Math 180 Contentsheets

Keywords: fundamental theorem of calculus, integrals, area under a curve, evaluation

theorem

1 Module 7 Content Sheet Part 2

5.3 Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

5.4 Working with Integrals

5.3 Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (FTC)

Area Function: Let f (t) be a continuous function, for t ≥ a. The area function for
Z x
f is A(x) = f (t) dt, where x ≥ a.
a

Z x
Question 1 Define A(x) = f (t)dt for x in [0, 4].
0
2 (a) Use the graph of y = f (x) to the left
1
to evaluate:
A(0) =
−2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6 A(1) =
−1 A(2) =
−2
A(4) =
(b) Find all intervals on which A is in-
−3 creasing.

i Watch the Panopto Video on Area Functions and the Fundamental The-
orem of Calculus

Fundamental Theorem of Calculus Part I

d x
Z 
0
If f is continuous on [a, b], and if x is in (a, b) then A (x) = f (t)dt = f (x).
dx a
Note that this property means that A is an antiderivative of f .

Question 1 continued: (c) Use the FTC to evaluate:

A0 (1) = A0 (2) = A0 (3) =

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Math 180 Contentsheets

R0 R1
Check your answers: Q1 A(0) = 0 f (x)dx = 0, A(1) = 0 f (x)dx = −1, A(2) =
R2 R4
0
f (x)dx = −2, and A(4) = 0
f (x)dx = −2 + π/2
(c) A0 (1) = −2 A0 (2) = 0 A0 (3) = 1

i Watch the Panopto Video on the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

Question 2 Evaluate the following derivatives:

Z x Z u Z π
d sin t  d sin t  d sin t 
(a) dt (b) dt (c) dt
dx π t du π t dz z t

Z x2
d sin t 
(d) dt
dx 1 t

Evaluation Theorem or FTC Part II:

Let f be continuous on [a, b] and F be any antiderivative of f then

Z b
f (x)dx = F (b) − F (a).
a

i Watch the Panopto Video on the Evaluation Theorem

Question 3 Find the area under one arc of y = sin x

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 Math 180 Contentsheets

Check your  Ranswers: R 

d x sin t dt sin x d u sin t dt
Q2 (a) dx π t = x , (b) du π t = sinu u
R  R 2  2)
π sin t dt x sin t dt
d
(c) dz z t
= − sinz z , (d) dx
d
1 t
= 2x sin(x
(x2 )
Rπ
Q3 0 sin x dx = cos(π) − cos(0) = 1 − (−1) = 2.

Question 4 Evaluate the following integrals and check your answers with the solutions in
the footnote 1 below.

Z 1 √
Z 2
3
(a) x + 1dx (d) dx
0 1 x

Z 1 Z ln 8
2dx
(b) (e) ex dx
0 x2 + 1 0

Z π Z −1
4
(c) 2
sec x dx (f ) x−3 dx
0 −2

1
(a) 35 , (b) π/2, (c) 1, (d) 3 ln(2) = ln(8), (e) 7, (f) − 38

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Math 180 Contentsheets

Z x
Question 5 Let g(x) = sin θ dθ. Answer the following, and check your answers in the
0
2
footnote below.

(a) On the interval [0, 2π], sketch the function y = sin θ

(b) When does g(x) reach its maximum value? Describe why in terms of area and
integrals. What is this value?

(c) What is g 0 (x)? g 0 ( π2 )?

d 3 
(d) What is g(x ) ?
dx

Z x3
d 
(e) What is sin θ dθ ?
dx 0

θ
−2π − 3 π−π − π2 π π 3 2π
2 2 2π

−1 f (t) = sin θ
2
(a) (b) max at x = π, (c) sin x, sin(π/2) = 1, (d) & (e) same answer: 3x2 sin(x3 )

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 Math 180 Contentsheets

Z b
Question 6 True or False? F 0 (x)dx = F (b) − F (a). Check below 3 . This is called the
a
Net Change Theorem.
Z 20
Question 7 Let C(x) be the cost to produce x chairs. If C(10) = 250, and C 0 (x)dx =
10
4
25, evaluate C(20). Check below

5.4 Working with integrals

How do you find average values of functions?
Example 1 On January 8, 2020, the temperatures (in o F) were as given. Find the average
temperature.
t (hours) 3 4 5 6
⇒ average temperature = (55 + 43 + 38 + 32)/4 = 42o F
T(temp) 55 43 38 32
In other words the average temperature if we have n measurements is (add up sample
X 1
temperatures)/n, or f (xi ) · ⇒ this looks very similar to how we used Riemann sums
n
in defining definite integrals. Note that ∆x = b−a
n
. t
Z b X b−a
f (x) dx = lim f (xi ) ·
a n→∞ n Rb
The only difference between the Temperature Riemann Sum and a f (x) dx is the b − a.
And thus:

The Average Value of a continuous function f (x) on the interval [a, b] =

Z b
1
f (x)dx.
b−a a

2
Question 8 Can you show that the average value of y = sin x on [0, π] is ?.
π

3
True
4
R 20 0
10
C (x)dx = C(20) − C(10) Thus 25 = C(20) − 250 and C(20) = 275.

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Math 180 Contentsheets

Question 9 Find the average value of y = sin x on [−π, π].

Did you get 0 for the last question? This is true because sin x has symmetry, it is an odd
function.

i Watch the Panopto Video on Using Symmetry in definite integrals

Z a Z a
Question 10 Suppose f (x)dx = M , evaluate f (x)dx. Check your answers below 5 .
0 −a

(a) f is an odd function (b) f is an even function

Question 11 Evaluate the following integrals and check your answers below 6 .

Z 5 Z π
(a) |x|dx (b) sin3 x cos2 xdx
−5 −π

5
Q10 (a) 0, (b) 2M
6
R5 R5 5
Q11 (a) Absolute value is even ⇒ −5 |x|dx = 2 0 xdx = [x2 ]0 = 25

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 Math 180 Contentsheets

The Mean Value Theorem for Integrals:

If f is continuous on the interval [a, b], then there is a c in (a, b) with:

f (c) = average value of f on [a, b].

Question 12 Let’s illustrate the MVT for Integrals graphically with the example of f (x) =
sin x on [0, π]. Explain why this makes sense that there is a c with f (c)=average value= π2 .
Hint: Shade the enclosed area between y = f (x) and y = π2 , now look at the shaded area above
the average value, and the shaded area below the average value. Do these areas balance?

1
2
y= π

f (x) = sin x
x
π π
2

−1

i Watch the Panopto Video on Illustrating the Mean Value Theorem