2.

1 Introduction
A fault in a power system is any failure which interfere with the normal operation
of the system. Short circuit between lines, insulation failure of equipments or
flashover of lines initiated by a lightning stroke are the main causes for these faults.
The faults occurring in a power system can be broadly classified into
symmetrical faults and unsymmetrical faults.
In the case of symmetrical faults (a symmetrical short circuit involving all the three
phases), the fault current is the same in all the three phases and hence the system remains
balanced even after fault occurrence. Therefore, the symmetrical fault conditions can be
conveniently analyzed on a single phase basis. On the other hand, the fault current is not the
same in all three phases in the case of an unsymmetrical fault. Hence, such fault
conditions cannot be analyzed on a single phase basis. Special tools line symmetrical
components are used in such situations.
This chapter is concerned for the study of symmetrical faults short circuits. A
knowledge of expected system short circuit is essential in the economic planning & design of
the power system. These studies provides the engineer with information by which he can
design to assure the prompt disconnection of faulted equipments with a minimum damage
and a minimum of disturbance to the operation of the remaining system. We start with the
discussion of the transients that occur in three phase synchronous machine due to a sudden
short circuit at its terminals, when the machine is on no-load and on constant excitation.

2.2 Symmetrical short circuit of a synchronous Generator (on No- load)

A synchronous generator consists of an armature winding wound
symmetrically for all the three phases on the stator and a field winding wound on the rotor.
Also on the field structure are placed the damper windings which are shorted on
themselves at both ends. The field winding is excited by direct current. When the rotor
rotates, the armature winding(being stationary) is cut by the magnetic flux of the field
winding, hence three phase alternating emfs are induced in the armature windings. In turn,
alternating three phase currents are set up in these windings. These produces a rotating
magnetic field which rotates at synchronous speed in the air gap.
The field structure rotates at synchronous speed along with the rotating magnetic
field produced by the armature winding. During normal operating
conditions, the field produced by the armature currents will be relatively stationary with respect
to the field and damper windings. Hence the rotating magnetic field will not induce any
voltages and currents in the field and damper windings during normal operating conditions.
But, when the alternator suddenly undergoes a symmetrical short circuit under
constant excitation, the short circuited armature current changes from zero to a very high
value in all the three phases. The armature current will have an a.c component as well as an
offset d.c component in each of the three phases. A good way to analyse the effect of the
three phase fault is to take an oscillogram of the current in one of the phases upon the
occurrences of such a fault. The offset d.c component of the short circuit current will be
different in each phase and hence is accounted separately on an empirical basis.
In the absence of the offset d.c component, the symmetrical short circuit current in
any phase will be as shown in fig 2.1. This current will be similar in all the three phases
except for a phase angle difference of 120 degree electrical.

The armature current during symmetrical short circuit can be divided into three
regions namely the subtransient, transient, and steady state region. We account for the
gradual decrease of current in the following paragraphs.
Under steady state short circuit conditions, the armature reaction of a
synchronous generator produces a demagnetizing flux. This effect is represented as a
reactance called armature reaction reactance Xa . The sum of leakage reactance Xl and
the armature reactance Xa is called the synchronous reactance Xs . In case of salient pole
machines the synchronous reactance is called direct axis reactance and denoted by Xd.
Neglecting the armature resistance, the steady state short circuit model of an alternator on a
per phase basis will be as shown in fig. 2.2
 In this case, the direct axis synchronous reactance is given as
Xd =Xl +Xa .....................2.1
At the instant of short circuit, the offset d.c current appears in all the three phase of
the stator. This transient d.c current will induce currents in the rotor field winding and damper
winding by transformer action. The induced currents in these two windings will be in such a
direction as to oppose the change of magnetic flux produced by the armature. This effect
can be represented by two reactances in parallel with Xa as shown in fig 2.3. Here Xf is the
reactance of the field winding and Xdw the reactance of the damper winding.

