Topography of Pakistan:

Latitude & Longitude:

• Pakistan is located between 24⁰ 35 north and 37⁰ 05 north latitude.
• Its longitude extends from 61⁰ to 78⁰ east.
Area of Pakistan:
• Its total area is 796,096 sq kilometers.
• It is 1600 kilometers from north to south.
• 885 km from east to west.
• The Khyber Pass provides a route to Afghanistan.
• The Karakoram Highway helps in trade & communication with China.
• The Gwadar and Karachi seaports provide crucial travel as well as trade facilities
to north and north-west.
• Its coastline at the Arabian Sea facilitates trade with West, Middle East, Far East,
and Southeast Asia.
• Pakistan has a central location that provides air routes from west to east and
the Jinnah International Airport facilitates it.
• It offers easy access to Central Asia (CAS) and its 6 republics through
Afghanistan.
• Feasibility of Natural Gas Pipeline Projects from CAS, India, Iran and South East
Asia.
Pakistan-Iran Gas Pipeline:
• If this project is completed, then Pakistan will get 21.5 cubic meters of natural
gas from Iran.
Location of Provinces & Cities
Provinces of Pakistan:
• It has Sindh, Punjab, Balochistan and NWFP provinces.
• It also includes FATA, Gilgit-Baltistan, and Kashmir.
• In 2009, the Federal Cabinet approved an ordinance that gave political
autonomy to northern areas.
• A new name was also given to the Northern areas as Gilgit, Baltistan.
• In 2010, NWFP renamed as Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
FATA:
• It stands for Federal Administrated Tribal Areas.
• It is located between Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
The Natural Topography
Including Drainage
Topography:
• It is the study of surface features of the land.
• Pakistan can be categorized into six topographical areas:
1. Northern & North-Western Mountains:
- Karakorams
- Himalayas
- Hindu Kush
2. Western Mountains:
- Waziristan Hills
- Sulaiman Range
- Kirthar Range
- Safed Koh Ranges
3. Balochistan Plateau
4. Potwar Plateau and Salt Ranges
5. Indus Plain
6. Desert Areas
- Kharan Desert
- Thal Desert
- Thar Desert
Northern & North-Western Mountains:
Relief:
• It includes Karakoram, Himalaya, and the Hindu Kush.
• These ranges run from west to east.
• Its height changes from 6000 m to 8475 m; south to the north respectively.
• It has deep narrow valleys namely Kaghan, Baltistan and Chitral.
• It also has snow caped, sharp and steep-sided peaks like Nanga Parbat, Tirich
Mir, and K-2.
• It has Siachen, Baltoro, and Batura that are huge glaciers (snowfields).
• It has high passes including Khunjerab, Shandur, and Lawarai.
Drainage:
• Eastern tributaries include Jhelum, Chenab, River Indus, Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej.
• Western tributaries include Kabul and Swat.
Economy and People:
• In summers when the snow peaks melt, the water drain into River Indus and its
tributaries.
• This drainage helps in the irrigation of Indus plain.
• These mountains are a source of valuable minerals, fruits, and timber.
• There are historic passes that connect Pakistan to Afghanistan and China.
• There is also a natural border between CAS republics and China.
• The mountains protect against the cold winds from CAS making the climate
bearable.
• The beautiful scenery attracts tourists and promoting the resort business in
Gilgit, Hunza, Murree, Naran, etc.
• These mountains also provide the raw material for chemicals, furniture, paper,
etc.
Western Mountains:
Relief:
• Kirthar, Safed Koh, Waziristan, and Sulaiman are the parallel ranges that run
from south to north.
• The height expands from 2000 m to 4712 m; south to the north respectively.
• There are several valleys and low-lying basins including Bannu valley, Kohat
valley, and the valley of Peshawar.
• The peaks there are not very big in height.
• Safed Koh is the only peak that is covered in snow.
• There are many historic passes including Bolan, Gomal, Khyber, Tochi, and
Khurram.
• There are not many glaciers.
Drainage:
• The drainages include Khurram, Hab, Lyari, Tochi, Zhob, and Gomal.
Economy and People:
• The water drains in the western rivers and helps in the cultivation of sugarcane,
rice, and wheat.
• The passes connect Pakistan to Afghanistan.
• The passes also connect Karachi to Sibbi.
• These mountains create a defensive wall between Pakistan and Afghanistan.
• These mountains are rich in boulders, clay, limestone ridges and sandstones.
• These mountains prevent Pakistan from western depressions.
• There are important military centers namely Kohat and Bannu.
Potwar Plateau:
Relief:
• It is an open plateau with undulating land and an extensive flat area.
• Its height varies from 300 m to 600 m.
• It has residual hills namely Khairi Murat and Kala Chitta ranging up to 1000 m.
• It has a badland topography i. e. troughs, ravines and landscapes of ridges.
• It has parallel salt ranges from 750 m to 900 m.
Drainage:
• The drainage includes River Soan, Uchali, Khabeki, and KallarKahar.
Economy and People:
• It is rich in soapstones, marble, non-metallic minerals, limestone, gypsum,
dolomite, and clay.
• It has oil and gas fields namely, Attock Oil Refinery.
• On Potwar Plateau, through rainwater gram, wheat, barley, and maize are
cultivated.
Balochistan Plateau:
Relief:
• It has ridges and eroded landscape.
• It has barren mountain ranges including Toba Kakar, Hala, RasKoh and Makran
Coast from 600 m to 3010 m.
• There several irregular depressions including Loralai and Zhob basins.
• On the western side, there are inland drainage basins.
• There is a Lasbela plain that is marked by sand dunes and gravel.
• It has Makran Coast which a narrow coastal plain.
Drainage:
• The drainages include Hingol, Dasht, Hab, and Paroli.
• There are also temporary salt lakes namely Hamun-i-Lora and Hamun-i-
Mashkal.
Economy and People:
• In Kharan and Punjgore, there are gold and antimony deposits.
• There are also gas, crude oil, and coal deposits.
• The economy is through livestock and its products and fishing at Ormara,
Gwadar, and Pasni.
• There is also a vegetable seed industry.
Balochistan’s Economic Potential:
• There are gold and antimony reserves.
• By using the untapped resources of Balochistan, Pakistan’s economy can see an
uplift.
• Using the crude oil, coal and natural gas present in Balochistan electricity can be
generated.
• Many fruits grow in Balochistan including melons, peaches, grapes, apples,
dates, pomegranates, peaches and plums.
• The economy can be boosted by exporting these fruits to Gulf countries.
• Since Balochistan’s climate is favorable more vegetable seeds should be grown
there.
• By increasing the livestock and its products using scientific means because wool
and goat skins have high demand in the global market.
• Moreover, the export of fish can also be increased by using modern technology
at Gwadar, Ormara, and Pasni for fishing.
• The Gawadar Sea Port development can also help in the development of the
economy.
Shortcoming:
• The weather in Balochistan is extreme and dry making the working condition
unfavorable.
• Balochistan has the lowest population density.
• There are not enough skilled individuals and the workforce.
• The province has a shortage of water making it difficult to provide proper
irrigation.
• The infrastructure is bad and there are fewer link roads; limiting the travel and
trade.
• The people there are not very educated.
• The landscape is eroded with rugged terrain and ridges making it impossible to
complete projects on time.
Doabs
• A doab can be found at the confluence of the two rivers i.e. a land.
- Between the river Jhelum and river Sindh, there is Sindh Sagar Doab.
- Between river Chenab and Jhelum, there is Chaj Doab.
- Between river Ravi and Chenab, there is Rachna Doab.
- Between river Sutlej and Ravi, there is Bari Doab.
Importance of Doabs:
• The terrain is flat there.
• The canal water promotes and supports agriculture.
• Urban settlement can be done without hassle.
• There are links to air, rail and road developed.
• Factories and industrial estates are established.
• Moreover, businesses, markets, and storage of raw materials of agriculture are
provided.
Topographical Features
of The Indus Plain
Active Flood Plains:
• ‘Bet" or ‘Khaddar" is a narrow strip of land on both sides of the river.
• It is flooded almost every year.
• When the season of rain concludes, alluvium can be found in its dry and braided
channels.
The Old Flood Plains:
• It is the area between the terraces of alluvial and active flood plains.
• When there is heavy rainfall only then it is flooded.
• Ox-bows abandoned channels and meander scars can be found on these plains.
Alluvial Terraces:
• These are areas of high grounds.
• They formed by old alluvium erosion.
• They are also known as ‘Scalloped Interfluves’.
• They can be found in Bari, Rachna and Chaj Doab in the Upper Indus Plain.
• The alluvial terraces are ideal for agriculture.
Piedmont Plains:
• They are formed in the rainy season when streams and rivers deposit alluvium
at the foot of the mountain.
• They support agriculture too.
• They are also known as Derajat.
• These rivers deposits alluvium, sand, and gravel.
• These can be found at Himalayan Mountain, Kirthar and Sulaiman.
Tidal Delta:
• It is located in the south of Thatta.
• It is triangular (fan) shaped.
• The distributaries branch out from it like ribs.
• It has mangrove swamps and tidal flats.
• The land is frequently exposed to seawater.
• The land is mostly covered in swamps limiting agriculture.
• Poor infrastructure results in less industrial and commercial activities.
• The undeveloped road makes it difficult to transport in heavy vehicles.
• The frequent tropical cyclones damages shanty homes, agriculture, and fishing.
• These features of the Indus Delta have resulted in a low-density population.
Rolling Sand Plains:
• Rolling sand plains are usually found in desert areas because sand dunes are a
feature of deserts.
• In deserts, the wind blows and changes landscape frequently which results in
sand dunes.
Cuestas:
• These can be found in the Lower Indus Plains.
• In Sindh, these are limestone made ridges.
• The ridges support the construction of barrages and irrigation.
Deserts of Pakistan
• There are three desert areas in Pakistan:
- Between river Jhelum and River Indus, there is the Thal Desert which is also
known as Sindh Sagar Doab.
- In the south-eastern part of Pakistan, there is the Thar Desert. This desert can
further categorize into Tharparkar, Nara, and the Cholistan.
- The Kharan Desert can be located in the western Balochistan.
Features of the Deserts:
• There is water scarcity because of low rainfall.
• There are fast blowing winds that frequently change the desert.
• Rolling stone dunes, lack of vegetation and rocks are other main features.
 Climate

Highland Climate Zone:

