MODULE I – D.

C Networks (2-Mark Questions)

1. State Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)

Kirchhoff’s Current Law states that the algebraic sum of currents

entering a node (or junction) is equal to the algebraic sum of currents
leaving the node, i.e., the net current at any node is zero.

2. State Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)

Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law states that the algebraic sum of all voltages
around any closed loop in a circuit is equal to zero.

3. Define node voltage method.

Node voltage method is a network analysis technique where voltages at

each node relative to a reference node are determined by applying KCL at
each non-reference node.

4. What is mesh current method?

Mesh current method is a network analysis technique where loop

currents (mesh currents) are assumed in each mesh, and KVL is applied
to solve for these currents.

5. Define delta-star (Δ–Y) conversion.

Delta-star (Δ–Y) conversion is a transformation technique to convert a

delta-connected network of three resistors into an equivalent star-
connected network, useful for simplifying circuit analysis.

6. Define star-delta (Y–Δ) conversion.

 Star-delta (Y–Δ) conversion is a transformation technique to convert a
star-connected network of three resistors into an equivalent delta-
connected network.

7. State the superposition theorem.

The superposition theorem states that in a linear circuit with multiple

independent sources, the response (voltage or current) at any point is the
algebraic sum of the responses caused by each source acting alone, with
all other sources deactivated (voltage sources shorted, current sources
opened).

8. What is Thevenin’s theorem?

Thevenin’s theorem states that any linear bilateral network can be

replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of a single voltage source
(Thevenin voltage) in series with a single resistor (Thevenin resistance)
as seen from the load terminals.

9. What is Norton’s theorem?

Norton’s theorem states that any linear bilateral network can be replaced
by an equivalent circuit consisting of a single current source (Norton
current) in parallel with a single resistor (Norton resistance) as seen from
the load terminals.

[Link] the Maximum Power Transfer Theorem.

The Maximum Power Transfer Theorem states that maximum power is

transferred from a source to a load when the load resistance equals the
Thevenin (or Norton) resistance of the source network.

MODULE II – AC Circuits (2-Mark Questions)

[Link] average value of a sinusoidal waveform.

The average value of a sinusoidal waveform over one complete cycle is

the algebraic mean of the instantaneous values, which is 2Vmπ\
frac{2V_m}{\pi}π2Vm for a sine wave, where VmV_mVm is the
maximum value.

[Link] RMS (effective) value.

The RMS (root mean square) value is the square root of the mean of the
squares of the instantaneous values over one cycle, which is Vm2\
frac{V_m}{\sqrt{2}}2Vm for a sine wave, representing the effective DC
equivalent.

[Link] is a series RLC circuit?

A series RLC circuit is one where a resistor (R), inductor (L), and
capacitor (C) are connected in series, sharing the same current, with total
impedance Z=R+j(ωL−1ωC)Z = R + j(\omega L - \frac{1}{\omega
C})Z=R+j(ωL−ωC1).

[Link] series resonance.

Series resonance occurs in a series RLC circuit when the inductive

reactance equals the capacitive reactance (XL=XCX_L = X_CXL=XC),
resulting in maximum current and minimum impedance at the resonant
frequency fr=12πLCf_r = \frac{1}{2\pi \sqrt{LC}}fr=2πLC1.

[Link] parallel resonance.

 Parallel resonance occurs in a parallel RLC circuit when the inductive
and capacitive admittances are equal in magnitude but opposite in phase,
resulting in maximum impedance and minimum current at the resonant
frequency.

[Link] line voltage and phase voltage.

In a three-phase system, line voltage is the voltage between two lines,

and phase voltage is the voltage between a line and neutral.

[Link] between delta and star connection.

Star (Y) connection has three phases connected to a common neutral

point, with line voltage = √3 × phase voltage; Delta (Δ) connection has
phases connected in a loop without neutral, with line voltage = phase
voltage.

[Link] balanced three-phase circuit.