The combined effect of all the three reactances is to reduce the total reactance
of the machine and so the short circuit current is very large in this period called as the sub
transient state.
The total reactance of the machine under this condition is called as the sub transient
reactance Xd” and is given by
Xd” =Xl +(1 / ((1/ Xa )+(1/ Xf )+(1/ Xdw))) .......................2.2
The induced currents in both the field and damper windings decrease
exponentially depending on their time constants (=L/R). The time constant of damper
winding is much less than the time constant of field winding. Hence the induced currents
in the damper winding dies very fast within the first few cycles effectively Xdw becomes
open circuited and the resulting reactance is called as transient reactance Xd'. The transient
state model of the alternator is shown in fig 2.4
From the figure, it can be observed that
Xd'=Xl +(1 / ((1/ Xa )+(1/ Xf ))) ...........................2.3
The effect of field winding current will also die out in a short time depending on the
time constant of the field winding. This effect is equivalent to open circuited Xf and thus the
armature regains its normal synchronous reactance Xd. (fig 2.2)
From equations 2.1, 2.2 & 2.3, we can observe that the subtransient reactance of
the machine is the smallest and steady state reactance of the machine is highest among the
reactances. Therefore, Xd”<Xd'<Xd.
The various reactances of the synchronous machine can be estimated from the
oscillogram shown in fig 2.1. The envelope of the current wave during transient period can be
extrapolated backwards in time to meet the y-axis at point-b. Similarly the envelope of
the current wave during steady state period can be extrapolated backwards in time to meet
the y-axis at point a.

Let
|I|=RMS value of steady state current
|I'|=RMS value of transient current excluding d.c. component
|I”|=RMS value of subtransient current excluding d.c. Component from the
oscillogram of fig 2.1, we get
|I|=oa/√2; |I'|=ob/√2; |I”|=oc/√2
therefore,
Xd”=Eg/|I”| = Eg/(oc/√2) ....................2.4
Xd'=Eg/|I'| = Eg/(ob/√2) ....................2.5
Xd =Eg/|I| = Eg/(oa/√2) ....................2.6

2.3 Short circuit of a loaded synchronous Generator

Our analysis all along had been for a synchronous generator operating on no- load. In
practice before short-circuit, the generator would mostly be on load. The determination of
short circuit currents when the machine is on load involves the determination of internal
voltages behind subtransient, transient and steady state reactances. These are the voltages
obtained by adding vectorially the subtransient,
transient and steady state reactance voltage drops respectively due to the load current IL
to the terminal voltage V. Hence
Eg”=V+IL(jXd”) ..................2.7
Eg'=V+IL (jXd') ..................2.8
Eg =V+IL (jXd) ..................2.9
The circuit models of the synchronous generator under the aforesaid conditions
is as shown in fig 2.5a, 2.5b and 2.5c.

The synchronous motors have internal emfs and reactances similar to that of a
generator except that the current direction is reversed. During short circuit conditions
these can be replaced by similar circuit models as shown in fig 2.5 except that the
voltage behind the subtransient, transient and steady state reactance is given by
Em”=V-IL(jXd”) ..................2.10
Em'=V-IL (jXd') ..................2.11
Em =V-IL (jXd) ...................2.12

2.4 Analysis of three phase symmetrical faults

The symmetrical fault can be analysed on single phase basis using reactance diagram
or by using per unit reactance diagram. The symmetrical fault analysis has to be performed
separately for subtransient, transient and steady state conditions of the fault, because the
reactances and internal emfs of the synchronous machines will be different in each state.
Once the per unit reactance diagram of the power system is formed for a particular state
(subtransient/transient/steady state) of fault condition, then the currents and voltages in the
various parts of the system can be determined by any one of the following method:
i)Using Kirchoff's laws
ii)Using Thevenin's theorem.
iii)By forming the bus impedance matrix.
The first two methods are discussed in this chapter.
Symmetrical fault analysis using Kirchoff's laws.
 The following procedure can be followed to directly calculate voltages and currents
during symmetrical fault condition in a power system, using Kirchoff's laws,
i) Select appropriate base values and determine the prefault condition reactance
diagram of the given power system. (The prefault condition reactance diagram is separately
formed for subtransient, transient and steady state condition of the fault).
ii) Calculate the internal emfs of the synchronous machines and the prefault voltages at
the fault point using prefault current. (load current).
Note: If the power system is unloaded (i.e if there is no prefault current), then the prefault
voltage at the fault point is 1 p.u. Also the internal emfs for subtransient and transient state
are the same as steady state induced emf.
iii) Draw the fault condition reactance diagram of the system. This diagram is same as
prefault reactance diagram except that the fault is represented by a short circuit or by the
specified fault impedance. The currents in this reactance diagram are fault condition currents.
4) Calculate the p.u value of the fault currents in various parts of the system and at the
fault point.
5) The actual values of the fault currents are obtained by multiplying the p.u values by
the respective base currents.

