Journal of English Language Teaching and Literature (JELTL) P-ISSN 2623-0062
Volume 1 No. 1, Agustus 2018 E-ISSN 2622-9056
Universitas Banten Jaya
SOURCE LANGUAGE VERSUS TARGET LANGUAGE
TRANSLATION PROCEDURES
AKHMAD BAIHAQI
STKIP Syekh Manshur
Pandeglang, Indonesia
E-mail: [Link]@[Link]
Abstract
The objective of the research was to gain deep understanding of the translation procedures that occurred at the
students’ translation texts from English to Indonesian language in English Study Program of Teachers Training
and Education College of Syekh Manshur in 2017. This research was conducted through qualitative content
analysis. Data of the research were taken from the documentation of students’ translation text; then, they were
analyzed through the model of inductive category development. The result of the research showed that from
total of 18 translation texts that had been analyzed, it was found there were 9 texts or 49.99 % applied source
language emphasized procedures, and 3 texts or 16.66 % applied target language emphasized procedures. The
research concludes that the existence of translation procedures in the translation process depends on either a
problem in translating or the intention of naturalness.
Keywords: source language emphasized translation procedures, target language emphasized translation
procedures
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Journal of English Language Teaching and Literature (JELTL) P-ISSN 2623-0062
Volume 1 No. 1, Agustus 2018 E-ISSN 2622-9056
Universitas Banten Jaya
INTRODUCTION problem in translating is quite hard to
The study of translation does not be solved.
only involve giving the equivalent The common problems that are
meaning in the target language, rather faced by the translator in translating
it involves considering the values of the texts are usually come from the
the target language (TL) and the version of source language which can
source language (SL) whether they are not be understood, or hard to be
belonging to linguistic values, translated (Newmark, 1988: 33). It
situational, or even cultural ones. As means, therefore, the correct
previously argued that translation does translation does not only lay on the
not merely comprise the understanding matter how the translator can transfer
of both languages linguistically, but the meaning from source to target
also relate to the understanding of language, but also on how he can
situation and culture that attach of create his translation text in the way of
both languages (Baihaqi, 2017: 8). naturalness.
Therefore, in conducting one When these situations occur,
translation study, the translators may obviously, the translator skills in
face whether linguistic, stylistic or solving the problem or in creating the
even cultural problems when he tries aspect of naturalness in translation are
to transfer meaning from the source definitely urged. Of course, the ways
language to target language. that the writer means here are intended
Moreover, translation is a matter to the translators’ skills in analyzing
of skill, in line with its regard as and applying the possibilities of
science and art (Ordudari, 2009: 1). In translation procedures since they take
this case, the translators need to the vital roles in translation study.
practice their skills of translation that In contrast to the translation
can be analyzed with a range of methods, translation procedures are
possibilities of methods, procedures, used for sentences and its smaller
and even difficulties. Since the skill in units, such clauses, phrases, words,
translating can not be managed fully and morphemes (Baihaqi, 2017: 38).
by the translators, it seems that the This means that the basic steps in
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Journal of English Language Teaching and Literature (JELTL) P-ISSN 2623-0062
Volume 1 No. 1, Agustus 2018 E-ISSN 2622-9056
Universitas Banten Jaya
analyzing and solving the problems in of the message. Modulation itself
translation that deal with the smaller refers to the variation of the form of
units of language are through the message, and equivalence renders to
application of translation procedures. the text in different stylistic and
Since procedures deal with its smaller structural methods. Adaptation, the
units of language, each theorist tries to last, tries to result translation text in
propose these that may vary each different situation and commonly used
other. in literary texts.
The first theory states that In contrary to Vinay and
translation procedures can be Derbelnet, Newmark proposed the
classified into direct and oblique further procedures that are classified
translation (Vinay and Derbelnet in into transference or loan word,
Venuti, 2004: 128). Direct translation naturalization, cultural equivalent,
or transposing element of source functional equivalent, descriptive
language into target language includes equivalent, synonymy, through-
borrowing, calque, and literal translation, shifts or transposition,
translation; on the other hand, oblique modulation, recognized translation,
translation or corresponding element translation label, compensation,
includes transposition, modulation, componential analysis, reduction and
equivalence, and adaptation (Vinay expansion, paraphrase, couplets, notes,
and Derbelnet in Venuti, 2004: 129- additions, and glosses (Newmark,
134). The term of borrowing refers to 1988: 81-91). Naturalization refers to
the way of words or phrases of source transference and adapts the source
language that are directly used in language word first to the normal
target language. Then, calque is a pronunciation, then to the normal
special kind of borrowing when a morphology. Cultural equivalent, then,
language borrows an expression form refers to translation where a source
of another. Literal refers to word for language cultural word is translated by
word translation. Next, transposition a target language cultural word.