A balanced three-phase circuit has equal magnitudes of voltages/currents

in each phase, displaced by 120° in phase angle, resulting in constant
power delivery.

[Link] is power measured in three-phase circuits?

Power in three-phase circuits is measured using the two-wattmeter

method, where total power P=W1+W2P = W_1 + W_2P=W1+W2, or
one-wattmeter method for balanced loads.
 [Link] the relation between line and phase quantities in star connection.
In star connection, line voltage VL=3VphV_L = \sqrt{3} V_{ph}VL=3
Vph, and line current IL=IphI_L = I_{ph}IL=Iph.

MODULE III – Magnetic Circuits & DC Machines (2-Mark Questions)

[Link] Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction.

Faraday’s first law: An EMF is induced in a coil when the magnetic flux
linking it changes. Second law: The magnitude of induced EMF is
directly proportional to the rate of change of flux linkage (E=−NdϕdtE = -
N \frac{d\phi}{dt}E=−Ndtdϕ).

[Link] is a magnetic circuit?

A magnetic circuit is a closed path followed by magnetic flux, analogous

to an electric circuit, consisting of magnetic materials with reluctance
instead of resistance.

[Link] reluctance of a magnetic circuit.

Reluctance is the opposition to magnetic flux in a magnetic circuit, given

by R=lμA\mathcal{R} = \frac{l}{\mu A}R=μAl, where lll is length,
AAA is cross-sectional area, and μ\muμ is permeability.

[Link] flux linkage.

Flux linkage is the total magnetic flux linked with a coil, given by λ=Nϕ\
lambda = N \phiλ=Nϕ, where NNN is the number of turns and ϕ\phiϕ is
the flux per turn.
[Link] the EMF equation of a DC generator.

The EMF equation is Eg=ϕZNP60AE_g = \frac{\phi Z N P}{60 A}Eg

=60AϕZNP, where ϕ\phiϕ is flux per pole, ZZZ is total conductors, NNN
is speed in rpm, PPP is poles, and AAA is parallel paths.

[Link] the torque equation of a DC motor.

The torque equation is T=ϕZIaP2πAT = \frac{\phi Z I_a P}{2\pi

A}T=2πAϕZIaP Nm, where IaI_aIa is armature current.

[Link] two types of DC machines.

Separately excited DC machine and self-excited (shunt/series/compound)

DC machine.

[Link] any two methods of DC motor speed control.

Armature voltage control and field flux control.

[Link] is the back EMF in a DC motor?

Back EMF is the voltage induced in the armature due to rotation in the
magnetic field, opposing the supply voltage, given by Eb=V−IaRaE_b =
V - I_a R_aEb=V−IaRa.

[Link] efficiency of a DC machine.

Efficiency is the ratio of output power to input power,

η=OutputInput×100%\eta = \frac{\text{Output}}{\text{Input}} \times
100\%η=InputOutput×100%, or η=OutputOutput + Losses×100%\eta = \
 frac{\text{Output}}{\text{Output + Losses}} \times
100\%η=Output + LossesOutput×100%.

MODULE IV – AC Machines (2-Mark Questions)

[Link] is a single-phase transformer?

A single-phase transformer is a static device that transfers electrical

energy between two or more circuits through electromagnetic induction,
stepping up or down voltage in single-phase systems.

[Link] the EMF equation of a transformer.

The induced EMF equation is E=4.44fϕmNE = 4.44 f \phi_m

NE=4.44fϕmN, where fff is frequency, ϕm\phi_mϕm is maximum flux,
and NNN is number of turns.

[Link] no-load and full-load operation of a transformer.

No-load operation: Secondary open-circuited, only magnetizing current

flows, core losses occur. Full-load operation: Secondary delivers rated
current to load, with copper losses added.

[Link] voltage regulation of a transformer.

Voltage regulation is the change in secondary terminal voltage from no-

load to full-load, expressed as
%VR=Vno−load−Vfull−loadVfull−load×100%\%VR = \frac{V_{no-
load} - V_{full-load}}{V_{full-load}} \times 100\%%VR=Vfull−load
Vno−load−Vfull−load×100%.
[Link] efficiency of a transformer.