Symmetrical fault analysis using Thevenin's theorem.

The following procedure can be followed to calculate the voltages and currents
during symmetrical fault using Thevenin's theorem.
1) Select appropriate base values and determine the prefault condition reactance
diagram of the given power system.
2) Calculate the prefault Thevenin's voltage at the fault point using the prefault current(load
current). If the system is unloaded, then the prefault voltage is 1p.u.
3) Determine the Thevenin's impedance of the system at the fault point by shorting all
voltage sources.
4) Draw the Thevenin's equivalent at the fault point. Then the p.u value of fault current is
given by If =VTH/(ZTH +Zf). Multiplying the p.u value by the base value gives the actual value
of the fault current. Here, Zf is the fault impedance of the system. For a solid three phase
short circuit, Zf =0
5) The fault current in other parts of the network are determined from the knowledge of
change in current due to fault and prefault current. The fault current (i.e post fault current) in
any part of the system is given by sum of prefault current
and change in current due to fault. The change in current due to fault can be estimated
by connecting the Theven in's source with reversed polarity at the fault. Replace all other
sources by zero values sources. Now the currents in various part of the system are the change
in currents due to fault. These currents are calculated using any conventional technique.

Example 2.1:
For the radial network shown in fig. 2.6, a three phase fault occurs at F. Determine the fault
current and the line voltage at 11kV bus under fault conditions.

Solution:
Base values:
Let us choose,
base MVA=100
base kV in the overhead line=33 we
calculate,
base kV on the generator side=33×11/33= 11
base kV on the cable side=33×6.6/33= 6.6

Reactance of generator G1 :

Reactance of generator G2 :
Reactance of transformer T1 : (calculated secondary side it)HV or HT

Reactance of transformer T2 : (calculated primary side of it)HV or HT

Impedance of O.H line:

ZO.H,p.u = ZO.H ( Ω ) ×(MVA)B,new / (kV)2B
= (30 ×(0.27+j0.36)) × 100 / 332
= 0.744+j0.99 p.u
Impedance of cable:
Zc = Zc ( Ω ) ×(MVA)B,new / (kV)2B
= (3 ×(0.135+j0.08)) × 100 / 6.62 =
0.93+j0.55 p.u
the prefault impedance diagram of the given system is as shown in fig. 2.7

Since the system is unloaded prior to occurrence of fault, Vpf is assumed as 1p.u.
Thevenin's theorem is employed here to find the fault current.

VTH =Vpf=1p.u
To find ZTH :
Shorting the generated voltages, we obtain the equivalent circuit of the system prior to the
fault as in fig. 2.8

ZTH =((j1.5×j1.25) /
(j1.5+j1.25))+(j1.0+0.744+j0.99+j1.6+0.93+j0.55)=1.674+j4.82=5.1∠70.8° p.u Thus, the Theven
in's equivalent circuit of the system with respect to fault
point is as shown if fig 2.9
 Now short circuiting the terminals of the Thevenin's equivalent circuit as shown in
fig. 2.10 is equivalent to the fault condition. The current flowing through the short circuit is the
fault current.

The p.u value of fault current, If =VTH/ZTH =(1.0∠0°) / (5.1∠70.8°) = 0.196 ∠-70.8° p.u
The base current,
Ib = (1000 × base power) / (√3 × base voltage)= (1000×100) / (√3 × 6.6) = 8747 A
therefore,
absolute value of fault current , If = 0.196 ∠-70.8° × 8747 = 1714 ∠-70.8° A

To find voltage at 11 kV bus during fault:

From fig 2.7, it can be observed that the total impedance between point F and 11kV bus
is,
=(0.93+j0.55)+j1.6+(0.744+j0.99)+j1.0
=(1.674+j4.14)p.u
=4.466∠67.98°
Voltage at 11kV bus=4.466∠67.98°×0.196 ∠-70.8°=0.875∠-2.82° p.u
The absolute value of the voltage at 11kV bus=0.875∠-2.82°×11=0.9625∠-
2.82°kV

Example 2.2:
A synchronous generator and motor are rated for 30,000kVA, 13.2kV and both have
subtransient reactance of 20%. The line connecting them has a reactance of 10% on the
base of machine ratings. The motor is drawing 20,000kW at 0.8p.f
leading. The terminal voltage of the motor is 12.8kV. When a symmetrical three phase fault
occurs at motor terminals, find the subtransient current in generator, motor and at the fault
point.