involves replacing one word class with Functional equivalent applied to
another without changing the meaning cultural words, and sometimes with a
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Journal of English Language Teaching and Literature (JELTL) P-ISSN 2623-0062
Volume 1 No. 1, Agustus 2018 E-ISSN 2622-9056
Universitas Banten Jaya
new specific term. Next, synonymy is characteristic and purpose. Thus, it is
used for a source language word weird to such assumption that refer to
where there is no clear one-to-one what is the best translation procedures.
equivalent. Recognized translation and Considering these, the previous
translation label are usually used for a research delivered that the translator
new institutional term, while might use a variety of procedures that
compensation occurs when loss of differed in importance according to the
meaning in one part of a sentence is contextual factors of both source and
compensated in another part. target texts (Zakhir, 2008: 1). Another
Additionally, componential analysis is research also proved that the
the splitting up of a lexical unit into its application of psycholinguistics
sense components. enabled the translators to determine
From several theories proposed structural and semantic characteristics
above, basically, translation of the original and target texts
procedures can be classified into two (Zasyekin, 2009: 5). Therefore,
major categorizations. There are translation strategy includes its
source language emphasized methods and procedures should not be
procedures and target language regarded per se but should be
emphasized procedures (Baihaqi, contextualized as social systems that
2017: 44). This dichotomy is actually were loaded not only linguistic and
based on the work of Vinay and cultural, but also social and politic
Derbelnet of direct and oblique (Tianmin, 2009: 1). Finally, due to the
translation. Therefore, the source investigation for translation
language emphasized procedures here procedures are placed on the vital
include borrowing, calque, literal, and position in solving the problem in
also naturalization. On the other hand, translation, the writer assumes that
the other procedures emphasize to the such discussion in the translation study
target language. is absolutely emerged. Of course, this
According to the above discussion is absolutely required since
explanation, it can be stated that each the research itself is intended for
translation procedure has its understanding and enhancing
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Journal of English Language Teaching and Literature (JELTL) P-ISSN 2623-0062
Volume 1 No. 1, Agustus 2018 E-ISSN 2622-9056
Universitas Banten Jaya
translation study in educational area, categories to gain a clear cut
especially in empowering the process understanding towards the translation
of teaching and learning translation procedures that were used by the
study in university level. students in their translation texts.
METHOD RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Qualitative content analysis is The result of translation
used in this research. As a method in procedures analysis can be observed as
qualitative approach, as recenlty the following explanations.
overviewed, content analysis provides The first finding shows the use of
new insight, increases a researcher’s translation procedure of calque. This
understanding of particular procedure is used for translating SL
phenomena, or inform practical phrase bed time into TL version waktu
actions (Krippendorff, 2004: 18). In tidur. Calque, as previously viewed,
analyzing meaning and concepts, the tries to imitate structure or the way of
method emphasizes in four points, source language expression into target
such fitting the material into a model language. If the version is translated
of communication, rules of analysis, literally, the result would be referred
categories in the center of analysis, to out of context.
and criteria of validity and reliability The next procedure is transference
(Mayring, 2000: 3). The model here is or loan word. This procedure was
conducted through inductive category applied for translating the SL version
development that intended to gain the of Valentine. Since there was no
accurate conclusion from systematic equivalent meaning for the version in
and systemic category of analysis. the TL, as long as this version had
Data of the research, furthermore, been familiarly accepted to the target
are taken from the documentation of language readers; as a result, the
students’ translation texts which version is directly borrowed into target
consisted of 18 texts. The texts are language version phonologically and
analyzed systematically through step morphologically, i.e., Valentine.
by step formulation of inductive The third procedure is basically
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Journal of English Language Teaching and Literature (JELTL) P-ISSN 2623-0062
Volume 1 No. 1, Agustus 2018 E-ISSN 2622-9056
Universitas Banten Jaya
quite different to the previous one, SL version orang utan. Since the
which is adaptation. The adaptation is version had been already availed in
found in interjection form of Shh to TL, as a result, the version was
Sst. This adaptation is intended to directly borrowed into target language
convert SL version into appropriate version in phonologically and
situation of expression of TL. morphologically.
The forth procedure is The procedure in the next text is
transference. This procedure is applied naturalization. This procedure tries to
for translating SL version microphone adapt the source language version in
and speaker. These versions are the normal pronunciation into normal
directly transferred into TL. Although morphology of the target language
Indonesian Language have the version. The naturalization here is for
equivalent meaning for those versions, SL word remote into normal
i.e. pengeras suara for microphone pronunciation and morphology of TL
and pelantam for speaker, the versions remot.
are directly transferred into target The next procedure is of calque.
language words. These versions This procedure used to translate SL
occurred since the TL readers already phrase the Day of the Dead into TL
recognized the meaning of both SL version Hari Orang Mati. As already
versions. viewed, calque tries to imitate the
The next procedure is adaptation. structure or the way of source
The adaptation here used to convert language expression into target
the name of Nasreddin into language one. If the version was
Nasruddin. This procedure tries to translated word for word, of course the
convert the culture of source language result would be referred to such of
version in appropriate way and embarrassment and out of context.
expression in culture of target The next translation procedure is
language one. naturalization. Naturalization is for SL
The further procedure is version electromagnetic into TL
transference or loan word. This normal pronunciation and morphology
procedure is applied for translating the i.e., elektromagnetik.