Efficiency is
η=Output PowerInput Power×100%=V2I2cos⁡θV2I2cos⁡θ+Pi+Pcu×100%\
eta = \frac{\text{Output Power}}{\text{Input Power}} \times 100\% = \
frac{V_2 I_2 \cos \theta}{V_2 I_2 \cos \theta + P_i + P_{cu}} \times
100\%η=Input PowerOutput Power×100%=V2I2cosθ+Pi+PcuV2I2cosθ
×100%, where PiP_iPi is iron loss, PcuP_{cu}Pcu is copper loss.

[Link] is a three-phase induction motor?

A three-phase induction motor is an AC motor where the rotor is induced

with current by the rotating magnetic field from the stator, operating on
the principle of electromagnetic induction.

[Link] slip in an induction motor.

Slip is the relative speed difference between synchronous speed and rotor
speed, s=Ns−NrNss = \frac{N_s - N_r}{N_s}s=NsNs−Nr, where
NsN_sNs is synchronous speed and NrN_rNr is rotor speed.

[Link] the torque-speed characteristic of an induction motor.

The torque-speed curve starts from zero torque at synchronous speed

(slip=0), increases to maximum torque at about 20-30% slip, then
decreases to starting torque at slip=1; it's nearly linear in the operating
region.

[Link] the main parts of a three-phase alternator.

Stator (armature winding), rotor (field winding), exciter, and frame.

 [Link] is the principle of operation of a three-phase alternator? A three-
phase alternator operates on Faraday's law: DC-excited rotor rotates in
stator windings, producing a rotating magnetic field that induces three-
phase AC EMF in the stator.

MODULE V – Power System (2-Mark Questions)

[Link] electrical power system.

An electrical power system is an interconnected network for generation,

transmission, and distribution of electric power from producers to
consumers.

[Link] are the main parts of a power system?

Generation, transmission, distribution, and utilization subsystems.

[Link] generation of electrical power.

Generation is the production of electrical energy from primary energy

sources like thermal, hydro, or nuclear plants.

[Link] transmission of electrical power.

Transmission is the bulk transfer of high-voltage AC power over long

distances via overhead lines or cables to reduce losses.

[Link] distribution of electrical power.

Distribution is the delivery of power from transmission substations to

consumers at lower voltages via feeders and distributors.
 [Link] two conventional sources of electrical power.

Thermal (coal-fired) and hydroelectric power.

[Link] two non-conventional sources of electrical power.

Solar photovoltaic and wind energy.

[Link] is a substation in power systems?

A substation is a facility that transforms voltage levels, switches circuits,

and provides protection and metering for efficient power flow.

[Link] load in an electrical system.

Load is the electrical devices or appliances that consume power,

classified as resistive, inductive, or capacitive.

[Link] power factor.

Power factor is the ratio of real power (kW) to apparent power (kVA),
cos⁡ϕ\cos \phicosϕ, indicating efficiency of power usage.

MODULE I – D.C Networks (5-Mark Questions)

1. Explain Kirchhoff’s laws with a simple circuit example.

KCL: Sum of currents at a node = 0. KVL: Sum of voltages in a loop = 0.

Example: In a series-parallel circuit with battery V=12V, R1=2Ω, R2=3Ω
parallel with R3=6Ω. At node A, I1 = I2 + I3 (KCL). Loop: V = I1 R1 +
I2 R2 (KVL). Solving yields currents.

2. Solve a simple network using node voltage method.

 Consider circuit: 10V source to node1 via 2Ω, node1 to ground via 4Ω,
node1 to node2 via 3Ω, node2 to ground via 5Ω. KCL at node1: (10-
V1)/2 + (V2-V1)/3 - V1/4 = 0. At node2: (V1-V2)/3 - V2/5 = 0. Solving:
V1=5.33V, V2=3.2V.

