Electrical Networks Course Overview
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ScribdTranslationsElectrical Networks Course Overview
Translated by
ScribdTranslationsElectrical Networks Course
Electrical networks (20h lectures + 4h lab) S3
1. Introduction to electrical networks.
2. Methodology adopted for the design of an electrical network.
3. PU System (reduced values); Modeling the elements of an electrical network
(transformers, transmission lines, generators).
4. Calculation of short-circuit currents (impedance method, method of
symmetric components).
5. Power Flow
Sizing of low voltage electrical installations (14h course) S4
1. Choice of the pipe section and protection device
2. The earthing connection diagrams
3. Selectivity of protections
Transport Lines and Stability of HT Networks S4 & S5
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I- INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL NETWORKS
From the central to the subscribers
Electric networks consist of all the devices intended to
the production, transport, distribution, and use of electricity since
the generation plants to the most remote country houses.
Electric networks aim to interconnect the centers of
production such as hydroelectric plants, thermal plants... with the centers of
consumption (cities, factories...).
Electricity is transported at high voltage, even very high voltage.
to limit joule losses (the losses being proportional to the square of
the intensity) then gradually lowered to the user's voltage level
final.
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I- INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRIC NETWORKS
2. The voltage levels of the networks
Electrical networks are hierarchical:
In general, most countries implement
A THT transport network 220 …….. 800 KV
A high voltage distribution network 60……...170 KV
An MT distribution network 5.......... 36 KV (according to IEC)
A delivery network of the BT subscriber 400/230 V
This hierarchy, that is to say, the levels of tension used vary.
considerably from one country to another depending on parameters related to history
electrotechnics of the country, its energy resources, its area and finally of
technical-economic criteria.
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I- INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRIC NETWORKS
The IEC 38 standard notations use the following definitions:
HT for a composite voltage greater than 40 kV
The standard voltages are: 45 kV - 66 kV - 110 kV - 132 kV - 150 kV - 220 kV
- MT for a composite voltage between 1000 V and 35 kV
The standardized values are: 3.3 kV - 6.6 kV - 11 kV - 22 kV - 33 kV
BT for a composite voltage between 100 V and 1000 V
The standardized values are: 400 V - 690 V - 1000 V (at 50 Hz)
The new French standard UTE C 18-510 defines the levels of alternating voltage.
as follows:
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I- INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRIC NETWORKS
3. Structure of electrical energy networks
The choice of a structure for a network to be created and the planning of a
Existing networks are extremely techno-economic problems.
complexes.
Evolution of the network imposed by the growth of demand and by
the replacement of works that have reached their age limit must be done at
lower cost.
Any incident affecting one or more works must not
necessarily affect the energy supply;
In the event of losing a line, the power it
should be able to refer to other lines without overloading them.
even for the power plants that must be capable of supporting the loss of one
between them.
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I- INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRIC NETWORKS
Despite the real complexity of an electrical energy network, it is possible to
distinguish several subsets. These subsets are composed of the network
of transport, distribution networks and distribution networks.
3.1 The transport network
It is intended to bring electrical energy from production plants.
up to the consumption areas. The transport network also interconnects the
important production centers in order to ensure maximum security in the
electricity supply.
The adoption of a mesh structure ensures a much higher level of security.
that of production. The transport network is powered by power plants that themselves
provide standardized voltages not exceeding 25 kV. This voltage, too
weak to be transported over long distances, are raised by means of
transformers in order to limit the losses caused by the Joule effect.
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I- INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRIC NETWORKS
In Morocco, the transport network consists of the 225 kV lines.
belonging to L'ONE. This transport network is connected to the major
power plants.
At the end of 2018, the total installed capacity of the electricity production fleet
The Office's output stands at 10,907.8 MW, compared to 8,158.5 MW in 2015.
33.83% of the installed capacity is from renewable sources.
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Electric balance
Morocco 2016–2017 - 2018
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Electrical balance
France 2016
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I- INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRIC NETWORKS
Transport networks form a vast grid covering the territory, to
to which the sources and uses (groups, transformers) are connected.
ChaquenœudA, B and C constitute an 'interconnection post'. This post is in
general consisting of a main collector called "busbar" on which
connect the lines, by means of devices.
These networks are mostly aerial and underground in cities or at their
approaches. They are studied for a given transit generally corresponding to the limit
thermal of the line.
The protections of these networks must be very effective. As for their
exploitation, it is ensured at the national level by a control center or
dispatching à partir duquell ’énergieélectrique est surveillée et gérée en
permanence.
