ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING F

BASIC ELECTRICAL Res =Re +R, RcRA

+*A
Star
FORQUICK REVISIO
to Delta Conyersion-
Magnetic Flux density or
Magneticurgoa reu7 zh qreta vea Parallci Resona
N hT HaT (Coulomb's law)-
R Exponentially rising TT I FEm) Inducu
Parallel resonance ireq
BACOS B-
T constant=R.=R Exponentially decreasing tT d 0Jat
Absolute Permeability-
AJ HT Aramagnetie) (Ferromag
Electrie Field Intensity- Duaty Detween Series and Parallel eircuíe Inductive
constant_
cireult z TETr Time
e
CCh CCC Dynanic impeua
2l3 VV2V3
RSccOnd CAnC+C. +Cac C+C. +C.| Relative Permeability-
Electric Flux Density-
CAPACITOR CA C+Ch+Cc
u.-B ,- o
Inductive susceptance-

DC/m Dae,E VEV+V2+ I=itl2+3 .Q«V c Sy.5,.A Capacitive susceptance-B

Req RI+R2+R3. 1 Q= CV d
Charging and Discharging of
Leakage factor- 1 Fot1 1
Electric Potentiad - R
MY R R R G RR ofcapacitor withrespecttocncreuit
Concept ofshort clreuitand open circult [Link])-[Vc(o)-Ve(0]e-"2
c=V{ Useful
=O11tluxTotal
flux 9Usefi -actor ol s parallel c

c C
V -xVT C
RCISecond gfNe (Reluctance)
1441
factor VCR
Potential Gradient oy laha i V)=Jidt+Vo) ET (Tineconstant S- AT/Weber or H|
INDUCTOR with initial condition Charging and Discharging or LapaCor
LHo4,a**

dr att0 as a voltage sourcel Reluctivity or specific reluctance tauiz u t urea

Coefiicient of Self-inductance Charging Discharging
E att oo Open circut |Reluctivity == 180.C12% Mn*294Ni aRu
ir No V_NHot,aw Without initial condition
7didt S at t 0 short circuit L=loe
e e t (Permeance TA60%%Cu+406N 37E
Ee,Fm length of magnetic circuit
att=oo open circuit Nc= Vo(1-e* =Ve |Permeance(a) =
SE4 Ni+20-30% g za, t (Unity)
Energy stored in capacitoor
Eo8.854x104F/mn cross section area Reluctance(S)
t
a
of core Qol-e-URC 9 0 - R C
42 LC
ti KAg ta 7 5U Relative
TRH=4r x107 permeability
Henry/meter W=Cv =<Qv= DHT+4% AlH0.6 Mn H
+0.6 N
S time constant chl 4 ET mmf webers
C=Eo A_ capacitance of
a t t gEeT I time constantT 639%6 S HoH,a A.C. Fundamental -7 LK
E airerent diclectric T Form factor Peak-factor
L-TL-Ho,N t (Lenz's Law) magnifies
gpia arefer TSET1 time constant H T
eNdo
FRH AU 5 k
HTEH aet a K Three PhaseS
Coeflicient of Mutual Inductance ERS Star Connection
a Drift velocity|V=E C= Ampere law-
MN HNN S time constant 44 I
NI
Hds=1, H=A/M
wave LForm Pa ig+iy +ig0
factor factor
a Drift currenti=neAV i diy/dt 2
HA TuTcs (Coupling factor)- Important Point 27TT
agnetic Field Strength
maxnax
1 1414 = vVT
wave =

Dielectric Constant H-
a Current Density j e TTT TA }rs r L lofa long solenoid-
neVa =

neyE max nax

halfwave RectiierT 2
Curent density oc applied electric field
Glass P3cosTP
JOcE ST-E LL 2 Mica
Germanum
4-8

T6
Fll wave Rectifier L1 1414S AA (Delta C
where o conductivity of material ITE(Inductor voltage) Cd2 water 80.4
MME. Tu=

ne Capactance of cylindrical
Air(1atm) 00059
3.6
M.M.F(Tr zå) e.m.f(aie) Ovea 155 17321 -1,P=
Resistivity ofmaterial p- - |0Vdt +i(0" Capacito otmrene Re(S)= a ndY (R) =® Kectangular waveImax Imax 1
ne C Porcelain Inductive reactance-
1)Inductor with initial condition-_ FTH -F(B)=Wb/m T T0)=-A/m
2
AL L = 2TtL 2
Rubber
Important Table
Metal
| att as a currentsource
Cells & Battery MM.E S 7T TY= IR " Capacitive reactance-