• It includes Western, North-Western and Northern highland.
Temperature:
• In the Northern Mountains, the summers are mild and short while in the
Western Mountains, it is warm and dry.
• In highland, the winters are cold, snowy and long.
Rainfall:
• The rainfall is associated with altitude in mountains.
• The Northern Mountains (2000 m – 8000 m) experience heavy rainfalls while
there is less rainfall in the Western Mountains (1000 m – 4000m).
Lowland Climate Zone:
• It includes Upper and Lower Indus Plain.
Temperature:
• It has hot summers with high temperatures.
• The winters are cold there.
Rainfall:
• In the lowland, thunderstorms are very common.
• It experiences the monsoon rainfall.
• From north to south the amount of rainfall differs.
• In comparison to the Indus Plain, the foothills of the Northern Mountains and
Potwar plateau are wet.
Coastline Climate Zone:
• It includes Karachi, Makran and Indus Delta’s southern coastal strip.
Temperature:
• The sea breezes keep the temperature-controlled and low in these areas.
• Humidity is very high (above 50%).
• The average temperature in coastline areas is 32⁰C.
Rainfall:
• Rainfall is low.
• The Makran Coast experiences rain in winter whereas Karachi and Rann of
Kutch experience it during monsoon.
Arid Climate Zone:
• It includes South-Eastern deserts and South-Western Balochistan.
Temperature:
• These areas experience extremely hot temperatures with dry weather.
• The dust storms are frequent there.
• There are dusty winds from the mid of May to mid of September.
Rainfall:
• There is low rain in winter in south-western Balochistan.
• The south-eastern desert experiences less rain in summer.
Factors Affecting Pakistan’s Climate:
• Southern Pakistan is closer to the equator i.e. why the temperature there is
higher as compared to Northern Pakistan. This effect is known as the latitude
effect.
• The areas near the coastal areas have maritime influence that moderates the
temperature. This effect is called the continental effect.
• With an average increase of 1000 meters in altitude, the temperature
experiences a drop of 6.5⁰C. That is why the air is denser at sea level and less
dense at areas with high altitudes.
• The cloud cover effect is an interesting factor that affects temperature. During
day time if the sky is covered in the cloud it will make the temperature drop by
reflecting the solar radiation in outer space but in night time it will make the night
hot by not letting the heat left to the outer space.
• The latitudinal position of the earth to the sun (angle of the sun) also affects
temperature. The northern hemisphere during summer is tilted towards the sun
and absorbs more heat.
Sources of Rainfall in Pakistan:
• Following are the sources of rainfall in Pakistan:
Monsoon Winds:
• Northern areas and the Indus Plain experience the Monsoon Rains brought by
monsoon winds.
• The monsoon winds start to blow in June and bring with them heavy rainfall in
July and August to Punjab.
• The monsoon rains are experienced in Pakistan when high summer temperature
heats the tropical continents and a zone with low pressure is formed.
The Western Depressions:
• The Mediterranean Sea is responsible for creating western depressions that
bring rainfalls during the winter season to western areas of Pakistan.
• These rains are experienced in Quetta from December to March.
• These rains originate from the Mediterranean Sea.
Convectional Currents:• In May and June, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and northern
Punjab receive rainfall because of conventional currents.
• Since there is a temperature inversion layer in southern Pakistan during
summer, therefore, it does not receive the conventional rains.
• These rains are experiences in the north-western and northern areas in
Summers from April to the start of June.
• These rains are a result of high temperatures in summers.
Relief Rainfalls:
• The Western and Northern Mountains receive the Relief Rainfalls because of
high altitude.
• Kabul and Murree experience rainfall in every season.
Tropical Cyclones:
• The coastal areas occasionally experience destructive and heavy rains that are
brought by the tropical cyclones from the Arabian Sea.
Pressure and Winds:
Summer:
• In the summer, the temperature is high in central Pakistan.
• Since the high temperature has low density, it rises and creates a low-pressure
zone.
• In the sea area, the temperature is relatively low in summers as heat discharges
at a slow pace.
• In sea areas, the pressure is high during summer.
• The monsoon winds travel from sea to land as a result heavy rainfall is
experienced in the lower and upper Indus Plain.
Winter:
• In winter, a high-pressure area is created as the pressure increases gradually on
the land of north-west Pakistan.
• Monsoon starts to retreat in fall and land winds start blowing that is dry and
light.
• These winds are known as north-east monsoon or winter monsoon.
• These winds are responsible for heavy rainfall in the lower and upper Indus
Plain.
Climate and Its Effects on Economy and Life of People:
Highland Zone:
• The temperature falls below the freezing point in the northern areas.
• The trees' growth is slow, grass in snow and there are frozen rivers.
• Framing is not an option in highland during the winter season.
• People who live there raise money by making pottery, embroidery, carpets, etc.
• The population in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is meager because of barren hills.
• They also practice transhumance i.e. the transfer of livestock from lowlands to
highland during winter to summer respectively.
• Most of the tribes there are nomadic.
• Peshawar is the greenest area with high irrigated fields, orchards, and
woodlands.
• In the north, outdoor economic activities are hard to carry out.
• In the south, the temperature starts to increase in winter and summer.
• The western highland includes the Balochistan’s mountains that have harsh and
dry weather.
• There is water scarcity which led to less population and crop cultivation.
• Grapes, mangoes, apricots, and apples grow there.
Arid Zone:
• It occurs in Kharan Desert and the southeastern deserts.
• There is low rainfall, very high temperatures in summers and mild winters.
• These areas are not suitable for human settlement and cultivation.
• Most people who live there, practice nomadism.
• Karez is practiced there which is a unique irrigation system that allows
groundwater to be tapped by a tunnel.
• The highland areas of Balochistan grow fruits like melons, peaches, apples, and
grapes.
• Barley, millet, and wheat also grow in these areas.
• Sindh and Punjab's southern part encounter very low rainfall resulting in high
temperatures and less crop cultivation.
• Nevertheless, farming has been reclaimed in some areas of southern and
eastern Punjab by constructing perennial canals.
• These areas now grow oilseeds, cotton, rice, and wheat.
• Thar desert is still barren, water is scarce, and people travel one place to
another in search of water.
• The people of Thar also wear turbans and thick clothes to protect themselves
from the scorching heat.
Lowland Zone (Semi-Arid to Arid):
• The plain of Punjab is very fertile.
• The summers are very hot, and winters are mild.
• It is the most productive agricultural plain in Pakistan.
• Rain is irregular but an effective canal system is in place to offer proper
irrigation.
• Sugarcane, wheat, millet, and cotton grow there.
• Punjab also has the most population of Pakistan because the weather there is
tolerable.
River Floods:
• The rivers attract human settlement as it is a necessity.
• But sometimes access water in rivers causes floods.
• The banks of Indus and its tributaries overflow almost every year,
• In every 6 to 7 years, severe floods are experienced.
• 1955, 1973, 1978, the 80s and 90s have experienced serious floods that resulted
in devastation.
Reasons of the Flood:
• Many natural and human reasons result in floods.
• The human reasons include cutting of trees, failure to heighten embankments
alongside rivers, and dam’s less capacity to store water.
• Natural reasons include heavy monsoon rains and snow melting in summer.
Precautions to Reduce Flood Risks:
• Floods can be prevented by the following:
• Planting more trees on foothills.
• Expanding the river channels.
• Constructing embankments on channels on both sides.
• Constructing water reservoirs.
• Preventing human settlement near areas where flood is likely.
• Constant updates and announcements of flood warning over television, radio,
and newspaper.
• Evacuation of these areas with rehabilitation facilities.
Benefits of Floods:
• Floods bring with them nutrients that contribute to the expansion of wetlands.
• They increase land fertility by spreading a layer of alluvium.
• They also recharge the groundwater supply.
• The Arabian Sea has high nutrients because of the high production of fish and
these benefits are also attributed to the Indus river system.
Storms:
Thunderstorms:
• The thunderstorms are experienced mostly in the north-western and northern
areas.
• From April to June (summer) and September to October (after monsoon) strong
winds start to blow that is 60 km/hr to 80 hm/hr.
• As a result of these winds, hail and stormy rains start that destroy the crops.
Dust Storms:
• Dust storms are experienced due to low pressure in summer in Balochistan’s
north-western and southern plains.
• The upper Indus plain also encounters these storms occasionally.
• These storms also destroy crops.
• Communication and electricity are disturbed during these storms.
• These storms are less frequent than floods.
Tropical Cyclones:
• These cyclones come from the Arabian Sea.
• They affect the coastal areas of Balochistan and Sindh.
• These storms cause mass level destruction.
• The destruction caused by these storms is also increasing when relief teams are
delayed.
• To counter these damages, flood monitoring systems, warning systems, and
trained relief teams must be formed.
Drought:
• Drought is a big threat to the people who live on land.
• Water scarcity is experienced due to less rainfall.
• This also destroys crops.
• The poor countries experience mass death, illness, and famine because of it.
Types of Drought:
• Permanent Drought is when cultivation becomes impossible without irrigation.
E.g. west Balochistan’s Chagai, Thal and Cholistan.
• Seasonal Drought is when there are well-defined dry and rainy seasons. E.g.
southern Punjab, and Potwar Plateau.
• Invisible Drought is when there is water scarcity that can reduce crop
production, but it is not severe enough to destroy these crops.
• Unpredictable Drought is when there is very low rainfall. It is experienced in
humid climate areas only.
Effects of Drought on Environment & Human Life:
• It can turn the land into a desert i.e. desertification.
• It can lead to dust storms, soil erosion, desert areas expansion, high
temperature, extinction of species and loss of crops.
• It can dry up rivers, streams, and lakes.
• It can harm fisheries, increases the growth of algae and can make drinking water
unsafe.
• It can cause water scarcity.
• It can cause a famine that can lead to starvation.
• It can make people migrate from drought-affected areas.
• It can cause malnutrition and health problems.
• It can make livestock die that can also result in a shortage of raw materials, loss
of export/import and whole economy devastation.
 Water

Water - As a Renewable Energy:

