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Probability Concepts and Calculations Guide

The document is a tutorial on probability that includes various exercises related to calculating probabilities for different scenarios, such as rolling dice, drawing cards, and tossing coins. It also covers concepts like sample spaces, events, and complements, along with the use of Venn diagrams to illustrate probability equations. Additionally, it discusses a study on patient demographics in a hospital emergency room, focusing on gender and age statistics.

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2 views2 pages

Probability Concepts and Calculations Guide

The document is a tutorial on probability that includes various exercises related to calculating probabilities for different scenarios, such as rolling dice, drawing cards, and tossing coins. It also covers concepts like sample spaces, events, and complements, along with the use of Venn diagrams to illustrate probability equations. Additionally, it discusses a study on patient demographics in a hospital emergency room, focusing on gender and age statistics.

Uploaded by

10725019
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Introduction to Probability

Tutorial 2

1. (a) Consider the sample space given below with outcomes a, b, c, d and e.

Calculate P (b), P (A) and P (A′ ).

2. Two fair dice are thrown, one red and one blue. What is the probability that the red die
has a score that is strictly greater than the score of the blue die? Why is this probability
less than 0.5? What is the complement of this event?

3. If a card is chosen at random from a pack of cards, what is the probability that the card is
from one of the 2 black suits?

4. A fair coin is tossed 3 times. What is the probability that 2 heads will be obtained in
succession ?

5. Consider the sample space S = {0, 1, 2} and the event A = {0}. Explain why A ̸= ∅.

1
6. Consider the sample space and events given by the gure

Calculate the probabilities of the events:


(a) B (b) B ∩ C (c) A∪C (d) A∩B∩C
(e) A ∪ B ∪ C (f) A′ ∩ B (g) B′ ∪C (h) A ∪ (B ∩ C)
(i) (A ∪ B) ∩ C (j) (A′ ∪ C)′

7. Use Venn diagrams to illustrate the equations:

(a) A ∪ (B ∩ C) = (A ∪ B) ∩ (A ∪ C)
(b) A ∩ (B ∪ C) = (A ∩ B) ∪ (A ∩ C)
(c) (A ∩ B ∩ C)′ = A′ ∪ B ′ ∪ C ′

8. In a study of patients arriving at a hospital emergency room, the gender of the patients is
considered, together with whether the patients are younger or older than 30 years of age,
and whether or not the patients are admitted to the hospital. It is found that 45% of the
patients are male, 30% of the patients are younger than 30 years of age, 15% of the patients
are females older than 30 years of age who are admitted to the hospital and 21% of the
patients are females younger than 30 years of age. What proportion of the patients are
females older than 30 years of age who are not admitted to the hospital?

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