Solution:
the equivalent circuit of the system in the subtransient period for the calculation of prefault
voltage is as shown in fig 2.11.
Here the valued of the voltage sources are subtransient internal voltages.
Let we choose,
base MVA=30
base kV=13.2kV

The prefault voltage at the fault point , Vpf =12.8kV,

let us use this as the reference phasor per unit value of the prefault voltage, Vpf =actual
value/base value=12.8/13.2=0.97∠0°
base current, Ib = (1000 × base power) / (√3 × base voltage)= Ib = (1000 × 30) / (√3 ×
13.2)=1312A
The load current, IL =(P/√3 V Cosφ)∠cos-1φ=20000/(√3 ×12.8×0.8)∠cos-10.8= 1128∠36.9° A
The load current in p.u IL=1128∠36.9°/1312= 0.8594∠36.9° p.u

Method-1:
Using Kirchoff's laws:
The subtransient voltages Eg” and Em” of the fig 2.11 is calculated by Kirchoff's voltage
law as shown below.
Eg” = j0.2IL+j0.1IL+Vpf
=j0.2 (0.8594∠36.9°)+j0.1(0.8594∠36.9°)+0.97
=0.84∠14.2° p.u
Em”=Vpf- j0.2IL
=0.97-j0.2(0.8594∠36.9°)
=1.0819∠-7.3° p.u
The equivalent circuit of the system on the occurrences of a three phase fault is as shown in
fig 2.12
The subtransient fault current If” at the point computed by summing up the subtransient
fault current in the generator. Ig” and the subtransient fault current in the motor Im” i.e If”=Ig”+Im”.
Applying KVL in the circuit of fig 2.12, we get j0.2Ig”
+j0.1Ig”=Eg”

or
Ig”=Eg”/j0.3=(0.84∠14.2°)/ (0.3∠90°)=2.8∠-75.8° p.u also,
from the fig 2.12
j0.2Im”=Em ”

or
Im”=Em”/j0.2=(1.0819∠-7.3°)/(0.2∠90°)=5.4095∠-97.3° p.u hence,
the current at the fault point If”=Ig”+Im”
therefore,
If”=2.8∠-75.8°+5.4095∠-97.3°=8.065∠-90° Method-
2:
Using Thevenin's theorem:
The prefault voltage at the fault point, Vpf =0.97∠0° p.u. This is the Thevenin's voltage at
the fault point.
Threfore,
VTH =0.97∠0° p.u

To compute ZTH :
Short circuiting all the voltage sources in the equivalent circuit of fig.2.11, we get the circuit
as shown below.

ZTH = ((j0.3)(j0.2))/(j0.3+j0.2)=j0.12
Hence the Thevenin's equivalent circuit of the system with respect to the fault
point is as shown in fig.2.14

The equivalent circuit during fault condition as shown in fig 2.15

current at the fault point, If”=VTH/ZTH =(0.97∠0°)/j0.12=8.06∠-90° p.u To find

subtransient fault current in motor and generator
when the fault occurs, there is a change in the current supplied by the motor and
generator. This change is calculated by connecting the Theven in's voltage with reversed
polarity at the fault point as shown in fig 2.16. Here all other voltage sources are replaced
by short circuit.

Now,
I1 =0.97/(j0.2+j0.1)=3.23∠-90° I2
=0.97/j0.2=4.85∠-90°
therefore,
the subtransient fault current of generator and motor are Ig”=IL +I1
=(0.8594∠36.9°)+(3.23∠-90°) =2.8∠-75.8° p.u Im”=I2-IL =(4.85∠-90°)-
(0.8594∠36.9°)=5.4095∠-97.3° p.u
Thus, we find the currents calculated by both the methods are the same. The absolute
values of the currents can be obtained by multiplying the per unit values by the base current.
Therefore,
subtransient fault current in generator, Ig”=2.8∠-75.8°×1312 = 3673.6 ∠-75.8° A subtransient
fault current in motor, Im”=5.4095∠-97.3°×1312=7097.2∠-97.3° A
subtransient fault current at the fault point, If”=8.065∠90°×1312= 10581.3∠-90° A
Example 2.3:
Two generators are connected in parallel to the low-voltage(L.V) side of a three phase Δ-Y
transformer. The ratings of the machines are
Generator G1 : 50 MVA, 13.8kV, Xd”=25%
Generator G2 : 25MVA, 13.8kV, Xd”=25%
Transformer T: 75MVA, 13.8 Δ -69 Y kV, X=10%
Before the fault occurs, the voltage on the high voltage (HV) side of the transformer
is 66kV. The transformer is unloaded, and there is no circulating current between the
generators. Find the subtransient current in each generator when a three phase fault occurs
on the high voltage side of the transformer.