• Water is an essential resource for life.
• It runs directly off the Earth in the form of lakes, sea, rivers, and streams.
• It falls from the atmosphere in the form of snow, rain, and hail.
• It is returned to the atmosphere in the form of vapors by transpiration from
plants and evaporation from the land.
• The water vapors cool down and become water droplets (the process of
condensation).
• Therefore, water is renewable as it comes from the atmosphere, runs through
the land, absorbed by plants then returned to the atmosphere and again
discharge from the atmosphere. This cycle is known as the hydrological cycle.
The Indus River System:
• Its Indus and tributaries are 3180 kilometers long.
• During the monsoon season, it discharges the most.
• Around 20 million hectares of cultivated land that accumulated to 60% of the
land of Pakistan is irrigated by the Indus River and its tributaries.
• Its basin includes highly populous areas of Pakistan including Rawalpindi,
Lahore, Jhelum, and Gujrat. They accumulate to a population of 50 million.
• The western tributaries of Kurram, Tochi, Swat, Kabul, and Gomal have the most
water in the summer season.
• None of its rivers flow into the Arabian Sea.
• For irrigation, purpose canals are taken out of the rivers as none of its rivers are
absorbed by the plains.
Rivers of Balochistan:
• As compared to the Indus River System, the Balochistan rivers are considerably
smaller.
• These rivers do not offer any value to irrigation and only flow during monsoon.
• Since Quetta has high altitude it is in the central position.
• Three of Balochistan’s rivers drain into the Indus River namely Kalachi, Khandar,
and Zhob while flowing eastwards.
• The rivers that flow westwards drain into hamuns.
• Few of its rivers also drain into the Arabian Sea namely Mashkel, Hab, Hingol
and Porali.
• The Kachi Sibi Plain absorbs rivers Mula, Bolan, Loralai, and Chakar.
Ground Water:
• Water that is above the surface is called groundwater.
Importance:
• It is high at mountain foothills and lowest in deserts.
• It helps in areas where rain is limited, and irrigation systems are needed. E.g.
Balochistan.
• In cities like Karachi, this water fulfills the domestic needs of people.
Problems:
• In industrial areas, it is not suitable for human consumption as toxic chemicals
and sewerage are disposed of in it.
Water Table:
• It is the uppermost layer of water that is underground.
Importance:
• It fulfills water shortcomings in cities like Karachi.
Problem:
• Oftentimes, the water table is also contaminated by toxic chemicals and
domestic waste like the groundwater.
Solutions:
• Laboratory tests must be conducted before its use.
• Plants must be constructed to refine the water from any contamination.
• It must be consumed after boiling.
Uses of Water:
• There are many uses of water and few of them are listed below:
• Domestic – It is used in washing, cooking, drinking, and sanitation.
• Industrial – It is used to cool down furnaces in steel & iron industries, to dilute
chemicals, pharmaceuticals, textile industries for humidity, dyeing and washing,
mineral water and food processing.
• Agricultural – It is used for irrigation.
Canal Irrigation:
• Irrigation is the artificial supply of water that helps in crop cultivation.
Importance of Irrigation Systems:
• There is insufficient and unreliable rain in Pakistan.
• Since in many areas, summer is very hot, the evaporation rate of water is also
high.
• The weather has long dry spells.
• In the monsoon season, rainfall is experienced in heavy showers resulting in a
quick surface run-off.
Factors Affecting Canal Construction:
• The Indus plain has soft soil that makes digger easier for canal construction.
• The Indus Plain has a flat surface that incorporates better use of machinery.
• The workforce is available at cheap rates because of the high population.
• Cement is easily accessible making canal construction easier.
• The natural slope from north to south helps in the smooth flow of water into
canals.
Indus Water Treaty:
• It was a contract between Pakistan and India that was signed in 1960 under the
supervision of UNO.
• This treaty was considering the water dispute that both the countries faced
when it comes to the distribution of rivers after partition in 1947.
• Pakistan received the authority of Jhelum, Chenab, and Indus.
• India received the authority of Ravi, Sutlej, and Beas.
• Pakistan received financial aid from India, UK, Canada, Australia, and New
Zealand to construct link canals, barrages, and dams.
Importance:
• After partition in 1947, the headworks of many rivers were left in India at
Firozpur.
• Since Pakistan has unreliable and insufficient rainfall, the water of these rivers
was essential for irrigation.
• In 1948, India stopped the water supply of these rivers to Pakistan and Pakistan
had to purchase this water from India to support its agricultural economy.
• The Indus Water Treaty saved Pakistan from permanent exploitation by the
hands of Indians.
Dams and Barrages:
• Barrages and Dams are constructed at the cross-section of rivers to store water.
This stored water can then be used for various purposes including irrigation.
Names of Large Dams:
• Tarbela Dam on River Indus, Mangla Dam on River Jhelum and Warsak Dam on
River Kabul.
Name of Small Dams:
• Hab on River Hab, Khanpur on River Haro, Nari/Bolan Dam on River Bolan and
Rawal Dam on River Kurrang.
Name of Barrages:
• Qadirabad Barrage, Chashma Barrage, Rasul Barrage, Guddu Barrage, Kotri
Barrage and Marala Barrage.
Comparison between Small Dams,
 Large Dams & Barrages
Small Dams & Large Dams:
• Both dams are used for fishing, flood control, and irrigation.
• They both can be used for recreational purposes.
• They both support the production of HEP.
• Large dams are multi-purpose.
• Large dams can support irrigation for a larger area. For example, Rawal Dam
irrigates 5000 hectares of land while the Warsak dam can irrigate 48000 hectares
of area.
• All large dams can produce HEP is a huge amount. Whereas, small dams either
can or cannot produce HEP; if they can then they amount is HEP is still very less
than big dams’ production.
• Large dams are expensive and time consuming to build. They are also hard to
maintain.
• The amount of resettlement at large dams is greater than in small dams.
Barrages & Dams:
• Barrages are longer while dams are higher.
• Barrages cannot produce electricity because they are built on flat surfaces,
Contrary, dams are created over a slope and can produce electricity.
• Dams and Barrages both can be used to support fishing, flood control, and
irrigation.
Importance of Barrages:
• It helps in irrigation using canals.
• The gates are closed, and water is held in a barrage.
• The link canals then take that water and distribute it into smaller canals.
• The link canals compensate for the loss of water by taking it away from western
rivers to eastern rivers.
• Barrages help in providing more agricultural land.
• It helps in yielding more bananas, wheat, rice, etc.
• It helped in the settlement in Lower Indus Plain.
• Barrage offers many benefits but farmers overuse water that results in water
salinity and logging.
Link Canal & Its Purpose:
• There are many link canals, some of their names are as under:
- Rasul Qasirabad.
- Balloki-Sulaimanki 1
- Balloki-Sulaimanki 2
- Chashma-Jhelum
- Marala-Ravi
Purpose:
• The link canals carry water from the western river to eastern rivers.
• They help by compensating for the water loss to India.
• They help in irrigation by providing water through perennial canals.
Water Logging & Salinity:
• Perennial canals helped in making water available for everyone all year round.
• However, it increased the water table as well as the salts also came to the
surface.
• When the water evaporates the salt remains on the surface and the visible salt
patches are call salinity.
• Salinity makes the land unsuitable for farming.
• The rise of the water table to the surface is known as waterlogging.
Solution:
• Eucalyptus is a tree whose roots go deeper and can absorb water from the
water table helping to reduce the waterlogging and salinity issue.
• The waterlogging and salinity issue can also be solved by lining canals and using
canal closures.
• Tube wells can also help in solving these issues.
Irrigation Methods
Conventional Irrigation Systems:
• Shaduf – It is a system in which water is drawn from a canal, river or well using a
bucket that is attached to a pole.
• Charsa - In this system, animals are used to pull water from the well.
• Persian Wheel – In this system, a wheel is used that supplies water continuously
and irrigates a larger area.
• Karez – In this system, a horizontal underground canal is dug that is several
kilometers long.
Modern Irrigation Systems:
• Perennial Canals – This system provides water throughout the year. These
canals are attached to dams and barrages.
• Tubewells – It has pumps that are operated with fuel (diesel or electricity) to
raise water from the depths. It also helps by lowering the water table.
• Sprinkler/Spray – It is a system that is commonly used to water garden plants.
In this system, sprinklers are attached to water pipes directly. It is an expensive
method.
• Tankers – Tankers are used in an emergency to provide water to fields and
households by collecting it from ponds and lakes.
Surface Water Pollution:
• Water pollution is a serious issue.
• It is a result of dumping industrial and domestic waste.
• The waste contaminates the groundwater and if people drink it, they can suffer
from diseases like hepatitis, diarrhea, etc.
• In agriculture, pesticides are used that can also contaminate the ground and
surface water.
• Oil seepage from ships in Karachi.
Forests
Productive & Protective Forests:
• There are two types of forests:
Productive Forests:
• These are natural forests.
• These forests are used to extract products like timber.
• They have more commercial value.
• These forests have high tree density and closed canopy.
Protection Forests:
• These are manmade forest i.e. people planted these.
• These forests are linear.
• These forests have less commercial value.
• They do not provide any valuable wood.
• The main purpose of these forests is to protect the soil.
• They help in controlling the temperature and provide shade.
Importance of Forests:
• Forests protect erosion of soil.
• Keep the environment clean and help in lowering the temperature.
• Forests help in the formation of humus that maintains soil fertility.
• Forests also help in reducing the flooding.
• They provide raw materials to industries including paper, timber, etc.
• They promote tourism and provide employment.
Types of Forests:
Alpine Forests:
• They can be found in Northern areas including Chitral, Kohistan, and Dir.
• The trees found in these forests have less growth because of low sunlight and
low temperature.
• The trees' roots have a better grip on the ground because they spread sideways
and absorb more nutrients.
• The branches of trees are upward normally to absorb more sunlight.
• The wood from these forests is only used for fuel.
Coniferous Forests:
• They can be found in Northern Areas including KPK, Balochistan Mountains,
Murree, Islamabad, and Rawalpindi.
• These forests can survive at low temperatures.
• The trees are conical in shape and have sloping branches.
• The leaves are usually needle-shaped, leathery, small and thick to check
excessive transpiration.
• Less humus is formed in these forests.
• They offer timber, environment protection, tourism, wildlife, and beautiful
scenery.
Tropical Thorn Forests:
• They can be found in Punjab Plains, Sindh Plains, and Western & southern
Balochistan.
• They are low in height, usually 6 meters to 10 meters.
• They have thorny hardwood mostly; trees have deep roots to search for water
and low vegetation because of less water.
• The wood from these forests is generally used for fire only.
Sub-Tropical Scrub Forests:
• They can be found in Himalayas’ hills and foothills, Kirthar and Sulaiman Ranges,
Makran Coast Range and Western Mountains.
• These forests have tropical thorny and sub-tropical broadleaf specifies.
• They are used for grazing, watershed protection, and firewood.
Riverain or Bela Forest:
• They can be found in River Indus and its tributaries.
• These forests have linear plantations along the banks of rivers.
• They have high yielding commercial hardwood species.
• They provide Shishum and Babul wood.
Mangrove Forests:
• They can be found in Sindh and Balochistan’s coastline areas.
• They have, broad, leathery and drip tips leaves.
• The trees there are low in height and shrubs are grown on the flats.
• The trees can survive in saltwater. As their roots spread into seawater.
• In better conditions, the trees can rise to 6 to 8 meters, but they are generally 3
meters long.
• Waste is dumped in the Arabian Sea that has stunted the growth of these trees
in the Indus and Hub Delta.
• Because of pollution limited species are grown there.
• They offer firewood, timber, breeding ground for fish, prevent coastline from
erosion and absorbs shocks of tsunami and earthquake.
Irrigated Forests:
• Changa Manga near Lahore, Wan Bachran near Thal, Chichawatni in Sahiwal are
Irrigated forests.
• In these forests, economically important species of trees are planted in large
quantities.
• They have species like Shishum, Babul and Eucalyptus.
• They produce firewood and timber.
Deforestation:
Causes:
• Rise of urbanization.
• Use of wood for the fire.
• Use of timber in industries.
• Construction of roads.
• Mining.
• Overgrazing of land.
Effects:
• Deforestation has many bad effects on our environment. Some of them are
listed below:
• Erosion of soil by water and wind.
• Increase in floods.
• Surface run-off carrying sand and silt.
• The generation of electricity is affected because of siltation in reservoirs.
• Destruction and extinction of natural habitats.
• Food and crop production has been affected greatly.
• Irrigation canals are blocked.
• Harmed the fisheries.
• Extreme climate change and global warming.
Solutions to Problems Caused by Deforestation:
• There should be selective cutting that will forbid the cutting of young trees.
• Heavy machinery should be restricted in forests.
• Reforestation must be initiated to cover up for the loss of forestation.
• Fuelwood plantation should be done on reserved lands to preserve valuable
wood species for other wood industries.
• Forestation should be done of hill slopes to prevent silting, flooding, erosion,
etc.
• Media should be used to spread awareness about the importance of trees and
forests in general.
Afforestation:
• In Pakistan, many afforestation projects have been started:
• In Balochistan, Agha Khan Rural Support Program has been initiated that has
planted 80 thousand plants.
• The Tarbela/Mangla project is planting trees on privately owned badland.
• Rechna Doab Project is planting trees between Ravia and Chenab.
Sustainable Forestry:
• The cutting rate of trees must not be more than the rate of their growth.
• If a tree is cut, then it must be replaced from a sapling from the nursery.
• If forest areas are cut down, then new forest areas must be planted to
accommodate for the loss to nature.
Mineral Resources
Formation of Minerals:
• Hot Magma – When heat and pressure transform one form of rock to another
when the hot magma cools down mineral crystal start to become visible.
• Mineral Rich Fluids – When mineral-rich fluids are evaporated.
• Volcanic Rocks – When volcanic rocks are broken down by wind and water.
• Many minerals form crystals.
• If the crystals take too much time to form, they become gemstones.
Processes of Mining
Open Cast Mining:
• Giant excavators and power shovels are used to mine minerals like iron and coal
that are near the surface.
Underground Mining:
• There are two types of underground mining:
- Adit Mining – On hillsides minerals are often exposed on a seam. Miners mines
by creating a passage that can be horizontal or slop depending on the mineral
seam angle.
- Shaft Mining – To mine coal especially, vertical shafts are dug down first by
miners and then horizontal tunnels are dug. Mineral s are then extracted from
tunnels.
Problems Faced by Miners:
• There are many problems that miners face including:
• Flooding.
• The fall of tunnel walls.
• Leakage of poisonous and dangerous gases.
• Explosions.
• Ventilation shortage.
• Underground transport.
Types of Minerals
Metallic Minerals:
• These minerals are more valuable.
• They are usually shiny, hard and tough.
• They can change shape without breaking.
• They are malleable.
• Many of the metallic minerals are good electricity conductors.
• They are reactive with acid and water.
• Examples of metallic minerals are copper, iron, silver, gold, tin, etc.
Non-Metallic Minerals:
• They are less valuable.
• They do not shine, are rough and soft.
• If their shape is shaped, they can break down.
• They are not malleable.
• They are bad electricity conductors.
• They are less reactive with water and acid.
• Examples of non-metallic minerals are coal, Sulphur, gypsum, limestone,
marble, etc.
Advantages and Shortcomings of Mining:
Advantages:
• It will create more employment.
• It will increase export.
• It will increase foreign trade.
• It will make Pakistan self-sufficient and there will be less import needed in
minerals like limestone.
• There will be improved roads and communication in Balochistan.
• Advancement in mining machinery.
• There will be more industries.
Shortcomings:
• There are not many skilled individuals.
• For modern technology, Pakistan will require to import machinery.
• The development of the mining industry will increase pollution.
• Pakistan has an investment shortage.
Effects of Mining on Environment:
• There will be more soil exposure because of vegetation cut down.
• Land pollution will be increased because of mining waster.
• Noise pollution will be increased because of blasts.
• Water pollution will be increased because of mineral waste.
Sustainable Mining:
• Policies should be made and strictly implemented for the sustainable
development of the mining industry.
• Modern technology should be used to increase competitiveness as well as
environmental protection.
• The release of heath and discharge of toxic substances should be checked
promptly to make sure no serious damage in inflicted on the environment.
Fish
Types of Fishing:
Marine Fishing:
• The types of fish that are caught in marine are sharks, drums, croakers, catfish,
rays and skates.
• Fish are breed in Mangroves at Hub and Indus Delta.
• There are two types of fishing methods used in marine:
- Subsistence Fishing – It is when the fishermen and their families consume the
catch. In this fishing, the conventional way of using a net is used.
- Commercial Fishing – It is the type of fishing that is done to generate an income.
Several communities are involved in this type of fishing. In this type, new
techniques of fishing are used including motorboats.
Inland Fishing:
• The types of fish caught in inland fishing include palla, trout, thalla, rahu, silver,
and Manaseer.
• It is the fishing that is widely practiced throughout the country in almost all
rivers.
• The reservois of dams, irrigation channels, and abandoned rivers are used for
fishing.
• For fish farming, dug pounds are also utilized.
Fish Farms:
• They are also known as aquaculture.
• They are manmade rectangular fish ponds used for breeding.
• Some of the fish farms are:
- Reservoirs of Mangla and Tarbela Dams.
- Kheenjhar Lake.
- Manchar Lake.
- Haleji Lake.
- River Indus
Development in Commercial Fishing:
• For the development of fishing several steps are taken by the government:
• New fishing methods have been introduced.
• Value-added products have been developed such as the frozen/canned fish.
• Awareness about the weather to fishermen by broadcasting.
• The MFD (Marine Fisheries Department) has also started various development