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Journal of English Language Teaching and Literature (JELTL) P-ISSN 2623-0062
Volume 1 No. 1, Agustus 2018 E-ISSN 2622-9056
Universitas Banten Jaya
The next is expansion. Expansion version directly borrowed into TL
found in SL clause „the use of glove version i.e., Down syndrome.
was not introduced until 1860 when The result above can be
the Marquis of Queensberry drew up summarized as the following table of
the first set of rules‟. This translated cumulative frequency and percentage
into „pertandingan tinju pada masa of translation procedures.
tersebut tidak diperkenankan untuk Table Cumulative Frequency and
Percentage of Translation Procedures
menggunakan sarung tangan sampai
pada tahun 1860, dan sampai
akhirnya bangsawan Queensberry
pertama kali membuat aturan‟. The
expansion here occurred when the
translator tries to distort the nuances of
meaning which does not exist in SL
Based on the result above, it can
version. As a result, the translation
be viewed that students commonly
version seemed to be out of the
apply source language emphasized
context and resulted a new version
procedures rather than target language
rather than the equivalent one.
procedures. These results, of course,
Then, the next translation
do not merely show students tendency
procedure is transference or loan
in using source language emphasized
word. This procedure is applied for
procedures, but also possibly they are
translating the SL version such of
influenced by other factors.
Rampak Bedug, Ngadu Bedug, and
Source language emphasized
Debus. Since the versions had been
procedures put only any attention to
already availed in target language, as a
the linguistic aspects (lexical,
result, the versions were directly
semantic, grammatical, and stylistic),
borrowed into target language version
however, the target language
phonologically and morphologically.
emphasized procedures attend to not
The last procedure is transference.
only to the linguistic but also to the
The transference here used for SL
extra-linguistic aspects (situation,
version of Down syndrome. This
readers background, culture, etc). In
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Journal of English Language Teaching and Literature (JELTL) P-ISSN 2623-0062
Volume 1 No. 1, Agustus 2018 E-ISSN 2622-9056
Universitas Banten Jaya
the other words, if source language mistranslation. If this situation
emphasized procedures investigate the occurred in the target language
equivalent meaning in one single emphasized procedures, this will
aspect (linguistic), the target language absolutely refer to the serious of
emphasized procedures will mistranslation.
investigate in both of linguistic and Since the students take roles as
extra-linguistic aspects. As a result, the beginners in translation study, the
the target language emphasized application of source language
procedures need more attention from emphasized procedures in their
the translators rather than the source translation tasks will be assumed as
language procedures. the common process considering their
The source language emphasized straightforward analysis and
procedures, moreover, focus the negotiating only to the meaning or
equivalence of translation only to the message. This proves that the efforts
meaning itself. Consequently, these for applying translation procedures are
procedures assume that the correct not only lay on the text and the context
translation will result from the given, but also arrive from the
equivalence on the meaning. On the translators’ tendencies. The research
other side, the target language also proves that the process of
emphasized procedures seek the translation is not only refer to the
equivalence to not only to the matter of how the translators can
meaning, but also to the style. These transfer the meaning from source to
procedures assume that the correct target language correctly, but also
translation will result from the reflected on how they produce
equivalence of both the meaning and translation texts naturally. Therefore,
style. further studies are necessary in order
Besides, the source language to reveal better understanding towards
emphasized procedures also assume these phenomena.
that the literal translation is the matter
of common process, even though this
does not mean the allowance for
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Journal of English Language Teaching and Literature (JELTL) P-ISSN 2623-0062
Volume 1 No. 1, Agustus 2018 E-ISSN 2622-9056
Universitas Banten Jaya
CONCLUSION REFERENCES
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resolved that the students commonly Kesepadanan dalam
apply the source language emphasized Penerjemahan. Pandeglang:
procedures on their translation texts Staisman Press, 2017.
due to its straightforward analysis and Krippendorff, Klaus. Content
focusing only to the meaning. It Analysis. California: Sage
proves that the efforts to apply the Publication, Inc., 2004.
translation procedures are not only Mayring, Philipp. “Qualitative
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Tianmin, Jiang. “Translation in
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Zakhir, Marouane. “Translation
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Journal of English Language Teaching and Literature (JELTL) P-ISSN 2623-0062
Volume 1 No. 1, Agustus 2018 E-ISSN 2622-9056
Universitas Banten Jaya
[Link]
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Zasyekin, Serhiy. “Translation as a
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