Solution:
base values:
let us choose,
base MVA= 75
base kV on HV side of transformer=69 we
calculate,
base kV on the generator =69×13.8/69=13.8
Reactance of generator G1 :
XG1, new = XG1, old × ( (MVA)B, new / (MVA)B, old ) × ( (kV)2B, old / (kV)2B, new ) = j0.25 × (75
/ 50 ) × (13.82 / 13.82)
= j 0.375 p.u
Reactance of generator G2 :
XG2, new = XG2, old × ( (MVA)B, new / (MVA)B, old ) × ( (kV)2B, old / (kV)2B, new ) = j0.25 × (75
/ 25 ) × (13.82 / 13.82)
= j 0.75 p.u
Reactance of transformer: XT
=j0.1
as the base values choose are of the same transformer, so its p.u reactance remains the
same.
The reactance diagram of the system for the calculation of prefault values is as shown
in fig 2.17
The prefault voltage on the high voltage side is 66kV. This is equal to 66/69=0.957 p.u
The equivalent subtransient reactance as visualised from the fault point is,
((j0.375×j0.75)/(j0.375+j0.75))+j0.1=j0.35 p.u
therefore,
the subtransient current in the short circuit is, If”
=0.957/j0.35=2.735∠-90° p.u
To find the subtransient currents in the generators:
The subtransient fault current divides between the generators inversely as the
impedances of the generators.
In generator G1 :
Ig1”=2.735∠-90°×(j0.75/j1.125)=1.823∠-90° p.u In
generator G2 :
Ig2”=2.735∠-90°×(j0.375/j1.125)=0.912∠-90° p.u
The absolute values of the above currents can be obtained by multiplying the p.u values by
the base current.
Base current,
IB =(1000 × base power) / (√3 × base voltage)=(1000 × 75) / (√3 × 13.8)=3137.7 A
hence the actual currents are,
If”=2.735∠-90°× 3137.7 =8581.6∠-90°A Ig1”=
1.823∠-90°×3137.7= 5720∠-90°A
Ig2”= 0.912∠-90°×3137.7= 2861.6∠-90° A 2.5
Selection of circuit breakers
When fault occur in a part of power system, heavy current flows in that part of circuit
which may cause permanent damage to the equipments connected ther in. Hence the faulty
part should be isolated from the healthy part immediately on the occurrence of a fault. This
is can be achieved by providing protective relays and circuit breakers. The protective relays
sense the faulty conditions and sends signals to circuit breakers to open the circuit under
faulty condition, the circuit breakers can be used as a switch.
The selection of a circuit breaker for a power system depends not only upon the
current that the breaker is to carry under normal operating conditions but also upon the
maximum current it may have to carry momentarily and the current is may have to interrupt
at the voltage of the line in which it is placed. Hence, the choice of a circuit breaker for
particular application depends on the following ratings of the circuit breaker.
1)Normal working power level specified as rated interrupting current or rated interrupting
MVA.
2)The fault specified as either the rated short circuit interrupting current or rated short circuit
interrupting MVA.
3)Momentary current rating.
4)Normal working voltage.
5)Speed of circuit breaker.
 The speed of circuit breaker is the time between the occurrence of the fault to the
extinction of the arc(when the contact opens). It is normally specified in cycle of power
frequency. One cycle for 50Hz power frequency is 1/50=0.02 m sec. The standard speed of
circuit breakers are 8,5,3,2 or 1 1//2 cycles.
The momentary current rating is the maximum current that may flow through a
circuit breaker for a short duration. It is the current that flow during subtransient period of
fault condition. In fault analysis, the subtransient fault current calculated using
subtransient circuit model is the a.c component of the short circuit current. It is multiplied
by a factor of 1.6 to account for the d.c offset current. This gives the maximum momentary
current during fault.
The circuit breaker will open its contacts usually in the transient period and so the
short circuit interrupting current rating depends on the transient currents. In fault analysis, the
a.c component of the transient current obtained is multiplied by a factor 1.0 to 1.5 to get the
maximum interrupting current. The factor 1.0 to 1.5 accounts for the d.c. Offset current
during transient period. The circuit breaker is chosen such that its short circuit interrupting
current rating is less than the calculated value. The multiplying factor to find the interrupting
current depends on the speed of the circuit breaker. These are indicated in table 2.1