projects for the fishing industry including Strengthening of Quality Control
Laboratories, Monitoring of Deep-Sea Fishing Vessels.
• Under the guidance of WTO (World Trade Organization), the MFD labs are
further improved.
Problems of the
Fishing Industry
Water Pollution:
• Oil spillage from ships.
• Discarded toxic chemicals, industry and domestic waste.
Overfishing:
• Overfishing is threatening the existence of shrimps.
• It is practiced all year round even in the breeding season.
The threat to Mangrove:
• The forest of mangroves cannot survive in polluted water.
Lack of Financial Resources:
• There is not enough capital to adopt modern fishing techniques and technology.
Sustainable Fisheries:
• Prevention of foreign sea trawlers to operate in the Arabian Sea.
• Illegal nets to fish must be banned as they can catch baby fish.
• The mangrove forests must be protected.
• Water pollution must be controlled.
Types of Agricultural System:
There are three types of agricultural systems in Pakistan.
1. Small scale subsistence
2. Cash Crop Farming
3. Livestock Farming
1. Small Scale Subsistence:
• It produces raw materials and food.
• Generally, family members do the manual work.
• The produced is usually consumed by the people who work on these farms.
2. Cash Crop Farming:
• On these farms, crops are grown for sale.
• High yields of crops and maximum profit.
• The crop products include cotton, rice-wheat. Sugarcane, tobacco, and oilseeds.
2. Livestock Farming:
• Animalsare reared for commercial and family use.
• Cows,bullocks, sheep, goats, etc. are the animals that are reared in livestockfarming.
Types of Crops
Rabi Crops:
• They are sown in the winter season’s beginning i.e. October to November.
• They are harvested in early summers i.e. April to May.
• These crops include barley wheat, pulses, grams, and oilseeds.
Kharif Crops:
• They are sown in the summer season i.e. April to June.
• They are harvested at the beginning of winter i.e. October to November.
• These crops include sugarcane, rice, cotton, millet, and maize.
Barani Crops:
• The cultivation of these crops depends on rainfall.
Cash Crops:
• These crops are grown to sell and generate profit.
Subsistence Crops:
• These crops are grown by and for the farmers and their families.
Crops Farming
Wheat:
Requirements:
• It requires warm temperature for cultivation i.e. 10-20⁰ for sowing and 25-30⁰ for harvesting.
• It requires a moderate amount of rainfall i.e. 325 mm to 625 mm.
• The soil should be alluvial, and land should be well-drained.
• It requires a dry harvesting season and the rainfall of October & November also helps in its
growth.
Main Areas for Wheat:
• The wheat grows in Nawabshah, entire Punjab and Indus Plains.
Method of Cultivation:
• The field is ploughed.
• Wheat seeds are sown in the ground directly.
• It does not require too much water to cultivate.
• After one month, the first irrigation is required.
• Second irrigation is done one month before harvesting.
• It takes a total of three months for wheat harvest.
• The harvesting requires extensive manual work because grains needed to be separated from
the chaff.
• Stored or transported for sale.
Rice:
Requirements:
• It required hot temperature i.e. 20-30⁰ while cultivating.
• It required dry and warm weather to harvest.
• The soil needs to be claying or loaming and water retentive.
• The lands need to be flat.
• It required a huge amount of rainfall i.e. 1270 mm at least.
• The ideal rainfall is 2000 mm, but Pakistan has insufficient rainfall.
Main Areas for Rice:
• Shekhupur, Larkana, Gujranwala, and Sialkot.
Method of Cultivation:
• The seeds are sown into nurseries or beds.
• When the plants reached a height of 9 inches, it is replanted.
• Replantation is done in a flooded ploughed field.
• The depth of the flooded ploughed field should be 30 cm to 37 cm.
• Water needs to be full until the rice is not fully ready to be harvested.
• Once the rice is ripe, water is drained, and harvesting begins.
• Depending on the size of the farm, threshing can be done using machines or animals.
• The rice then goes to mills for polish and packaging.
Cotton:
Requirements:
• It requires hot temperatures during cultivation i.e. 25⁰ to 35⁰.
• For harvesting, it requires dry weather.
• It needs the soil to be alluvial and deep.
• The land needs to be flat.
• It requires a high amount of rainfall i.e. 1000 mm.
Main Areas for Cotton:
• Nawabshah, Bahawalpur, Multan, Bahawalnagar, and Rahimyarkhan.
Method of Cultivation:
• In April – May seeds are sown at 30 cm to 45 cm apart.
• First irrigation takes place after a month.
• After two months from 1st irrigation, second irrigation is needed.
• In October and November the balls of cotton ripe completely.
• These cotton balls are picked and transported to grinning mills.
• At grinning mills, seeds are separated from lint.
Sugarcane:
Requirements:
• It requires hot temperatures for cultivation i.e. 25⁰ to 35⁰.
• It required dry weather for harvesting.
• The soil needs to be alluvial and deep.
• The land needs to be flat and well-drained.
• A huge amount of rainfall is required i.e. 1520 mm.
Main Areas for Sugarcane:
• Faisalabad, Nawabshah, Peshawar, and Mardan.
Method of Cultivation:
• Stalks are planted from April to May which are 30 cm apart.
• It requires regular irrigation and harvesting.
• The sugarcane is grown by ratooning.
• Harvesting requires manual labour.
• After it is cut, it is transported to sugar mills.
• The sugarcanes are scrubbed with chalk to remove any dirt and smells.
• The juice is extracted from the sugarcanes with the help of heavy rollers.
• The juice is processed to produce sugar.
• In village gur and brown sugar is also produced from sugarcane juice.
• Molasses and Bagasse are two important by-products.
Other Crops
Maize:
• It is a Kharif crop.
• It is a food grain.
• It is also used as a raw material for oil production.
• It is used in the production of custard powder, cornflour, etc.
Pulses:
• It is rich in protein.
• It is widely used in the diet plan.
• It fertilizes the soil by fixing nitrogen.
• It is a low-value crop.
• Some important pulses include Mash, Masoor, Grams, and Mung.
Millets:
• In Pakistan, there are two millets Jowar and Bajra.
• They are used as fodder for poultry and animals.
• They are also used as coarser cereals after grounding.
Oilseeds:
• Pakistan does not produce enough oilseeds.
• The oilseeds produce are rape seeds, sunflower, soya bean, sarson, mustard, sesame, rai,
castor, and linseed.
• Castor seeds and linseeds are also used in industries.
• Only 32% of the demand for edible oil is catered with local production.
Tobacco:
• It is grown in KPK mainly.
• Peshawar and Mardan are the main regions where tobacco grows.
Livestock Farming Importance of Livestock Farming:
• Animal help in the ploughing, threshing, and harvesting of the crops in farming.
• They are also used to transport materials.
• Livestock provides food. e.g. buffaloes and cows produce milk, goats and cattle produce meat
when slaughtered and chickens produce eggs.
• Livestock also provides raw materials like bones, animal hairs, wool and skins to produce rugs,
footwear, leather products, and carpets.
• In the international market, products produced in the cottage industry has high demand.
• Livestock's contribution to the GDP is about 10%.
Factors Affecting Livestock Farming:
• Shortage of facilities for the proper care of livestock e.g. vets, vaccinations, etc.
• Lack of grazing ground led to overgrazing that damages grasslands.
• Animal fodder is expensive.
• Lack of proper marketing means for milk and other livestock products.
• Lack of breeding quality.
• Price gap of livestock in urban and rural areas.
Governments’ Role:
• Some measures have been taken to promote livestock and poultry industry.
• Scientific breeding methods have been introduced e.g. crossbreeding.
• For calves, early diets have been introduced to save milk for human consumption.
• For proper vets, individuals have been trained.
• To fatten cows for meat and milk, programs have been introduced.
• Livestock research farms have been improved.
• Vaccination facilities have been improved.
Factors Affecting Production
Natural Factors Affecting Agriculture:
Topography:
• The land needs to be flatter for better output.
• The output decreases as land gets steeper and higher.
Soil:
• Alluvial and Loess soil produces the best output when farming.
Rainfall:
• If adequate rainfall is received, then crops can be cultivated without irrigation.
• The northern areas of Pakistan including the Potwar Plateau received adequate rainfall.
Temperature:
• Temperature plays an integral role.
• In the northern areas, crops/fruit grow from April to September only.
• Whereas in southern parts, fruits ripe all year round.
Pests and Diseases:
• If the preventive measures are not taken, then crops can be attacked by diseases and pests.
• They can reduce agricultural output.
Human Factors:
Irrigation Facilities:
• Irrigation facilities help in cultivation if there is not enough rainfall.
• Using the irrigation system, the deserts of Thar and Thal have been reclaimed for cultivation.
• However, canal irrigation can cause waterlogging and salinity issues.
Fertilizers:
• They can increase agricultural productions.
Mechanization:
• Machines have also made farming easy e.g. threshers, tillers, tractors, etc.
• Mechanization can reduce farmers' costs by preventing losses.
HYVs (High-Yielding Seed Varieties):
• They can also increase the output by 10 to 20 %.
• These are used widely in commercial farms.
Marketing:
• If proper marketing is done, it will increase profit.
• It will include processing, storage, transport, wholesale and retail.
Plant Protection Programs:
• Aerial and ground spraying of pesticides can prevent pests and diseases attack.
• The Plant Protection Department is also producing treated seeds.
Land Reforms:
• Over time, several governments came up with land reforms to:
- Break the holdings of big landlords.
- To make land distribution equitable.
- To protect the rights of tenants.
- For the consolidation of holding.
Figure (i) Land Reforms of Pakistan
Government’s Efforts to Improve Agricultural Production:
• Following are the steps were taken by the government:
- Encouraging the use of fertilizers by increasing its production.
- Regulations are introduced for the quality of seeds.
- Distribution of improved seeds.
- Initiation of the Plant Protection Department responsible for regular checks for pests, giving
guidance and conducting aerial pesticide sprays.
- Providing financial aid to farming communities.
Sustainable Agricultural Development:
• For sustainability following steps can be taken:
- Environmentally friendly technologies and the system must be developed.
- Waterlogging salinity issues must be addressed.
- The soil fertility measure must be taken seriously e.g. afforestation.
- Cutting of forests must be stopped to prevent soil erosion.
- Over cropping and multi-cropping should be prevented as it can exhaust soil nutrients.
- Organic farming should be encouraged as it can make the soil more productive.
- Irrigation systems must be used to reclaim desert areas to agriculture.
 Coal
Coal:
• It is an old fossil fuel.
• The best type of coal takes several hundred million-year to form.
• It is a non-renewable energy.
• It can be classified into four types based on quality:
- Anthracite – It is the top-quality coal and contains high carbon. The heating
value is also high. It is not available in Pakistan.
- Bituminous – It has good quality, high carbon content and high heating value.
- Lignite - It has low carbon content and low heating value. It contains moisture
and ash.
- Peat – It is the initial stage of a coal formation with very low carbon content. It is
highly vegetative.
Transportation:
• Trollies/donkeys are used for the transportation of coal from the mine to the
surface.
• It is sold to the middleman who then transports it to cement factories and brick
kilns by truck.
• In these factories, coal is used as fuel.
Future of Coal as a Power Source:
• It provides the cheapest fuel.
• New reserves are found in Thar desert and Salt ranges.
• These reserves have 7508 million tons of coal.
• Therefore, it is anticipated that it will be used as a cheap fuel source for many
years to come.
Uses of Coal:
• Coal is used in the process of smelting in iron and steel industries. Smelting is a
process that separated iron from iron ore.
• It is used as a fuel in thermal power stations to generate steam for electricity.
• It is also used as a raw material in fertilizers, ceramic and brick kiln industry.
• It is also widely used in domestic activities such as cooking and heating.
• It is also used in Bitumen i.e. used for roofing, surfacing, roads, etc.
Coal Fields in Pakistan
Quetta Coal Fields:
• There are coal fields at Harnai, Degari, Sharig, and Mach.
• Bituminous is found in these fields.
• This type of coal is used in steel and brick kiln industries.
Lower Sindh Coal Fields:
• Coal fields are found in Sonda, Lakhra and Jhimper.
• Lignite is found in these fields.
• It is used for thermal power stations.
Salt Range:
• Coal can be found in Pidh and Dandot.
• Lignite and Bituminous are found there.
Makarwal:
• Coal is found in Marwal.
• Sub-bituminous is found there.
• It is used in the ceramic industry.
Coal Extraction:
• There are three methods by which coal can be extracted.
Shaft Mining:
• This method is used when coal is underground.
• In this method, a vertical shaft is dug.
• Along the coal seams, several other shafts are along dug.
• To break coal seams, dynamite is used.
• Miners pick coal using a shovel.
• Once it is picked, trollies are used to transport the coal to the surface.
Adit Mining:
• It used to extract coal that is on the hillside.
• For hillside coal extraction, horizontal shafts are dug.
• Multiple shafts can be dug at different levels.
• Dynamite is used to break the seams; shovel is used to pick up coal and trollies
are used to transport the coal outside.
Open Cast Mining:
• It is used when coal is visible on the surface.
• Dynamite is used to break these seams and shovel to pick them up.
• The coal is then supplied to industries using vehicles.
Why Pakistan Imports Coal?
• Pakistan is rich in coal, but the coal found here is mostly of low quality.
• Moreover, Pakistan lacks the proper infrastructure and machinery to mine coal
reserves.
• Therefore, to mix proper quality coal, Pakistan imports coal.
Thar Power Generation Project:
Advantages:
• Thar coal fields are rich in coal with 175 billion tons of coal (lignite).
• It is anticipated that this can produce almost 100,00 MW of power for the next
200 years.
• This coal can also be exported to other countries like India.
• Electricity will become cheaper.
• There will remain no need to import oil and billions of dollars will be saved.
Disadvantages:
• Coal power sources can be damaging to the environment and will pollute rivers
with waste and air with mercury.
• Mercury will contaminate the air and seafood and their continuous
consumption can damage brain cells.
• The fly ash particles in the air can cause respiratory disorders in humans and
animals.
• The fly ash particles in the air can also reduce crop yields.
Mineral Oil (Petroleum)
Mineral Oil:
• It is one of the most important fossil fuels.
• It is also known as black gold.
• It can be found underground (many meters) or under the seabed.
• It can be found mainly in anticline i.e. dome-shaped between dual layers of non-
porous rocks.
• It is trapped in these anticlines with gas and water, above and below
respectively.
• It is non-renewable energy.
Uses of Mineral Oil:
• It is used as a fuel to vehicles, trains, and aircraft.
• It is used to reduce friction in machines.
• It is also a power source i.e. used to generate electricity.
• Its by-products can be used for many industrial and domestic uses including
plastics, wax, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, etc.
Oil Drilling:
• A derrick (drilling rig) is set up.
• The well of oil is drilled to extract this liquid to the surface with the help of
pipes.
• The drill is used to break rocks.
• To control the flow of oil valves are used.
• Once oil flow starts the derricks are removed.
Oil Refineries:
• This oil cannot be used in raw form.
• To make this oil suitable for use, it should be refined first.
• For this purpose, oil refineries in Pakistan are:
- Near the oil field in Potwar Plateau, Morga is the Attock Oil Refinery.
- In Karachi, at the port of import is the Pakistan Refinery and National Refinery.
Oil Fields in Pakistan:
• There are many oil fields in the Potwar Plateau including Dhullian, Tut, Balkasar,
etc.
• The lower Sindh has oil fields too namely Mazari, Laghari, Tando Adam, etc.
Oil Transportation
Oil is Transported Through Pipes:
• It offers a continuous supply.
• It allows you to transport a large amount of oil quickly.
• It is cheap once the pipeline construction is complete.
• But the pipelines can also leak oil.
• It can transport oil to main centers only.
• It can transport only one product.
• Its construction is expensive.
Oil is Transported Through Rail Tankers:
• It can allow the oil to be transported to areas where there is no pipe
construction.
• It can transport more than one product.
• It is best for small suppliers and users.
• It can transport only a small or limited amount of oil.
• It is a slow transport and can encounter accidents.
• It is expensive.
Oil is Transported Through Road Tankers:
• It can help the oil to transport to remote areas.
• It can transport more than one product.
• It is suitable for small users and suppliers.
• It can transport a limited amount of oil only.
• It is a slow transport, can encounter accidents, theft or leakage.
• It is heavy on the roads.
• It is expensive.
Natural Gas
Natural Gas:
• It is an important fossil fuel.
• It can be found in rocks that are above the oil.
• The rocks act like a sponge and trap the gas.
• The rocks have several tiny holes.
• It is a non-renewable energy.
Areas of Natural Gas:
• It is in Sui, Balochistan.
• In Sindh, it is in Mari.
• It is in Mayal, Punjab.
• It can also be found in Khairpur, Uah, Pirkoh, and Dhullian.
Uses of Natural Gas:
• It has domestic uses as well as commercial uses.
• It can be used as a raw material in chemical, fertilizer and cement industry.
• It can be used as an alternative fuel for vehicles.
• It can be used in thermal power stations as a fuel.
• It is used for domestic because it is easily available via pipeline, can be imported
in the cylinder to remote areas, cheaper, convenient and cleaner.
Transportation of Gas
It Can Be Transported Using Pipeline:
• The pipeline provides a continuous and fast supply.
• It can transport a large amount of has.
• It is cheap after the construction of the pipeline.
• The pipes can leak gas.
• It can supply gas to only main cities like Karachi.
• The pipelines are expensive to build.
• It can be transported using cylinders:
Cylinders Can Be Used to Transport Gas to Remote Areas:
• It is suitable for small users and can supply a small amount.
• It is portable.
• It is a slow transport.
• It provides a supply of gas that is interrupted when the cylinder is empty.
• It is expensive.
• There can be accidents.
Importance of Natural Gas:
• It can be used as an alternative fuel for vehicles.
• It can be used in thermal power stations as fuel.
• It is cheaper than coal and oil.
• It is cleaner than coal and oil.
• It can be transported easily.
• It reduces dependencies on imported fuels.
LPG:
• Natural gas is turned into a liquid when it is cooled at a very low temperature.
• This is known as the Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG).
Energy Resources
Nuclear Energy:
• It is a powerful energy source.
• Energy is produced by the splitting of atoms.
• It is used for electricity generation.
Advantages:
• It is a reliable energy source.
• It can produce a large amount of energy with small raw material inputs.