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I- INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRIC NETWORKS
3.2 The Distribution Network
The purpose of this network is primarily to transport electricity from the grid.
transport to the major consumption centers which are:
• Either in the public domain with access to the MT distribution network,
•Either from the private domain with access to high consumption subscribers
(greater than 10 MVA) delivered directly in HT. They mainly concern industrialists.
such as steelmaking, cement production, chemistry, rail transport, ...
The structure of these networks is generally of the aerial type (sometimes
basement near urban sites). The protections are of the same nature as those
used on transport networks, with the control centers being regional.
While transport networks have a national purpose, networks
distribution have the essential function of providing power to the networks of
distribution. These networks are directly fed from transport networks
through transformers and possibly by power plants
less importance whose power is on the order of several MW (at least)
for Morocco).
Distribution networks transmit much lower powers than those
of the transport network and consequently their operating voltage is lower (at
Morocco 60 kV.
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I- INTRODUCTION AUX RÉSEAUX ÉLECTRIQUES
3.3 The distribution network
They feed the usage networks to which they are directly connected.
industrial or domestic charges. They generally consist of several tiers
of tension. In Morocco, the levels are 20 kV as well as 22 kV (when the
distribution is entrusted to the ONE for medium voltage. For low voltage,
the voltage level is 220-380 V.
For reasons of ease of operation and protection, the networks of
distributions are of radial structure except when reliability requirements are
dominants (looped networks for medium voltage supply of very large
cities).
Low voltage distribution networks are three-phase with neutral
distributed and tree-structured. The connections of the subscribers are made either in
antenna on the public MT/BT distribution substations (also called subscriber substations);
either by derivation on an existing line.
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Different MT distribution systems can be distinguished around the world:
The North American system with directly grounded neutral;
The triphasic framework is composed of four wires, and the derivations,
single-phase distribution between phase and neutral, consists of one or
several phase wires, depending on the power to be supplied, plus the neutral.
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The system used, for example, in Great Britain or in Ireland, which to
three-wire ungrounded distribution feed
derivations that can be at two phase wires;
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The Australian system, particularly economic, is made up of
three-wire frame structures without neutral distribution, including, among others, some
single-phase derivations with a single wire with return through the ground (this solution
requires low soil resistivity;
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I- INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRIC NETWORKS
The French system, completely three-phase in frames and derivations, with neutral
not distributed.
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I- INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL NETWORKS
The medium voltage distribution networks start from the substations.
HT/MT sources, they are generally three-phase without neutral distribution. They
are more often underground in urban areas and above ground in rural areas. It
There are several types of distribution networks in MT:
Simple antenna radial network
These are the simplest. A post
source HT/MT feeds a line,
generally aerial, on which the
subscribers are connected in low voltage
through a transformer
MT/BT. This solution is very
economic for the distributor, but
it has the disadvantage of depriving
electricity all users in case of
defect or intervention on a part
of the MT network.
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Open loop network
It consists of a loop.
between two departures from the same position
source.
This loop is open at one point.
This type of distribution limits
power cuts due to faults
to the only affected section.
Antenna subnets
can leave this loop network:
each antenna is called an edge.
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I- INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRIC NETWORKS
Closed-loop network
All cutting devices of the
loops are circuit breakers.
In normal operation, the
the loop is closed.
The protection system allows
to avoid power outages
in the event of a defect.
This solution is more
more efficient than the case of the loop
open because it prevents cuts
of food.
On the other hand, she is more
expensive because it requires
breakers in each panel and
a more protective system
elaborate. 20
In general, MV distribution networks are operated in
tree structure regardless of their type.
In Morocco, the production, transport, and distribution of energy.
electric are entrusted to the ONE. This office is also responsible for distribution.
domestic in a rural environment.
In large cities, the distribution is entrusted to agencies.
autonomous or private foreign companies that purchase energy at high
tension at the U.N. Moreover, large industrial companies are buying
directly the high voltage energy of the O.N.E and ensure their own
distribution by often introducing additional voltage levels
(500 V, 1000 V, 6600 V, 11 kV).
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I- INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRIC NETWORKS
Conclusion
The primary goal of an energy network is to be able to meet the demand.
of consumers. Since it is not yet possible to store economically and in
a large amount of electrical energy must be able to be maintained permanently
equality
Production = Consumption + losses
The electrical network must provide users with a good of
consumption adapted to their needs, characterized by:
A power available, depending on the client's quantitative needs;
A fixed voltage, depending on this power and the type of clientele;
A quality reflecting the ability to adhere to the intended values and form.
of these two parameters and to maintain them over time.
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