Melting point ( in°C) att 0o short circuit C E tt

1084 2.303log Primary Cels Secondary Cells Kc C 2fC P 250V 5)
HIRTHH 59650
(nductor withoutinitialcondition- a Ype oltageype Voltage H (650V 6)
419.5 at t0 open circuit Capacitance of Parallel Conductor- -4TUgS 200 V Impedance Z=R+x*) a 3 7 (33 KV T5)
658.6
att= o short circuit Reluct TÒY ROT (Resistivity) G
Power actor (cos))=;
231.8 Energy Stored In Inductor TR TTE TTT e 1.86 V
327.4 - (d-x)-
Keluctivity T
(33 KVT
-d- 1-Lead Acid Battery- tTaT Susceptance B= Voltage Regulation
1850
IIGESI6H 2622 - Niclkel -1ron Battery-
XIGKU (Resistance) 3 (Q) Inductive susceptance- B= R ky100
5390 2.303log y-K 20 Ttk eIUErl (Resistivity) 3H-HT.(Q-m)
1538
1490 Ampere-hour Efficiency InT (Conductivity) L(U) Capacitive susceptance Be IR cost X
1452 x100 = Discharging time R
Cable Insulation Resistance
2.303logo
d Watt-hour Efficieneye"gting time yic
atrEsi (Voltage)
C
Admittance-Y G+ TTari are
R=log2=
27t
logio2 Series Resonating Cireuit
Series Resonating irequeney
= S.5mKVA
27T Va (CuTent)
V161 150
lemperature Coefricient of Resistance % x100= nAn TTE (Electric Powe)t
RRo+t) T at (Electric Energy) ) Rarameters
Delta to star Conversíon kigar (Permitivity) T Half power point-
+h +2M
adding nature
4+2M
opposing natu
2.3031og1o HE TRTE TTe str raT72-80% t 8 AI(ElctricIntcnsity)NCTVm Pa Half powerfrequency TTSIT L=
Y:mena-

Capacitance of variable capacitor- 30%

C/m
Parallel conneetion ofinductor- Circuit impedance at half power point-

R CA Magnetism
c r (Capacitance)
UR IAEAI5 (time constant) V
S Z-2R
Qaaity tactor for series resonant cire
L.
internal =intcna
L+L-2M| () Series combination -Factor 27 x SIOC eucsy H
ARAB* BC CA CpacitorsCoulomb's law of magneticforce I r (pemeabilüiy)| oniter
Adding Natu TCCC Ey dissipatea per cyee
AB a-M
gRA+ Rgc+cA "eyL+, +2M
trcung Nature
Paralei combination of cupacitor
.S+C+Ct...C"apacitors-
F- n.
NVDT A/m 3TT
Substracting Naure Delta to Star
"AB tKgc +Rcs
Conversiop- 47T
Blot-saVArt law-
Star t0 delta conversion g nd HNEQE. (m.m.t)
discharging of inductor, e (Reluctance) AOI e 5of the
Band width in the terms
cireut T IG 5T
R- Ho 1Alsin 6 parameter Te
=i)-i()-i0]e]..() W/AT Y 3aga * Band width- a
Reluctivity HtEvt
'L-)4-Lo' Aamiance IH
L 4x10" log
Charging and Dischargingof Inductor | Cau+Cc +ACa
harging Discharging C-5IT ATT ,8usceptanco
Capacitivo&inductive Capacitance of trar
Ra R+Ra +k C CAB +Cac +A LVHoEo = 3x 10' m/s
Retentivity ca /m
KO=16(1-e LO)=Lo0 Relationship Between Selectivy
Rac =R, +Re + c
M=Voe
at71 Cc Cpc +CcA +
=
M.M=NL
HM.M.=H m ,MITIT
And Bandwidth-
Line-to-line
Can27te capaci-
MVoe
CAD m47T dj YVHIZRH
Selectivity-B
 2020-21 Fi 020-2 H

GFORMULA CHART SC UupncLUNEVONU

u J

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oloRTfOT
At 1 e n if "
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Segn. J
UPPCLJE

SION Vol.
FORMULAE BOOK

Parallel Rcsonating eircuit- Line-to-ground capacltance |"Visual critical disruptlve Voltage Selection ofclrcuit Breaker- Errors
Parallel resonance irequency pont Types of clrcuit breakers
C-2 C2C Voltage Range 1 17-Ta5 7=
Type
Arc
Quenching and breaking(4Tt ATA), - ( t T H), = ]Em
cOsP Phaser-charging curront-|laJC4m 8, [Link] 08-Im
r [Link] ieclor medium capacity
Absolute error (6,)-
Dynamic impedance|2,CR Pertormance ot Transmission lines UTE n dn kant ai FPT k O. Miniature Air at 400-600V for
8 A-A 0 AA
Voltage regnlation and pwertransfe
circuit atmospheric small curent
Inductive susceptance R+X Sending Cnd eliciencyof short transmission line breakers pressure rating up tol00 AMeasured
A True value
value <0A
Voltage SWtchsear &Protection miting or Relative Limiting Errors
Air-break Air at 400V-11KV
v c o s +1R) +(, sing, +/* TIE FETHT St gru d d zstabilitys
Capacitive suseeptnnce
Capacidve suseeptance-B=
c R+X Sending end
Q-factor of a parallel cireuit
phase Angie Roughncss
Faultcurrent(l)
Faulicucnt(G)-
breaker| pressure
Circuit atmospheric 5-750 MVA