• It is efficient.
• It is a long-lasting fuel in comparison with fossil fuels as they are running out.
• It is environmentally friendly as compared to fossil fuels.
• It can reduce load shedding.
Disadvantages:
• It is an expensive fuel to purchase and to build.
• It is difficult to maintain and there are not many skilled individuals available.
• It can be radioactive.
• Its disposal of waste can be a problem.
Nuclear Power Plants:
• Karachi Nuclear Power Plant.
• Chashma Nuclear Power Plant.
Thermal Electricity:
• If electricity is produced by utilizing non-renewable sources like nuclear, coal,
gas and oil then it is known as thermal electricity.
• Fossil fuels are used to run turbines by producing steams in boilers.
• The turbine then rotates and turns the shaft into a generator within a magnetic
field and electricity is produced.
Alternative Energy Resources:
• The energy that comes from sources that do not deplete natural resources as
well as also does not harm the environment.
• Examples of these sources are sun, wind, geothermal, biomass, wave, tidal and
water.
Importance of Renewable Energy:
• Fossil fuels are depleting and are becoming expensive with each passing day.
• Pakistan imports many fossil fuels such as oil.
• Nuclear energy's waste is difficult to dispose of.
• Nuclear energy can be radioactive.
• Renewable resources do not harm the environment.
• The renewable resources are cheap.
Hydro-Electric Power (HEP):
• It uses the force of flowing water to spin the hydro-turbines.
• There is a shaft that is going into the generator.
• The water force makes the hydro-turbine spin at a rapid speed.
• Then the hydro-turbine makes the shaft spin inside the magnetic field.
• The spinning of the shaft inside the magnetic field generates electricity.
Transmission:
• It is transmitted using underground or overhead transmission lines or grids.
• The local supplier sets the voltage and the electricity is supplied to commercial
and domestic users.
Locations:
• Tarbela Dam
• Mangla Dam
• Warsak Dam
Conditions for Dam Construction:
• The climate should be wet and cool to prevent evaporation.
• There should be more rainfall for good water supply.
• There should be narrow and deep valleys.
• The steep sides also help in the easy construction of dams.
• There should be Impervious rocks to make sure there is less seepage.
• There should be hard rocks.
• Glaciers are also a great place as snow will melt in summer and more water will
be stored.
Solar Energy:
• It is the energy of the sun.
• Pakistan has around 300 sunny days annually in several parts of Pakistan.
• Solar energy can be used in rural areas e.g. cooking, pumping water, water
heating, etc.
• It is a renewable energy source.
• It is safe and clean.
Wind Power:
• The kinetic energy in wind is converted into electrical energy by windmills and
pumps.
• This energy can be used for pumping water or grinding grain.
• The generator in wind turbines generates electricity.
• This electricity can be supplied to larger areas by connecting the grid to the
generator.
• It is a renewable energy source.
Geothermal Power:
• It is derived from the heat of Earth’s core.
• The Earth’s heat is absorbed by hot springs (underground water).
• Drills are used to pump out this hot water.
• The hot water is used to run the turbines and electricity is generated.
Wave Power & Tidal Power:
• Wave motion is used to run the turbine and generate electricity. This is known
as Wave Power.
• The Tidal water in the creeks of the Indus delta has high-velocity flow and can
be used to generate electricity. This is known as the Tidal Power.
• Both power sources are renewable.
• They can provide continuous energy.
• However, they are expensive to construct.
• They can kill sea habitats.
• They can also affect the local shipping using the sea route.
Biogas & Biomass:
• The Biogas refers to using vegetable and plants matters (decaying and living) to
use as a fuel.
• The method of biomass is not new in Pakistan, women in rural areas use cow
dung patties to use as a fuel for cooking.
• Biogas can be produced from the waste of animals and plants.
• Biogas can be generated by fermentation of cow dung, but it emits methane gas
that can increase air pollution since it is a greenhouse gas.
National Grid:
• The National Grid transmits electricity to consumers and domestic users.
• It comprises of transformers and long transmission lines in the network.
Shortcomings:
• It is expensive and difficult to maintain.
• The long transmission line is difficult to install.
• There is friction that makes the line lose electricity.
Electricity Shortage in Pakistan:
• The existing power station has become inefficient because of poor maintenance
and old machinery.
• At HEP stations, reservoirs have a silt that has reduced their capacity to produce
electricity.
• In winter, the water in HEP stations' reservoirs is less because of less rainfall.
• The demand for electricity has increased because of the increase in population,
industrialization, rural electrification and improved standards of living.
Load Shedding:
• The planned power cuts are known as load shedding.
Rural Electrifications:
• The rural areas are also receiving electricity.
• It will help them in improving their standards of living.
• It is also helping them to use modern methods in agriculture.
• It will decrease the migration of rural people to urban areas.
• It will expand and improve small industries.
• It will connect rural areas with opportunities though access to IT.
Efforts for Rural Electrification:
• The national grid has been extended.
• More thermal power stations are established.
• More HEP schemes are planned.
• Many villages have access to electricity now because of solar energy and biogas.
• Foreign and private investments are in place for the development of rural
electrification.
• WAPDA is also playing its role in rural electrification.
• The government has initiated various programs e.g. Village Aid Program.
• The government announced to provide electricity to villages that agree to bear
33% of installation cost.
INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT
Secondary Industry
• The secondary industry is responsible for creating finished or semi-finished
products from the primary sector or secondary products.
• The inputs, outputs, and processes shown in the image above can be grouped
into:
Capital:
• It is the money or finance that is used to manage and establish factories.
Enterprise:
• It is business skills that are required to come up with new ideas for products as
well as to market and manufacture these products successfully.
Land:
• The physical location where industry/factory is located.
Raw Material:
• It is the material required to be transformed by industry processes.
Power:
• Industry requires power to perform their processes. E.g. stitching requires less
power while smelting consumes more power.
Labour:
• The workforce numbers are skills required.
Factors Affecting Industrial Location:
• There are many physical and human factors that must be considered while
choosing a location for the Industry.
Physical Factors:
• Site requirements i.e. the land selected is usually cheap, have the correct area
or can be altered according to needs.
• Natural routes i.e. to have cheap transportation for the supply of industrial
goods and raw materials.
Human Factors:
• Easy access to the market.
• Capital – is there enough financial resources for the development of the
industry.
• The government offers many benefits and incentives for starting a new industry
or not.
• Power supply.
• The skilled workforce is available or not.
• Raw material. • Industrial linkage.
 Types of Secondary Industry
• There are three types of secondary industries:
1. Small-Scale Cottage / Craft Industry:
• It is a traditional industry that does not utilize modern/advanced technology.
• It is usually handled or run by families.
2. Small and Medium Scale Factory:
• This type of industry utilizes modern technology.
• It is transformed into firms/companies that operate workshops, factories or
plants.
3. Large-Scale Factory:
• It has standardized methods for mass production and automation.
• It produces greater output per worker.
• It transforms raw materials like rubber, cotton, timber, copper, limestone, and
bauxite.
• This type of industry varies greatly in size and complexity.
• It may work as a small-scale industry or may run like a multinational company.
E.g. I.C.I.
Cotton Textile Industry:
• It is the biggest industry in Pakistan.
• It provides 50% of the employment to the labour force.
• It accumulates to 60% of the total export of Pakistan.
• It utilizes local raw materials, therefore, no need for imports.
Location:
• Faisalabad, Hyderabad, and Karachi have the biggest textile industries.
Importance:
• It accumulates to a total of 60% of Pakistan’s exports.
• It offers mass employment.
• It contributes to Pakistan's GDP by around 7%.
• Cotton textiles are value-added products.
• The cotton textiles increase farmers' income and promote raw cotton
production.
• The required labour workforce is available to work in the cotton textile
industry.
• Pakistan’s cotton textile has high international demand.
• It also meets the local demands of cotton products.
Problems:
• The leaf curl virus in four consecutive years has reduced the raw cotton
production greatly.
• The international market has faced a recession.
• Pakistan's cotton textile industry is facing great competition from Egypt,
Thailand, Hong Kong, South Korea, and Taiwan.
• It needs to use modern technology to face international competition.
• Pakistan has faced export restrictions because of child labour and
environmental issues.
• Pakistan has scanty water that is depleting, and cotton production is affected by
it.
Sugar Industry:
• It is one of the important industries of Pakistan.
• Sugar is produced from sugar-cane juice.
• Sugar mills are required to be close to the sugarcane fields because it loses its
sugar content continuously with time and because it is costly to transport.
• There are two important by-products of the sugar industry namely, bagasse and
molasses.
• Bagasse is used as animal feed, the raw material to make paper and chipboard
as well as it can be used as a fuel in sugar mills.
• Molasses is used in the manufacturing of various acids.
Location:
• KPK, Punjab, and Sindh have sugar mills.
Fertilizer Industry:
• In 1960 after the Green Revolution the consumption of chemical fertilizers has
increased.
• It is an integral chemical mixture that increases the output of agricultural
products.
• Various fertilizers are made using raw materials like gypsum, phosphate, and
Sulphur.
• Natural gas is now the main raw material for fertilizer production.
• The soil in Pakistan is deficient in nitrogen, as a result, nitrogenous fertilizer is
widely used and produced.
Location:
• Dharki in Upper Sindh, Faisalabad, Daud Khel, and Haripur have Fertilizer
Industries.
Cement Industry:
• The raw materials for cement production are locally available e.g. Sulphur,
limestone, and gypsum.
• As a cheap fuel option, natural gas is utilized in cement industries.
• It has a high demand for the development of cities e.g. construction of barrages,
bridges, dams, houses, etc.
Location:
• Karachi, Salt Range, and Hyderabad have cement industries.
Importance:
• It is high in demand because of the increase in population and the need for
development.
• It is used in the improvement of infrastructure e.g. roads, bridges, etc.
• It is a firm material for construction as it offers durability and modern
appearance.
Steel Industry:
Pakistan Steel Mill Corporation:
• It is at Pipri.
• It was established with the help of Russia.
• It produces raw steel, galvanized products, coke, rolled billets, cast billets and
pig iron/hot metal.
• It supplies raw material to the construction and engineering industries.
Heavy Mechanical Complex Ltd (HMC):
• In 1979, with the help of Chinese, it was established at Taxila.
• It is the main heavy engineering center in the country.
• It manufactures and designs the machinery and industrial plants.
• It also has a Heavy Force Factory (HFF) that caters to the country’s defense
production needs.
• HMC is also manufacturing equipment for gas and oil processing plants, hydro-
electric power plants, petrochemical plants, chemical plants, sugar mill
machinery, and thermal power plants.
• All products made at the complex are of international standards.
Importance:
• It contributes greatly to Pakistan’s GDP.
• It is providing raw materials to many industries including the construction
industry and agricultural industry etc.
• It provides cheap steel because of no custom duty.
• It promotes industrialization.
• It provides industrial employment.
Problems:
• It requires few imported raw materials like manganese, iron ore and
manganese.
• It requires the setting up of infrastructure.
• It lacks skilled labours.
• It is contributing to the pollution.
• It requires a constant power supply.
Industrial States:
• They are special reserve areas for the establishment of industries.
• The government offers special infrastructure facilities.
• They are reserved to promote industrialization and entrepreneurship.
Special Industrial Zones:
• It can be developed where infrastructure facilities are not available.
• The government assists investors to develop special industrial zones.
Nationalization of Industries:
• In 1972, Bhutto transferred industries from public to private sector i.e.
nationalization.
• The nationalization slowed down the industrial development in the country.
• In 1977, Zia-ul-Haq denationalized the industries i.e. transferred them back to
their owners.
• In 1991, privatization of industries was done, and it is still possible i.e. industries
are allowed to be owned by private companies.
Formal and Informal Sectors:
Importance:
• They assist by providing industrial goods and fulfilling domestic market needs.
• They create employment.
• The informal sector utilizes local raw materials.
• The formal and informal sectors’ many products are exported.
• The informal sector does not need imported machinery.
Differences in Formal & Informal Sector:
• The informal sector is self-employed while the formal sector is employed by the
institution.
• The informal sector does not use modern machines and most work is done
manually while the formal sector is mechanized, requires capital and uses less
manual labour.
• The informal sector has irregular work hours and wages while the formal sector
has regular working hours and wages.
• The informal sector often produces low-quality goods while the formal sector
produces a high standard of goods.
• The informal sector is usually non-registered while the formal sector is
registered and legal.
• The informal sector mostly employs women and children while the formal
sector employs males.
Importance of Cottage/Craft & Small-Scale Industry:
• It creates employment.
• It employs women as labour.
• It fulfills local demands as a result saves foreign exchange and restricts imports.
• It exports goods like carpets.
• It prevents rural to urban migration.
• It contributes to the development of rural areas.
• It does not require heavy machinery.
• It utilizes waste from large-scale industries.
• It contributes to Pakistan’s GDP.
Examples:
• Embroidery, carpets, wood carving, sports goods, jewelry, and surgical goods
are examples of cottage/craft and small-scale industries.
Problems:
• It generates limited revenue.
• It is failing to achieve the economy of scale.
• It lacks quality.
• It utilizes outdated methods and machinery.
• The middleman makes the profit.
• Lack of electricity in villages; villagers only in daylight.
• It lacks proper finance and marketing.
• It is using child labour.
Government Policies for Cottage & Small-Scale Industries:
• The governmental organizations are carrying out the following duties:
• They are establishing small industrial estates.
• They are providing marketing facilities.
• They have established technical centers.
• They are providing pre-investment guidance and counseling.
• They are proving easy installment loans.
• They are working for rural electrification.
• They are providing provisions for roads.
• They have established the handcraft development centers.
• They are providing better communication facilities.
Industrial Pollution:
• It is affecting people's health in the form of diseases.
• It has contaminated the sub-soil water which is affecting crop production and
people's health.
• It is a threat to marine habitats.
• It is a threat to mangrove forests and the reproduction of fish.
• It is also contributing to the noise pollution that is resulting in deafness.
Steps to Control Industrial Pollution:
• An effective disposal mechanism should be in place for industrial waste and
smoke.
• Waste treating machines should be imported and utilized.
• Massive tree plantation must be conducted to control and reduce the effects of
industrial pollution.
• Industries should be far from localities.
• Awareness programs must be started regarding pollution hazards.
• In 1997, the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act was passed to check
environmental pollution.
Tertiary Industry
• It is also known as the service industry.
• It provides services.
• Tourism is a major example of tertiary industry.
Tourism:
• It is an industry that deals with accommodation and recreational facilities for
people who come to visit or stay for a limited period.
Advantages:
• It generates greater income as compared to exports.
• It creates employment and is labour intensive e.g. guides.
• It promotes cottage and craft industries.
• It promotes the local food market.
• It provides locals to enjoy tourism facilities too.
• It promotes cultural linkage.
• Tourism is a sustainable industry.
Disadvantages:
• Tourism industry id affected by economic and politic situations.
• After 9/11, Pakistan experienced a sudden decline in tourism.
• The employment created by the tourism industry is seasonal.
• Six months, from May to October is the peak season.
• Tourism opens a need for hotels that can negatively affect local people and their
livelihood.
• It can destroy the local culture.
• During the peak tourism season, necessity items’ prices increases.
• For the construction of hotels, environmental can take a toll e.g. deforestation
in Kalam.
Factors Affecting Tourism Development:
• Security for tourists.
• The number of tourist attractions.
• Capital for the development.
• Provision of infrastructure facilities.
• Marketing.
International Visitors:
• Different types of foreign visitors come to Pakistan.
• These visitors include corporate visitors, visitors to attend trade delegations,
diplomatic delegation members, UNO officials, foreign tourists and people visiting
family.
Natural Tourist Attractions:
• Swat Valley – It has rushing torrents, flower-bedecked slopes, and fruit-laden
orchards.
• Skardu - the capital of Baltistan. It is the starting point if you wish to begin your
journey towards
K2.
• Gilgit Valley – It has beautiful scenery all over.
• Hunza Valley – Snow covered mountains in the background and wheat field are
the highlight.
• Chitral – The Kalash valleys are the highlight.
Cultural Attractions:
• The salt mines at Khewra.
• Harappa, Taxila and Moen-jo Daro are archeological sites.
• Khyber Pass, Shalimar garden, the tomb of Chaukandi, the tomb of Ranjit Singh
and the tomb of Iqbal, Badshahi mosque are historic sites in Pakistan.
Call Centers:
• It is also a tertiary (service) industry.
• It is responsible for handling inbound and outbound calls (telephone mostly).
• Inbound calls are from customers to the company while outbound calls are from
company to customers.
• It can handle a huge amount of calls simultaneously using a computer system.
• It also helps large organizations and telemarketing companies to handle their
calls at cheap rates.
 Major Exports & Imports