Example 2.4:
A 25MVA, 13.8kV generator with Xd”=15% is connected through a transformer to a bus that
supplies four identical motors as shown in fig. 2.18. Each motor has Xd”=20% & Xd'=30%
on a base of 5MVA, 6.9kV. The three phase rating of the transformer is 25MVA, 13.8-6.9
kV. With a leakage reactance of 10%. The bus voltage at the motors is 6.9kV when a three-
phase fault occurs at the point P. For the fault specified determine:
a)The subtransient current in the fault.
b) The subtransient current in the breaker A.
c) The momentary current in breaker A.
d)The current to be interrupted by breaker A in 5 cycles.
Solution:
base values:
let we choose,
base MVA=25
base kV in the generator circuit=13.8 we
calculate,
base voltage on the motor side=13.8×6.9/13.8=6.9
Reactance of generator G:
XdG” =j0.15(same as old p.u value in given because base values have been chosen on the same
machine ratings)
XdG' =j0.15(same as subtransient reactance as it is not specified in data). Reactance
of transformer T:
XT =j0.1(same as old p.u value in given because base values have been chosen on
the same machine ratings)
Reactances of motors:
XdM,p.u,new” = XdM,p.u,old” × ( (MVA)B, new / (MVA)B, old ) × ( (kV)2B, old / (kV)2B, new ) = j0.2 × (25 /
5 ) × (6.92 / 6.92)
= j 1.0 p.u
XdM,p.u,new' = XdM,p.u,old' × ( (MVA)B, new / (MVA)B, old ) × ( (kV)2B, old / (kV)2B, new )
= j0.3 × (25 / 5 ) × (6.92 / 6.92) = j 1.5
p.u
The prefault voltage at the point P is 6.9kV=6.9/6.9=1p.u and the base current in the 6.9kV
circuit is,
Ib = (1000 × base power) / (√3 × base voltage)= (1000 × 25) / (√3 × 6.9)=2091.8A
The reactance diagram with subtransient values of the reactance marked is shown
in fig 2.19.

a) therefore subtransient fault current, If”=4×(1/j1.0)+(1/j0.25)= -j8p.u The absolute

value of the current is If”= -j8 × 2091.8 = - j16734.4 A
b) therefore subtransient current in breaker A, I”= 3×(1/j1.0)+(1/j0.25)= -j7p.u The absolute
value of the current is I”= -j7 × 2091.8 = - j14642.6 A
c)To find the momentary current in the breaker A, we must account for the d.c. Offset
current. This is done empirically as follows:
Momentary current through breaker A= 1.6×14642.6=23428.16 A
d)To compute the current to be interrupted by the breaker A, it is required to obtain the
transient reactance model of the system. This is shown in fig 2.20

The current to be interrupted by the breaker A now is =3×(1/j1.5)+(1/j0.25)= -j6p.u

Allowance is made for the d.c. Offset current by multiplying with a factor 1.1(see table 2.1).
therefore the current to be interrupted is,
1.1×6×2091=13805.88A

