3. Super Key: Candidate key + extra attributes 3.

Network DBMS – graph structure

5-MARK QUESTIONS Example: {RollNo, Name} Example: IDMS 2-MARK QUESTIONS
4. Foreign Key: Key referring another table 4. Object-oriented DBMS – stores objects
1) What is an ER Model? Explain ER diagram with example. Example: [Link] → [Link] Example: MongoDB (partially), db4o 1) Difference between Strong & Weak Entity
5. Composite Key: Combined attributes
The Entity–Relationship (ER) Model is a conceptual data model used to represent real-world objects (entities) and Example: (StudentID, CourseID) (ii) Write the symbols of ER Diagram. Strong Entity Weak Entity
their relationships in a database. Has its own primary key
No primary key
It helps in database design before implementation. 5) What is EER Model?  Entity: Rectangle
 Attribute: Oval Independent Depends on strong entity
Components: Enhanced ER (EER) Model extends ER model with additional concepts:  Key Attribute: Underlined oval Example: Student Dependent: FeePayment
 Relationship: Diamond
 Entity: Object in real world (Student, Employee).  Specialization  Multivalued Attribute: Double oval 2) Compare Primary Key, Superkey & Candidate Key
 Attributes: Properties of entity (RollNo, Name).  Generalization  Weak Entity: Double rectangle
 Relationship: Association between entities (Student–Enrolls–Course).  Aggregation  Weak Relationship: Double diamond  Superkey: Any key uniquely identifying tuples
 Category (Union type)  Candidate Key: Minimal superkey
Example ER Diagram: (iii) List features of DBMS.  Primary Key: Selected candidate key
Entities: Student, Course Used for advanced modeling and complex relationships.
Relationship: Enrolled_in 1. Data security 3) What is Data Independence?
Attributes: Student(RollNo*, Name), Course(Code*, Title) 6) Explain different types of Constraints. 2. Concurrency control
3. Backup & recovery  Logical Data Independence: Change logical schema without affecting views
2) What is Relational Model? Explain the difference between Relational, Network and Hierarchical 1. Domain Constraint: Attribute domain limits 4. Reduced redundancy  Physical Data Independence: Change physical storage without affecting logical schema
model. 2. Entity Integrity: Primary key cannot be NULL 5. Data independence
3. Referential Integrity: Foreign key must match existing primary key 6. Multi-user environment
Relational Model represents data in tables (relations) with rows and columns. Proposed by E.F. Codd. 4. Key Constraint: Unique attributes 7. Integrity constraints
5. Check Constraint: Condition on attribute (Age > 18) 4) Disadvantages of File-Oriented System
Difference: 2) Draw ER Diagram of Hospital Management System and explain.

FeatureRelational Model Network Model Hierarchical Model

1-MARK QUESTIONS) Entities:
1.
2.
Data redundancy
Low security
Structure Tables Graph with many-to-many links
Tree parent-child 3. No concurrency control
1. Another term for a row in a relation: Tuple  Patient(PatientID*, Name, Age, Address) 4. Difficult backup
FlexibilityHigh Medium Low 2. Minimal superkey is called: Candidate key  Doctor(DoctorID*, Name, Specialization) 5. Poor data integrity
Relationship
Implicit using keys
Explicit pointers One-to-many only 3. Full form of DBMS: Database Management System  Appointment(AppID*, Date, Time)
Ease of UseEasiest Complex Very rigid 4. What is a database: Organized collection of data 5) What is Data? What is Database?
5. Types of relations: Unary, Binary, Ternary Relationships:
6. Attributes collectively identifying a record: Primary Key Data: Raw facts
3) Advantages of DBMS over Traditional File System 7. Full form of ER: Entity Relationship

 Patient — books → Appointment  Database: Organized data collection
8. What is Schema: Structure of database  Doctor — conducts → Appointment
1. Reduced data redundancy
9. Data Sharing: Multiple users accessing same data
2. Improved data consistency
10. Integrity Constraint: Rules ensuring data validity
6) Functions of DBMS
3. Data independence (Describe attributes + cardinality)
4. Efficient data sharing  Storage management
5.
6.
Better security & access control
Backup & recovery support
8-MARK QUESTIONS 3) Explain the 3-Level Architecture of DBMS. 

Security
Recovery
7. Improved data integrity 1. External Level: User view  Query processing
1) (i) What is DBMS? Explain different types of DBMS with examples. 2. Conceptual Level: Logical view of entire database  Concurrency control
3. Internal Level: Physical storage level
DBMS is software used to store, retrieve, and manage data efficiently.
7) Any 2 Advantages of DBMS
Provides data abstraction and independence.
4) Explain different types of Keys with examples. Types:
1. Reduced redundancy
1. Primary Key: Unique identifier 2. Improved data security
1. Relational DBMS (RDBMS) – stores in tables
Example: Student(RollNo*) Example: MySQL, Oracle
2. Candidate Key: All possible keys 2. Hierarchical DBMS – tree structure
Example: {RollNo, AadharNo} Example: IBM IMS