Trade:
• The concept of buying/selling or exchange of goods and services.
• Internal trade is the exchange of goods and services within a country.
• External trade is the exchange of goods and services from one country to
another.
Importance of Foreign Trade:
• It increases and encourages economic activity.
• It helps in achieving the economy of scale.
• It creates employment.
• It opens doors for product specializations. E.g. cotton products are Pakistan’s
specialty.
• It stimulates IT and capital.
• It encourages countries on producing value-added products.
Import & Export
Import:
• When a country buys goods or services it is known as an import.
• When import happens, the foreign exchange leaves the country.
Export:
• When a country sells goods or services it is known as export.
• When export happens, foreign exchange comes to the country.
Visible & Invisible Trade:
• Visible trade is the exchange of goods while invisible trade is the exchange of
services.
Exports of Pakistan:
• Primary exports include fish, cotton, rice, fruits, and vegetables.
• Processed exports include dries fish and cotton yarn.
• Manufactured exports include sports goods, garments, carpets, cotton textiles,
and surgical instruments.
Trend of Export:
• Initially, Pakistan was exporting primary goods but now it is more focused on
exporting manufactured goods.
• Manufactured goods yield greater profit as they are value-added items.
• Export helps Pakistan in earning foreign exchange and improving the Balance of
Trade.
• It is also stimulating industrialization.
• It is creating employment and increasing economic activity.
Shortcomings:
• Pakistan export base is very narrow.
• Pakistan’s 61% of export is through rice, leather and cotton.
• Most of Pakistan’s export items are cheap from cottage and small-scale
industries.
Imports of Pakistan:
• Pakistan imports capital goods e.g. machinery.
• It imports raw materials like iron ore, coke, manganese and crude oil.
• It also imports consumer goods including fertilizer, wheat, electrical appliances
and sugar.
Trend of Import:
• Pakistan is importing from around 100 countries.
• It imports most from Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Japan, USA, UK and Germany.
Shortcoming:
• This huge import is creating a negative balance of trade.
• Stimulation of industrialization is the major reason for the import.
• Unfavorable exchange rate.
• Infrastructure and green revolution.
GDP & GNP
GDP:
• It stands for Gross Domestic Product.
• It defines any country’s economy in geographical terms.
• It represents the total value (monetary) of all goods that are produced in a
country in a period.
GNP:
• It stands for Gross National Product.
• It defines the country’s production of goods by locals.
• It represents the total value (monetary) of all goods and services produced by
the resources owned by the locals of a country in a period.
Trading Partners of Pakistan
Trading Partners of Pakistan in Import:
USA:
• Pakistan imports from the USA wheat, oil, vegetable, and machinery.
Germany:
• Pakistan imports from Germany electrical appliances and machinery.
UK:
• Pakistan imports from the UK fertilizers, machinery, and electrical appliances.
Saudi Arabia:
• Pakistan imports from Saudi Arabia, petroleum.
Malaysia:
• From Malaysia, Pakistan imports edible oil.
Japan:
• From Japan, Pakistan imports electrical appliances and machinery.
Sri Lanka:
• From Sri Lanka, Pakistan imports tea.
Trading Partners of Pakistan in Exports:
USA:
• Pakistan exports surgical equipment, carpets, and rugs to the USA.
Germany:
• Pakistan exports carpet, rugs, cotton textile, and surgical equipment to
Germany.
UK:
• Pakistan exports surgical equipment, raw cotton, rugs, and carpet to the UK.
Saudi Arabia & UAE:
• Pakistan exports ready-made garments, spices, and rice to UAE and Saudi
Arabia.
China & Hong Kong:
• Pakistan exports cotton yarn to Hong Kong and China.
Japan:
• Pakistan exports fish and its products to Japan.
Trade Routes
Land Route:
• The east land route of Pakistan involves India which is not feasible due to bad
relations.
• On the west are Bolan, Khyber and Khurram Pass. But it still lacks adequate road
links to connect Pakistan with CAS through Afghanistan.
• On the north is China, Karakoram Highway has strengthened trade between
both countries.
• On the south-west is Iran, there is RCD that connects Pakistan with Turkey
through Iran, but the road is not properly built and maintained.
Problems:
• The topography for trade is inadequate as there are steep slopes, mountains
etc.
• There are very few passes.
• Trade through land routes is costly because of taxes.
• Trade through land routes is slow and vulnerable.
Sea Routes:
• Sea routes are preferred for trade because it is cost-effective.
• It also provides a shorter route to Europe as compared to the land route.
• Pakistan has developed ports e.g. Bin Qasim port.
• The sea roots function all year round.
• It also connects Pakistan to the middle east through the Arabian sea.
• It can handle large consignments.
Problems:
• It is slow and time-consuming as compared to air routes.
• It cannot handle urgent trade.
• It cannot reach inside cities and inland areas.
• It cannot reach landlocked countries.
• It is inadequate for perishable goods.
Air Route:
• It is the fastest trade route.
• It is suitable for small consignments and lighter items.
• It is best for urgent deliveries.
• It can reach inland areas and cities.
• It can reach landlocked countries.
Problems:
• It is expensive.
• It is not suitable for heavy consignments.
• It is not suitable for perishable items.
Balance of Trade
Balance of Trade:
• It represents the value difference between exports and imports of goods.