Additional Examples:
Example 2.7:
A three phase, 5MVA, 6.6kV alternator with reactance of 8% is connected to a feeder of
series impedance of (0.12+j0.48) ohms/phase per km. The transformer is rated at 3MVA,
6.6kV/33kV and has a series reactance of 5%. Determine the fault current supplied by the
generator operating under no-load with a voltage of 6.9kV, when a three phase symmetrical
fault occurs at a point 15km along the feeder.
Solution:
The single line diagram of the power system is as shown in fig 2.29. let F be the
point of occurrence of the fault.
Base vaules:
Let us chose the generator rating as base values.
Therefore,
base MVA= 5
base kV on the generator=6.6
base kV on the transmission line=6.6×33/6.6=33
Reactance of generator:
XG =8%=j0.08 p.u
Reactance of transformer T: (calculated secondary side of it)HV or HT XT, new =
XT, old × ( (MVA)B, new / (MVA)B, old ) × ( (kV)2B, old / (kV)2B, new )
= j0.05 × (5 / 3 ) × (332 / 332)
 = j 0.833 p.u
Impedance of the feeder:
ZTL,p.u = ZTL ( Ω ) ×(MVA)B,new / (kV)2B
= (15 ×(0.12+j0.48)) × 5 / 332 =
0.0083+j0.033 p.u
using these values, the prefault impedance diagram is as shown in fig 2.30

To find EG and Vpf:

Actual value of induced emf, EG = 6.9kV
p.u value of induced emf, EG = actual value/base value=6.9/6.9=1.0455 p.u The prefault
voltage Vpf at fault point F is the voltage under no-load=34.5kV therefore,
prefault voltage Vpf =34.5kV
The p.u value of prefault voltage, Vpf =actual value/base value=34.5/33=1.0455p.u To find fault
current:
The Thevenin's equivalent circuit of the system in fig 2.30 as seen from the fault point
F is shown in fig 2.31. Here

VTH =1.045∠0°
ZTH =j0.08+j0.0833+(0.0083+j0.33)=0.0083+j0.04933
The fault in the feeder can be represented by a short circuit as shown in fig. 2.32. Now the
current If through the short circuit is the fault current.

Therefore,
p.u value of fault current, If=VTH/ZTH =(1.045∠0°)/(0.0083+j0.04933)=2.12∠-89° p.u
therefore,
actual value of fault current, If= p.u value × base current
base current=(1000 × base power) / (√3 × base voltage)= (1000 × 5) / (√3 × 33)=87.47A
If=(2.12∠-89°)×87.47=185.45∠-89° A

Example 2.8:
Two synchronous motors are connected to the bus of a large system through a
short transmission line as shown in fig 2.33. The ratings of the various components are:
Motors (each): 1MVA, 440V, 0.1p.u, transient reactance line:
0.05 ohm reactance
large system: short circuit MVA at its bus at 440V is 8. when the motors are operating at
440V, calculate the short circuit current fed into a three phase fault at

the motor bus.

Solution:
base values:
let us choose the motor ratings as base values
therefore,
base MVA=1
base kV on the motor side=0.44
The large system can be considered as a source of constant voltage feeding the line
through an “infinite bus”. The voltage rating of the bus is 440V(as given)

Reactance of Motors:
XM =j0.1 p.u
Reactance of line:
XTL,p.u = XTL ( Ω ) ×(MVA)B,new / (kV)2B = j0.05
× 1 / 0.442
=j0.258 p.u
Hence the p.u reactance diagram is as shown in fig 2.34.
The prefault voltage at the motor bus, Vpf =400V
p.u value of prefault voltage, Vpf =400/440=0.909p.u p.u value
of voltage at infinite bus, VL =440/440=1p.u
The fault condition of the system is shown in fig 2.35. The total fault current If' is sum
of the fault current If1' and If2'

From the fig 2.35, it can be observed that, If1

'=VL/j0.2583=1∠0°/j0.2583= -j3.87 p.u If2
'=Vpf/(j0.1/2)=0.909∠0°/j0.5= -j18.18 p.u
If'= If1'+If2'= -j3.87 -j 18.18 = -j22.05 p.u = 22.05∠ -90° p.u
Actual value of fault current = p.u value of fault current × base current
=22.05∠ -90° × (1000 ×1) / (√3 × 0.44)
=28933.12 ∠ -90° A.

Unsolved example:
2.3) A 25 MVA, 11kV, synchronous generator having a subtransient reactance of 1.5 p.u is
supplying 20MW power at [Link] to a synchronous motor through a transmission line.
The voltage at the terminals of the generator is 10.5kV. The transmission line has a
reactance of 0.5 ohm and the motor a subtransient reactance of 1.2 ohm. If a three
phase fault occurs at the terminals of the motor,
determine the fault current from each machine.
Ans:(Ig”=3794∠ -77° A. Im”=4301∠ -110.8° A).

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