethnocentrism
looking down on other cultures and xenocentrism looking
down on one's own culture.
GLOBALIZATION
AND ASIAN
VALUES
 Asian values emphasize community, harmony,
family, respect for authority, and collective welfare
—contrasting with Western individualism.

Globalization introduces Western ideals such as

democracy, consumerism, and liberalism,
sometimes creating tension with these traditional
values.
PROTECTING
LANGUAGES
Language is a key part of cultural identity. Globalization
threatens linguistic diversity as global languages (like
English) dominate education, media, and commerce.
Many indigenous languages are endangered.

Efforts to protect languages include education policies,

preservation programs, and community revitalization.
 Global
Media
Cultures

BY: JERICK C. ROXAS

 INTRODUCTION
The received view about the globalization of culture is one
where the entire world has been molded in the image of
Western, mainly American, culture. In popular and
professional discourses alike, the popularity of Big Macs,
Baywatch, and MTV are touted as unmistakable signs of the
fulfillment of Marshall McLuhan's prophecy of the Global
Village. The globalization of culture is often chiefly imputed
to international mass media.
 After all, contemporary media technologies such as
satellite television and the Internet have created a
steady flow of transnational images that connect
audiences worldwide. Without global media, according
to the conventional wisdom, how would teenagers in
India, Turkey, and Argentina embrace a Western lifestyle
of Nike shoes, Coca-Cola, and rock music? Hence, the
putatively strong influence of the mass media on the
globalization of culture
The role of the mass media in the globalization of culture is a
contested issue in international communication theory and
research. Early theories of media influence, commonly
referred to as "magic bullet" or "hypodermic needle"
theories, believed that the mass media had powerful effects
over audiences. Since then, the debate about media
influence has undergone an ebb and flow that has
prevented any resolution or agreement among researchers
as to the level, scope, and implications of media influence.
 Nevertheless, key theoretical formulations in international
communication clung to a belief in powerful media effects
on cultures and communities. At the same time, a body of
literature questioning the scope and level of influence of
transnational media has emerged. Whereas some scholars
within that tradition questioned cultural imperialism without
providing conceptual alternatives, others have drawn on an
interdisciplinary literature from across the social sciences and
humanities to develop theoretical alternatives to cultural
imperialism.
 WHAT IS MEDIA CULTURE?

Media refers to various channels of communication, such as TV,

radio, newspapers, magazines, internet, and social media,
which are used to share information, news, and entertainment
with a large audience. Media plays an important role in
shaping public opinion, sharing information, and providing a
platform for artistic expression and cultural exchange.
 WHAT IS MEDIA CULTURE?

The media industry is constantly changing due to the

emergence of new technologies and evolving consumer
preferences. While media can be a powerful tool for informing
the public and promoting democratic discourse, it can also be
used to spread misinformation and biased narratives. The
accuracy and impartiality of media reporting remain a topic of
debate.
Forms of
Media
 Forms of
Media

Print Media: This includes

newspapers, magazines,
and books. It is one of the
oldest forms of media.
 Broadcast
Media:

This includes television and

radio and is used to transmit
information and
entertainment through the
airwaves.
MIKE ENRIQUEZ

"Hindi namin kayo

tatantanan!"
 Film and
Video:

This includes movies and

television programs and is used
to tell stories and convey
information through moving
images and sound.
Liza Soberano as
Callie

"Am I not enough? May kulang

ba sa akin? May mali ba sa
akin? Pangit ba ako? Pangit ba
ang katawan ko? Kapalit-palit
ba ako?"
 Digital
Media:

This includes the internet, social

media, and mobile devices, and is
used to share and access
information, entertainment, and
communication through digital
technologies.
 Outdoor
Media

This includes billboards, signs,

and posters, and is used to
reach people while they are out
and about in the public space
 Music and
Audio:

This includes recorded music

and audio programs and is
used to provide entertainment
and convey information
through sound.
 Interactive
Media:

This includes video games, virtual

and augmented reality, and other
interactive technologies, and is
used to engage people in
immersive experiences.
 REMEMBER:

Each form of media has its own

strengths and limitations, and the
choice of which form to use often
depends on the type of content
being produced and the target
audience.
 WHAT IS CULTURE?

The origin of the word "culture" is from the Latin term

"cultus" which means nurturing, refining, cultivating, or
tilling. It pertains to the shared customs, values, behaviors,
artifacts, and beliefs that characterize a group or society,
which is passed down from generation to generation and
gives individuals a sense of identity, belonging, and purpose.
 WHAT IS CULTURE?