3. Solve a simple network using mesh current method.

Circuit: Mesh1: 10V, 2Ω, 3Ω shared; Mesh2: 4Ω, 5Ω. KVL Mesh1: 10 =
2I1 + (3)(I1-I2). Mesh2: 0 = (3)(I2-I1) + 4I2 + 5I2. Solving: I1=2A,
I2=0.5A.

4. Explain delta-star (Δ–Y) conversion with an example.

Conversion formulas: Star Ra = (R1 R2)/(R1+R2+R3), etc. (cyclic).

Example: Δ with R1=6Ω, R2=3Ω, R3=9Ω. Star: Ra=1.8Ω, Rb=1.2Ω,
Rc=3Ω. Equivalent resistances match.

5. State and explain Thevenin’s theorem with a simple numerical.

Theorem: Replace network with Vth in series with Rth. Numerical:

Circuit with 10V, 2Ω, 5Ω to load terminals. Vth=10×5/(2+5)=6.67V,
Rth=2||5=1.43Ω. Load current=6.67/(1.43+RL).

6. State and explain Norton’s theorem with a simple numerical.

Theorem: Replace with In in parallel with Rn. Numerical: Same circuit,

In=Vth/Rth=4.67A, Rn=1.43Ω. Load current=4.67×1.43/(1.43+RL).

7. Explain Maximum Power Transfer Theorem with an example.

Max power when RL=Rth. Power P=(Vth)^2 RL / (Rth+RL)^2 max at

RL=Rth. Example: Vth=10V, Rth=5Ω, max P=5W when RL=5Ω.
MODULE II – AC Circuits (5-Mark Questions)

8. Derive average and RMS values of a sinusoidal waveform.

Sinusoid: v=Vm sinωt. Average: (1/T)∫Vm sinωt dt from 0 to T =

(2Vm/π). RMS: √[(1/T)∫(Vm sinωt)^2 dt] = Vm/√2.

9. Solve a series RLC circuit for current and voltage.

Z = R + j(XL - XC). I = V/Z. VR=IR, VL=IXL, VC=IXC. Example:

V=100V, R=10Ω, L=0.1H, C=100μF, f=50Hz. XL=31.4Ω, XC=31.8Ω,
Z≈10Ω, I=10A.

[Link] a parallel RLC circuit for current and voltage.

Total I = V(YR + jYC - jYL), Y=1/Z. Example: V=100V, R=10Ω,

XL=10Ω, XC=10Ω. IR=10A, IL=j10A, IC=-j10A, IT=10A.

[Link] series and parallel resonance with examples. Series:

Min Z at fr=1/(2π√LC), max I. Example: L=1H, C=1μF, fr=159Hz.

Parallel: Max Z, min I at same fr, used in filters.

[Link] the difference between line and phase quantities in star and delta
connections.

Star: VL=√3 Vph, IL=Iph. Delta: VL=Vph, IL=√3 Iph. Power same: 3
Vph Iph cosφ.

[Link] a balanced three-phase circuit to find line and phase currents.

Star load: Vph=400/√3=231V, Zph=10∠30°Ω, Iph=231/10∠-

30°=23.1∠-60°A, IL=Iph.
 [Link] power measurement in three-phase circuits using the two-
wattmeter method.

W1=VL IL cos(30°+φ), W2=VL IL cos(30°-φ), P=W1+W2.

tanφ=(√3(W1-W2))/(W1+W2). For balanced, accurate for any PF.

MODULE III – Magnetic Circuits & DC Machines (5-Mark Questions)

[Link] a magnetic circuit to find flux and MMF. Analogy:

MMF=NI, Φ=MMF/ℛ total. Example: Core l=1m, μ=1000μ0, A=0.01m²,

gap=0.001m, N=100, I=1A. ℛcore=7958, ℛgap=795774, Φ=0.012Wb,
MMF=100At.

[Link] Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction with a practical

example.