Transformer 3.3 KV-220 KV

. A
taning, +LX] 7Slog log
=rgm, factor stabiliye
DIy loop Impedance(z |minimum
Impcdance(Z,) of faulty loop reuit oil Cireut 13025000MVA
-Jactor =
I CR R RYC V,cos,+R my = (0.72 0.75) ET HTriy
=(0.823T0.85) RT 5 stability reliability e
Dreakers
Sending end power factor
-

2ult current
Vacuum
Circuit
Vacum
3.3 KV.33 K
250-2000 MVA| Measurement of power by Three

Corona Fower losS- OLFI-g]<IL-L)<l{2L--)<I(3L0)< 1GL breakers wattmeter method-

Pe=24x10x v,-v,3||.1, =OTICIrCuitkVA_ Sgcircuit
breakers
SF,at
5 kg/cm
33-765 kV;
1000-50,U00 m VA
PtW2+Ws
Measurement of power by fwo
RatedKV
6VR=R cos Y singa 100 Mechanical Design of lines Switches &Isolators
fa Fe (50-250V) aT f ufRyi
pressure
T4TaAr-blast| Compressed 66KV-1100 KV,
wattmeter metnou
T TUT6 (Safety factor) ITW2FVSVIL coso
HISI IGEIeTIR (R LCR
Power factor breaker Dgn 00-60,000MVA
I g n LALgmg
(Unity) Ieni (250-650v) F -Rqz
i
TET eT (Unity) S i g n Leading Power factor
Condition of zero regulation-
t R T Å STAAT
pressure

(20-30kglcm
W-w)5Vh sino/
2RVLC 2LC 1 R T (Sag) Neutral Earthing an - 5
60V 5 TET - t a l t T t : S o l i d Earthing **2L
HTS= WL
-H,L- HA,
f TE TYyaYRIa uRTUZ Condition of maximum regulation- T-TA) -T |2.2 KV 5 33 KV f
Q XL/R LR
Name of Using Used T T A¥ STITr Charging aSource power capacity> 50 kVA tan v3
Insulator Voltage 1 Curent l broak 4 TT EEI
Three Phase Systen Transmission EMcieney Pin type Insulator (11-33) Interrmediate
KVstraight runs
pole on TCT T Trr fea75 TT AG
Resistance 33Earthinng
2.2 KV KV
meter constant
N * Energ N=K Energy
Star Connection ITIT n = R i g CoSPa x 100Suspension type(33-800 enerally used with fa TI
rower
capacity> 5000 kVA K N No. of revolution
Lnsulator
I1TE F W 7RTT T make T Break Ce
VIgos s
I33-8001 At dead ends of line Reactance Energy KWh
Characteristics Inpedance- Siain Insulator K Or cormer or
î a3s
=,=R+JoL
VG+JoC Shackle Insulator
elow Low
650 V distribution lines
Straight line PT IKV ¥ T 5 aeT RY7
4E RUEE TII STT , 9TT Measuren
esurement of Resistance
3
(10-0 1MO) (o.1MO )
P , cosjTP=J,coso Surgeimpedance) (ZZ Post Insulator
RIX>3
E TT (Delta Connection) VG+
R+JoL
JoC
saT 5I
R=0 TTG=0,
satoy olage Stay wire Fuse A r C suPpression coil or peterson

tt,=0 = 250 V Providing spacing Fusing factor coil earthingg

Reel Insulator KVb/w conductors of
31,P=V,J, cos far , 1. LAnes T ) neutral 3TT AEUE.
5 3ATqT HT44 rarerT-
TD Surge Impedance Loading- Nome of Poles Span Using Voifage Fuse Current- (1) =
a Vibrating-reed frequency meter
Anale 60 m Ka
Rewirable fuse 500 A 5 f er T Uypes of Protection Electrodynamie frequency meter
T T 1.6 MVA A5T I cn 4 i U n i t Syste
(a) A-Tvoe wond nole 80m up ooY to Nan-unit Syaterm a moving-iron frequency meter
Vc2 anc-h FT (kit-kat 1use) tial relay protection QOvar cuTent protectian
p e wood Pole 50 mup 0 13 fz-z T5T
ITA (250V a5) 6 650 ae T
500 K e
Restricied carthfaalt
a y poeeuon (kEF)
aDislanceprutection
HEHIEST (650V a) E6% tAIT TÍ EEIT (n%)= xE,
X100 (a) Tubular steel pole 100 m
p to
llK High rupturing capacity type cartriage Bus bar prote
I 33 KV T5)t6%-t 9% (b) Solid stel pole
Where; E =Total phase voltage ) Single solid stecl pole to 33 KV fuse o Carmr Curent pross
0 up F7HTr HET 66KV T 500 MVA Over Current Protectuon
t 12% E= Vo 0 conduclor (M DoubleSolidsteel pole 66 KV
N=Number ofD
33 KV 5 Latico sielpole 150m upto11 KV Cartridge
Voltage Regulation- Cemenl-concrele pole fuse PSM=
ravellingWaves ) PCC 100 m up to 11 KV TT STA Tgfi Ater 5t Weston