Balance of Trade = Value of export goods - Va

Balance of Payment:
• It represents the value difference between exports and imports of goods and
services.
 Balance of Payment = Value of export (goods + service) - Va
Pakistan’s Balance of Payment/Trade:
• It was negative because of the following reason.
• There was more value of imports than the value of exports.
• Pakistan imports capital goods, luxury goods, consumer goods et
• Pakistan also imports crude oil and its price in the international market is
constantly increasing.
• The population has increased and so the need for imports.
• The exchange rate of Pakistani rupee against USD and Pond is unfavorable.
• Pakistan generally exports agro items that have less value.
• Foreign governments have placed restrictions on Pakistan trade e.g. child labour
issue and environmental issues.
• The competition is increasing in the cotton textile export. E.g. Thailand.
• The list of trading partners of Pakistan is small.
• Increase in load shedding.
• Instability in the political condition of Pakistan.
• Bad infrastructure.
Steps to improve Balance of Trade:
• Pakistan should focus on doing more export.
• The country should restrict the value of imports.
Steps to Increase Exports & Restrict Imports:
Increase exports:
• Pakistan should focus on producing more value-added products.
• Quality control should be strict to guarantee export quality products.
• The supply needs to be reliable.
• Pakistan should seek to form more trade partners.
• The export goods should have diversity.
• Pakistan should improve the infrastructure by the construction of more dry
ports and seaports.
• Child labour should be banned.
• There should be more export processing zones.
• The political situation needs to be stable.
Restrict imports:
• The quality of education should be improved to increase skilled labour.
• Imports should be restricted by imposing high tax on them e.g. luxury items.
• Locals should be encouraged to purchase the Pakistan made products.
• Tariffs should be high to discourage importers.
• Awareness programs should be initiated on the negative effects of imports.
Trade Barriers:
• Three types of trade barriers can be imposed:
• Tariffs – that is the tax on imports.
• Trade embargoes – that is the ban on elected products.
• Quotas – that is the physical quantity of goods and restrictions on their import.
Foreign exchange & Exchange Rate:
• Foreign exchange deals in other countries’ currencies.
• Foreign exchange can be earned by visible and invisible exports.
• It can also be increased by remittances from Pakistani locals residing abroad.
• An exchange rate represents the value of one currency with respect to the
other.
 TRANSPORT AND TELECOMMUNICATION
Pakistan Railways

Pakistan Railways Layout:

• Pakistan's railway track extends to a total of 11899 kilometers.
• It has 54 train halts and 900 train stations in total.
• The railway extends from Karachi to Peshawar.
• There is a little-used line that goes extends from Peshawar to Afghanistan.
• There are also branch lines that extend from Nowshera to Dargai, Sukkur to Sibbi,
Quetta to Chaman and Zahidan in Iran.
• The railway tracks are non-existence in the high mountains of north-western and
northern areas.
• The railway cannot access Kalam, Skardu, Chitral, Mingora, and Gilgit.
• However, places at the foothills of mountains including Bannu, Peshawar, and Kohat
are accessible via railway.
Reasons for the Railway Deterioration:
• It has a lack of investment.
• The rails and sleepers are worn out.
• The operations of railways are not very efficient.
• There is corruption in railways.
• There are several non-profitable stations.
• The reservation system is bad.
• There is only a single main track.
Development of Pakistan Railways since 1947:
• There was insufficient coal supply, therefore steam engines were replaced by diesel
engines.
• Faster trains were introduced e.g. Shalimar Express that travel from Karachi to Lahore.
• Electric traction was given from Lahore to Khanewal that accumulates to 289
kilometers out of a total to 12625 kilometers.
• Several repair workshops were established in Sukkur, Jhelum, Islamabad, and
Moghalpura.
• In 2002, work started to transform the single track to dual-track from Khanewal to
Lodhran.
Recent Developments in Railways:
• The introduction of new services increased railway revenue.
• Efforts to build railway track to Gwadar that will connect Pakistan to CAS.
• The digitization of the ticket system and prevented the ticket black market.
• The introduction of a one-window ticketing system.
Revitalization of KCR (Karachi Circular Railway):
• It was in operation from the 1970s to the 1990s.
• It closed because of inefficiency and failure to meet the growing population's needs.
• The decision to reopen the KCR is still not taken.
• However, a proposal has been proposed for the expansion and reopening of KCR.
Salient Features of Proposal:
• It will be linked to newly built bridges and flyovers to provide effective rail-road links.
• KCR will be extended to provide access to suburb cities.
• The stations, ticketing system, and timetable will be improved.
Dry Ports

Functions of Dry Ports:

• Inland cities that do not have seaports or are far away have established dry ports.
• These ports are established to promote foreign trade.
• They can make import and export procedures faster.
Locations of Dry Ports:
• There are 9 dry ports in Pakistan.
• There are in Peshawar, Rawalpindi, Sialkot, Hyderabad, Quetta, Multan, Larkana,
Faisalabad and Lahore.
Aims of Establishment of Dry Ports:
• To fasten the checking and clearance process of Cargo.
• To reduce the burden from port Qasim and Karachi port.
• For the smooth collection of profit by the government.
• To provide easy transportation from production point to seaport.
• To increase trade activities (foreign) in the cities that are not in proximity to seaports.
Requirements for Establishing Dry Ports:
• To build a dry port, there should be an efficient rail transport in place to carry bulk and
heavy cargo.
• The managerial staff should be efficient.
• They need open areas and huge storage shed.
• There should be a refrigeration facility available for perishable goods.
• There should be an efficient road network.
Roads & Motorways
Principal Roads of Pakistan:
The National Highway:
• It is also known as “The N5” and “Grand Trunk Road”.
• It extends from Karachi through Lahore, Peshawar, and Turkham for about 1260
kilometers.
The Indus Highway:
• It extends to 1204 kilometers.
• It covers Karachi to Kotri, Kotri to Dadu, Shikarpur, Dera Ismail Khan, Larkana, and
Dera Ghazi Khan.
The RCD Highway:
• It extends over 600 kilometers.
• It connects Karachi to Quetta.
• It also connects Pakistan to Turkey and Iran.
Route 50:
• It connects Lahore to Quetta.
Route 65:
• It connects Sukkur to Quetta.
Karakoram Highway:
• It connects Pakistan to China.
Karachi to Gwadar:
• A road that connects Karachi to Gwadar is under construction.
Road Transport
versus
Rail Transport

Principal Motorways of Pakistan:

• In 1997, Islamabad to Lahore Motorway was constructed that covers 339 kilometers.
• In 2007, Islamabad to Peshawar Motorway was completed named as ‘M-1’ that covers
155 kilometers.
• The Pindi Bhattian to Faisalabad Motorway named as ‘M-3’ covers 52 kilometers.
• The Karachi to Hyderabad Motorway named as ‘M-9’ covers 135 kilometers. This
motorway was abandoned because of insufficient funds.
Importance of Motorways:
• Motorways made road transport efficient.
• It promoted the establishment of industrial estates on its routes.
• It promotes industrial growth as it supplies raw material to industries and goods to
markets.
• The increase in industrial growth will also create new employment opportunities.
• The motorway can also be connected to CAS and Afghanistan to stimulate foreign
trade.
Air Transport & Water Transport
Air Transport:
• It is the best transport for high-value light-weight items.
• It is the fastest transport available.
• Gilgit and Skardu are accessible via air transport.
• Air cargo for perishable items to the Middle East has stimulated.
• People visit other countries via air transport generally.
Factors for Construction of International Airports:
• The flat road is required for runway construction.
• The relief and climate are also considered for the construction of international airports
for smooth operation all year round.
• The location should provide the smallest route to other countries.
• International airports should be built in the capital city to facilitate foreign diplomats
and delegates.
• The proper infrastructure of cities is also a requirement.
• There should trade and industrial centers.
Water Transport:
Keamari Port:
• It is a natural seaport.
• It has several wharves i.e. a place where cargo loads/unloads.
• It receives cargo ships, tankers, and containers.
Modernization of Keamari Port:
• Support facilities have been provided for the transportation, storage, and unloading of
liquid products.
• To bypass traffic congestion in the port area, flyover bridges are constructed.
• The increase in the volume of cargo is handled by the rehabilitation of berths.
• Measures have been taken for environmental protection and keeping the seawater
clean.
• The storage facilities in East and West Wharves have been expanded.
• Cargo handling has been modernized by container terminals at West Wharf.
Port Qasim:
• It is another natural deep seaport of Pakistan.
• It relieves the workload on Keamari Port by utilizing modern machinery.
• It handles raw materials for Pakistan Steel Mill.
• It combines functions of industrial zones and multi-purpose deep seaport.
• It handles the cargo containing jute, LPG, iron ore, edible oil, grain, fertilizers, and coal.
• Industries include assemblies, cotton textiles, chemicals, paper, and board.
Gwadar Port:
• It is located at the Makran Coast, Balochistan.
• It can become a milestone event in Pakistan's economic development.
• If Gwadar Port is developed, then it will serve the country’s economy in the following
ways:
- It will facilitate the export of Balochistan’s fruits and result in Balochistan’s
development.
- If port Qasim or Keamari is affected in any way, then it can serve as a substitute port.
- It can serve as an entrepot for CAS helping both Pakistan and Afghanistan’s economy.
- CAS can open their warehouse at Gwadar port for storing export material.
- Afghanistan can also store their export material at Gwadar port.
Telecommunications
• Telecommunication devices provide communication over long distances.
• It transmits images and sounds along the radio waves or wires by converting them into
signals.
• They include fax, computers, radios, telephones, and televisions.
• The Internet is a new development in telecommunication, and it connects computers
by satellite and telephone.
• The Internet allows the user to send/receive emails, create webs and visit webs
anywhere in the world.
• Besides the internet, cell phones are also a recent development.
• Mobile devices allow people to communicate or access the internet wirelessly.
Importance of telecommunications in Pakistan:
Education:
• It can help in the promotion of education by making distance (online) learning
possible.
• The internet is helping students in the classroom to take help and guidance from the
resources and information available on the world web.
Industrial Development and Marketing:
• Easy and speedy access allows industries to help with new technologies as well as to
order these advance types of machinery to improve the quality of products.
• Foreign companies can open their branches in Pakistan with the introduction of
advanced telecommunication facilities.
• TV, radio and social media offer great advertisement and marketing mean to
industries to acquire greater and international exposure.
• The Internet offers a mean to Pakistan to improve its export activities by finding
market trends and opportunities.
• Pakistan can use the e-commerce market to increase its economy.
Shortcomings of Developing Telecommunications in Pakistan:
• Any breakdown or faults in the internet service can affect the industry’s functions and
operations.
• Advanced telecommunications and the use of the internet and computers are
reducing employment for locals because the literacy rate is low.
• Frequent load shedding in Pakistan affects the supply of the internet.
• Easy access to everything and all kinds of websites can harm local culture.
• Computers and other IT equipment are expensive when used in large quantities.
• The computer devices and IT equipment need to be imported i.e. import burden on
Pakistan’s economy.
Government Plans:
• Development of needed infrastructure provision.
• Easy access of the internet by establishing internet cafes and centers at railway
stations, post offices, pumps, and airports.
• The promotion of education channels for kids on television.
• Investment in training required skilled IT professionals.
• The development of the IT industry including software in Urdu and regional languages.
• Promoting internet usage in business and education.
 Population and employment