First: Change in flux induces EMF. Second: E ∝ dΦ/dt. Example: Coil in

changing B-field (generator), induces voltage for motors/alternators.

[Link] the EMF equation of a DC generator.

Flux cut per rev: PΦZ/A. Time per rev: 60/N. E_avg = (PΦZ/A) ×
(N/60). For wave: E_g = (PΦZN)/(60A).

[Link] the torque equation of a DC motor.

Force on conductor: BIl, torque per cond: BIl r. Total: (Z/2π) B I_a l (2π
r / A) P Φ / B, simplifies to T=(P Φ Z I_a)/(2π A).
 [Link] speed control methods of DC motors.
1. Armature voltage: V ∝ N, vary V. 2. Field flux: N ∝ 1/Φ, weaken
flux. 3. Armature resistance: Add Ra, reduces speed.
[Link] types of DC machines and their applications. Generators:

Shunt (constant speed), Series (variable). Motors: Shunt (constant speed,

fans), Series (high torque, traction), Compound (stable, elevators).

MODULE IV – AC Machines (5-Mark Questions)

[Link] the EMF equation of a single-phase transformer.

Flux Φ=Φm sinωt. Induced e= -N dΦ/dt = N ω Φm cosωt. RMS E=4.44 f

N Φm.

[Link] no-load and load operation of a transformer with phasor diagram.

No-load: Io=Im + Ic, V1≈E1, small Io. Load: I2 causes drop, V2 < E2.
Phasor: V1 = E1 + I1 R1 + j I1 X1 (primary); secondary similar,
reversed.
[Link] the expression for voltage regulation of a transformer.

V2 ≈ E2 - I2 (R2 cosφ + X2 sinφ). %VR = [I2 (R_eq cosφ + X_eq

sinφ)/V2] ×100%, where eq is referred to secondary.

[Link] the construction and working of a three-phase induction motor.

Stator:
 3-phase windings create RMF at Ns=120f/P. Rotor: Squirrel cage/slip
ring, induced currents produce torque. Torque ∝ s E2^2 R2 / (R2^2 + s^2
X2^2).

[Link] the torque-speed characteristic of an induction motor.

T = (3/(2π Ns)) (s E2^2 R2 / (R2^2 + (s X2)^2)). Max at s=R2/X2.

Curve: Starts high at s=1, peaks, drops to 0 at s=0.

[Link] the principle of operation of a three-phase alternator.

Rotor field rotates at speed N, produces rotating flux at Ns. Stator

windings experience flux cutting at 120° phase shift, inducing balanced
3-phase EMF.

MODULE V – Power System (5-Mark Questions)

[Link] the general structure of an electrical power system.

Generation (plants) → High-voltage transmission (HV lines,

transformers) → Substations (step-down) → Distribution (MV/LV lines)
→ Consumers.

[Link] generation, transmission, and distribution of electrical power

with a block diagram. Block:

Sources → Generators (11kV) → Step-up (400kV) → Transmission

lines → Step-down substations (132kV/33kV) → Distribution
transformers (415V) → Loads. Reduces losses via high V.

[Link] sources of electrical power (conventional and non-conventional)

with examples.
 Conventional: Fossil fuels (thermal, e.g., coal plants), hydro (dams). Non-
conventional: Renewables like solar (PV panels), wind (turbines),
providing clean, sustainable energy.

[Link] the role and components of a substation in a power system. Role:

Voltage transformation, protection, control. Components:

Transformers, circuit breakers, busbars, relays, CT/PT for metering.

[Link] load, load factor, and diversity factor in power systems.

Load: Power demand. Load factor = Avg load / Peak load (efficiency
measure). Diversity factor = Sum of individual max / Max system load
(reduces peak).

[Link] power factor, its importance, and methods of improvement. \

PF= cosφ = P/S. Importance: Low PF increases losses, penalties.

Improvement: Capacitors (supply lagging VARs), synchronous
condensers, PF correction panels.