Culture is not static and is continually changing, influenced

by different factors such as technology, politics, economics,
social movements, and cultural interactions. The study of
culture is a field called cultural anthropology, which
explores cultural practices and beliefs across different
societies and time periods.
 WHAT IS CULTURE?

Culture plays a significant role in human

experience, providing a foundation for
comprehending the world and one's
position within it.
Characteristics of Culture

Culture is acquired through learning

and not innate. We acquire culture
through enculturation or socialization.
Characteristics of Culture

Culture is a shared experience among

members of a group or society.
Characteristics of Culture

Culture is based on symbols and values that

help interpret experiences and guide
behavior. Symbols like language, clothing,
and rituals integral components of culture.
Characteristics of Culture

Culture is an integrated and

interdependent system of beliefs,
values, behaviors, and material
objects.
Characteristics of Culture

Culture is adaptive, and cultural

adaptation is the process of
acclimating to a new culture.
Characteristics of Culture

Culture is ever-changing, and new

objects introduced into material culture
can impact nonmaterial culture such as
beliefs and practices.
 Global Media Culture

Culture is ever-changing, and new

objects introduced into material culture
can impact nonmaterial culture such as
beliefs and practices.
Global Media Culture

Global media culture refers to the

spread of cultures around the world
influenced by mass media.
 Global Media Culture

Global media culture refers to the shared

experiences, values, ideas, and practices
that emerge from the global dissemination
and consumption of media content.
Global Flows of
Culture
 1.

Global flows of culture refer to the movement and exchange

of cultural practices, values, beliefs, and artifacts between
different countries and regions. This exchange is made
possible by advancements in technology, communication, and
transportation, leading to the spread of cultural ideas and
practices worldwide.
The main forms of global flows
of culture include:

Migration: The relocation of individuals from

one place to another can cause the transfer of
cultural customs, traditions, and principles, which
can result in the formation of unique cultural
amalgamations.
The main forms of global flows
of culture include:

Tourism: The expansion of tourism has provided

greater exposure to different cultures and the
sharing of cultural practices as travelers explore
new destinations and experience local customs
and traditions.
The main forms of global flows
of culture include:

Media: The growth of global media networks,

including television, the internet, and
smartphones, has facilitated the rapid exchange
of cultural practices and media content across
borders.
The main forms of global flows
of culture include:

Trade: The increase in international trade has

resulted in the exchange of cultural goods and
artifacts, such as books, music, and movies,
between nations and regions.
The Media and
Its Function
The Media and Its Function

Mass communication refers to the dissemination of

information, concepts, and messages to a widespread
and geographically dispersed audience using different
forms of media. Mass media performs various general
and specific functions, which include:
The Media and Its Function

to inform, educate, and entertain the public

provides news and information about current events,

politics, science, and other important topics, helping
people to stay informed about the world around
them
The Media and Its Function

provides a platform for the expression of

diverse opinions and perspectives,
allowing for the exchange of ideas and
the promotion of critical thinking:
The Media and Its Function

plays a crucial role in shaping public opinion and shaping cultural

values, beliefs, and norms

abuse, and wrongdoing; and acts as a crucial connection between

individuals, communities, and the broader society, and holds a
significant influence in shaping our perception of the world and our
position within it.
 The Benefits and
Drawbacks of Media and
Technological
Globalization
 In the modern world, media and technological
globalization have both upsides and downsides.
Here are some of the positive aspects of media
and technology globalization:
The Benefits and Drawbacks of Media
and Technological Globalization

The internet and other digital technologies have

broadened people's access to abundant
information and knowledge, enhancing education
accessibility, and making it easier to stay informed
about current affairs and significant topics.
The Benefits and Drawbacks of Media
and Technological Globalization

Improved communication across vast

geographical areas has made it simpler to
connect with loved ones and has facilitated the
exchange of ideas and information across cultures
and borders.
The Benefits and Drawbacks of Media
and Technological Globalization

Brought people from different parts of the world closer

together.

Individuals in remote and underserved areas can now easily

access healthcare services, allowing them to obtain medical
consultations and treatment without the need to travel long
distances.
Although media and technological globalization
have brought about numerous benefits, they
have also presented various drawbacks and
challenges. Some of the most notable downsides
are:
 The ease and speed of sharing information through
digital media have led to the propagation of false and
misleading information, which can have grave
consequences on public health, politics, and the
economy.
 • The rise of automation and digital
technologies has resulted in job losses in
industries that rely on manual labor and
repetitive tasks, contributing to growing
income inequality.
• Concerns about privacy and security due to
the rapid development of digital technologies,
as personal information is increasingly
collected, stored, and shared by various
organizations.
 The increased use of digital technologies
has resulted in a decrease in face- to-face
communication, which can have adverse
effects on social skills and relationships.