(a) Structure and growth

Candidates should be able to:

• understand the changing population structures (both age and sex) as shown by population pyramids for
Pakistan
• explain and evaluate the effects of the present and projected population structures on the economy and
development of Pakistan
• interpret graphs and statistics illustrating birth rates, death rates and the rates of natural increase in
Pakistan, and identify trends in population growth
• explain the social, educational, economic and political factors which contribute to population growth over
time
• explain the problems for development caused by population growth over time, consider its sustainability
and evaluate possible solutions to these problems.

(b) Movements of population

Candidates should be able to:

• describe and explain, with reference to both ‘push’ and ‘pull’ factors, the main causes of population
movements, including rural-urban migration, seasonal migration, emigration and immigration (including
refugees)
• describe and explain the effects of these population movements, including shanty developments in cities,
tent cities and the de-population of rural areas
• understand the effects of population movements and evaluate the measures which may be taken to help
solve the problems created, such as self-help schemes, provision of clean water and other services
(including adverse outcomes such as poor housing).

(c) Distribution and density of population

Candidates should be able to:

• distinguish between distribution of population and density of population
• recognise the variations in both distribution of population and density of population between the Provinces
(including the Northern Area) and within the Provinces (including within the Northern Area)
• explain the physical, economic, social and political factors which contribute to these variations.

(d) Employment

Candidates should be able to:

• define the terms primary, secondary and tertiary in relation to occupations
• describe and explain the proportions of the workforce engaged in each of the primary, secondary and
tertiary sectors, and any changes in these proportions that may have taken place or may be taking place
• understand and explain the causes of rural and urban unemployment and underemployment (that is, people
who are not fully employed), and understand the problems for development created by underemployment
and unemployment
• describe and explain the availability of skilled labour (people qualified for the professions, for management
and as technicians, etc.) and manual labour
• understand that unemployment and underemployment can be factors that influence GNP and GDP
• understand and evaluate the importance for Pakistan’s development of literacy, education and training
for both males and females, in rural as well as urban areas.

POPULATION AND EMPLOYMENT

 Structure & Growth
Reasons for Population Increase:
• Child labour is associated with the increase in population as more children can
bring more money home.
• The span of reproductivity increases because of early age marriages.
• On a religious basis, family planning programs have received resistance from
religious groups.
• People’s desire to conceive a son led to more population.
• The refugees from Afghanistan also contributed to the rapid growth of the
population.
• Lack of literacy since people do not understand the causes of population
growth.
• Government's inconsistent policies.
Problems Faced Because of Population Growth:
• Unemployment and underemployment.
• No security for food.
• Increased workload on health facilities including medicines, hospitals, and
doctors.
• Shortage of water, electricity, educational institutions.
• Increase in child labour.
• It burdens housing facilities as well as transport resources.
• Increase in terrorism and crime rate.
Efforts Needed for Balanced Population Growth:
• Awareness programs should be started by the Government and NGOs regarding
the bad influences of having more children in urban and rural areas both.
• Affordable contraceptives should be provided to the people.
• Child labour should be banned to discourage people from having more children.
• The necessary measures should be taken for the increase in literacy rate.
• Emphasis should be put on the promotion of female education.
The Demographic Transition Model:
Stage 1 (1905 – 1935):
• The birth rate and death rate both were high during this period.
• The population growth was slow.
Stage 2 (1936 – 1970):
• During this period, the birth rate was high.
• However, the death rate became slow because of an increase in medical &
health facilities.
Stage 3 (1971 – 2013):
• There was a decrease in birth rate because of literacy, career-oriented females
and family planning programs.
• The death rate was also low.
• The living standard was improved.
Stage 4 (2014 – 2040):
• If the birth rate and death rate remain slow then Pakistan will achieve a stable
stage.
Population Structures:
• Population structure is usually represented using population pyramids.
• It is the percentage of males and females in various age groups.
• It indicates the following stats:
- High birth rate resulting in high dependency.
- Low death rate.
- The minor increase in life expectancy.
Effect on Economy & Development by Present Day Population Structure:
• An increase in birth rate puts the burden on the country's economic resources
leading to negative economic growth.
• To meet the basic needs, Pakistan needs to start many development projects.
• The age group (15 to 60 years) with less population also negatively affects the
economy.
• Pakistan is having a high population proportion of old people that can further
burden the economy
Pakistan’s Projected Population Structure:
• In the next 20 years, Pakistan will experience a further downfall in the birth rate
and death rate.
• Age growth (15 to 75 years) will comprise a larger proportion of fulfilling the
need for skilled labour.
• The high aged population will still be a burden, but they can be a guide to young
people too.
• The lower birth rate will also decrease the dependency rate.
Employment
• It is defined as the individuals who are ten years or above and worked for an
hour from the reference period.

• These individuals are known as self-employed or paid-employed.

• The employed workforce can be divided into the following three sectors:
- Primary Sector
- Secondary Sector
- Tertiary Sector
Primary Sector:
• The labour force involved in the primary sector is responsible for extracting raw
materials from the sea or earth.
• It accumulates to 45% of the employed individuals.
Secondary Sector:
• It is the workforce that processes and manufactures raw materials.
• It accumulates to 14% of the labour force.
Tertiary Sector:
• It is the sector that deals with services including banking, administration,
education, and others.
• It accumulates to 41% of the workforce.
Unemployment:
• It represents the individual who is unable to find a paid job.
Disguised Unemployment:
• It is when the number of workers is greater than the needed workers.
Causes of Unemployment:
• Unemployment is a consequence of authorities' inability to create the needed
opportunities for the skilled and unskilled workforce.
• It creates a huge gap between demand and supply of labour force.
• Disguised unemployment in the primary sector makes it a challenge to come up
with an actual figure of the demand and supply.
• High population growth.
• Changing technologies.
• Rural-urban migration.
• Political instability.
How Literacy & Training can Solve Unemployment Issue?
• Improved literacy rates will reduce pressure on the primary sector.
• Literate workers can work more efficiently as compared to unskilled and
illiterate workers.
• If literate workers can meet the specialized labour demand than there will be no
demand and supply gap.
• Trained and skilled workers can find better opportunities locally and abroad.
• Literate workers will also understand the importance of a quality lifestyle and
having a small family.
Employment Generation Through Literacy & Training:
Agricultural:
• Agricultural training institutions should be established.
• Agriculture should be taught as a primary subject in these institutions.
• In these institutions, practical training must be given with the help of model
farms.
• Workshops should be helpful for the technical training of repairing agricultural
machinery.
• Training centers for cottage industries should also be established.
Industrial:
• Specialized training must be given considering manufacturer requirements.
• In the training, basic knowledge about the plant and its functions must be
provided.
• The training must also guide people about the maintenance of machinery and
plant.
• The necessary emergency and safety procedures must be taught.
• They must be taught the handling of advanced machinery with practical
demonstration.
• Trainees should be facilitated to acquire international standard training from
abroad.
• The managers of these plants must be given training regarding the
management.
Effects of Unemployment on Economic Development:
• It results in low GDP and GNP because fewer people are generating income.
• The high unemployment rate also results in low wages and salaries i.e. less tax
collection.
• It decreases the production growth of goods as demand also decreases because
of employment.
• Because low-income generation, the government often increases the rate of tax
collection.
• It reduces government funds and as a result foreign and local investment also
reduces.
• Unemployment also increases the dependency rate.
Density & Movement of Population
Factors Affecting the Distribution and Density of Population:
• The natural topography affects the population i.e. people prefer to live on flat
or undulating terrains or at doabs.
• People prefer moderate temperatures and rainfall.
• The soil that is fertile, deep and spread by rivers also attracts population.
• People prefer constant water supply, therefore, areas close to rivers and lakes
have a high population.
• People prefer natural routes including the confluence of valleys, mountain gaps,
and natural harbors.
• The efficient transport including rail, road, and air also attracts people to settle
down.
• The supply of HEP and thermal stations.
• Government policies, port facilities, and tourism development are also some
factors that affect the population.
• People like to live in areas that have better accommodation, health, and
education facilities.
Migration:
• The movement of people from one location to another is called migration.
• Migration can be international or internal.
• Internal migration happens within the country e.g. movement of people from
rural to the urban area.
• International migration involves the movement of people to other countries.
• Pakistan is facing a rise in rural to urban migration.
Rural Push Factors:
• Unemployment, the burden on land and ownership and division of land among
sons.
• The poor quality of life and overpopulation.
• Less food production and the issues of waterlogging, salinity and soil erosion.
• The rise of mechanization resulted in unemployment.
• Natural disasters e.g. floods.
Urban Pull Factors:
• The urban areas have better employment opportunities.
• The urban areas offer an improved lifestyle.
• It has more food sources.
• The entertainment factor also attracts people there.
• It has better civic services e.g. education, health, transport, etc.
Influence of Rural-Urban Migration:
• Due to increase movement to urban areas, the living condition has deteriorated.
• The health hazards in cities have increased as well as the slums.
• The civic services are also overburdened.
• Water, land and air pollution has increased.
• The traffic situation is worsened.
• The crime rate and terrorism have increased.
• Depression, child abuse, drug usage has become a common problem.
• The suicide rate because of unemployment has also increased.
• The gender-balanced has been disturbed in both urban and rural areas.
Self-Help Scheme:
• It is usually a government-sponsored program.
• It encourages people to create self-employment and growing their food.
Advantages:
• It offers shelter to low-income families and helps in reducing poverty.
• It motivates people to take responsibility for cleaning the area resulting in a
healthy environment.
• People are promoted and provided with financial aid to start their businesses as
well as to improve their standard of living.
• People take care of their areas' security, as a result, the crime rate reduces.
• Recreational facilities can be built.
• In localities like this, NGOs also provide their share of help and support.
Disadvantages:
• Construction material is very expensive leading to failure of these schemes.
• Low-income families don't have savings to contribute to these schemes.
• Corruption is high in these schemes.
• These schemes are very slow as there are financial constraints and
administration delays.
• These projects lack good leadership.
• These schemes also attract more rural to urban migration.
• Government changes as well as political stability effects or delay these schemes.
Reasons for Out-Migration from Pakistan:
• The lack of employment opportunities.
• The rise of development projects in the Middle East during the 80s and 90s.
• The high standard lifestyle of foreign countries like the USA.
• The increase in crime rate and corruption in Pakistan.
• Canada is under the threat of depopulation and its policy is attracting more
people from countries like Pakistan to migrate.
• The political tensions.
Effects of Out-Migration:
• Increase in remittance.
• Improvement in Information Technology.
• Pressure on limited employment relieved.
• Increased investment in Pakistan by overseas Pakistanis.
• Cultural interchange.
Causes of Seasonal Migration:
• The practice of Transhumance in the north-western and northern areas of
Pakistan.
• During the drought season, there is a shortage of food and employment; people
migrate to urban areas during this time.
• During flood season, people migrate to safe locations.
• During the harvesting season, people migrate to farms in search of
employment.
• Agro-based factories also hire workers on a seasonal basis.
Sustainable Population Growth:
• A population can be supported by the country’s economic resources all year
round in known as the sustainable population.
How can it be maintained?
• By starting awareness programs regarding the consequences of the rapid
growth of population.
• By attaining resource and population balance.
• By promoting family planning programs.