R=x100 79RU RT TT (P)= d1RCC Tower

1 0 0 m u p to11KV 33K K E I Breaking Current 8700A
PSM=-
Reflection co-ef+icicntRelcted Voltage () Narow base tower (200-500)m Above 65 k A.G. Bridges
R cos singa. \x 100
of voltage incident voltage
6) Broad base tower 300-1000 m| Above o0
Breaking capacity TT 165 MVA e=i ZNT
=
B General Equation for Bridge Balance
Distance In Km Distance protection 22,2KY=y+e,=, +
Reflection co-elficien)=Rellccted curent (15-30))Km Distance Protection TUTT TT tT T YA-

-s.s A-ssKmKw
of currnt
Pincident current (30-60)Km
60-100) Km
33 KV
66 KV FHCI IMI Curren1 rating 33KV 6 ICiRelay
(100-200) Km 50A * 6.6 KV 747 11KV5 Y 200A rolay Phase faul in S.T.L) directional relay 8, 0
Y161150 V161 100 32 K V

Parameters of Lines TT-|PP (300-400)

Km FTT T (Liquld fuse). Reiay
RLC

Transmission-coeficient Mrefractioncoefficicnt Underground Cables earth fault ecuonal reay

:L=2=9intena Ttu 2Z (I-qT uRYI ) Cable Voltage Limit
reluy) Transducers-

Z+2 =0 (R-T)LT upto 1 KV

132 KV 75 HUnEN T I00 A T
y Propertices
upto (1-11)KV Instantaneous relayopermung ame les than I00
FEl 5reaking current 6l00 A n Inverze npe rlay Operatingtime t n a àE R
S.T. upto (11-33) KV
mportant Point E.H.T upto (33-66) KV F01 Breaking capacly 465M VA BId EDitlaite tine relay
CirCult
Operatng tima docs not depenm on
taalt curent
k0n ta
Resistive, inductive,
132KV or above 132KV Breakerac DTADMNTL relay| laverse datinte minimum ama ig Capcive, l'hoto cooductive Dunt
Breaking capacity vs XKaleu vollagC Measurement &measuring instruments Piezoresishve tanschucers and E s c
Cables and Operating Voltage-
P=1TTT=2||P in KVXRaled current in KA.
Voltage Limit 1yneot yp 0 Scae Value under Controlin Damping
Cables Making cuTent y2 x1.8xsymnetrical uru meESuremont
TEr=0.7788 ,=0P1 P General cables Below 1IKV bres euront TCmnaneat
AYerago Spring ddy

Belted cables Uplo(IKV2KV) Makg Capaoity=2 x1.8x symnetrical colil (MIC

Screened cables Upto (22KV-66KVJbreaKng capacity oving AN r e r u n Lncar Rms
A
2.59 Xsymmetrical breuking
TCS brA L'= 2L t=1 P,0 T=0 Pressure cables Above 66KV capucyMI) Ameter and voltnieter Cuent and volng
RLVUS. nction
Oil pressure cables Upto (132K V-220 9 s =A Clectrodyinamon A
'4x10 log Corona cter (DSD D.G Non Lineur power-LinearRms Power-dvemgo neon
pacitance of transmission ine- Critical disruptive Voltage -
Gas pressure cubles Above 220KV Ressnee Switeblng laductlon ty my A.C. Vand 1- Square Enenay Vand 1-Rms Enengy Aldy
inear AVGugd Cunt
=.
Per Unlt System f 2G there is no urunsient oscillation Thermocouple orAC. md NOn-Liacar Irue Rms
F/m
&[Link] 27327 +]| Per Unil Vuuo
base valeo of lhe s Blectrostallc
D.C
AC. und u a r or non, Luncan
Spring
e-to-line capacitance Ap .C Deflethion Ayerage
Re critical resistunce Rectiler LIncar Sprung ddy
Value and Calbrañon
2kV/cm (T.m.5.) , 2,*(KY Rnis value