Power Electronics (Inverters)

1. A single-phase inverter has square wave output voltage. The percentage of the third
harmonic component in relation to the fundamental component is _________.

2. In pulse width modulation, for the elimination of 5th harmonic, the width of the pulse
should be __________ degrees.

3. In a single-pulse width modulation inverter, the pulse width is 900. For an input voltage of
220V DC, the RMS value of output voltage is _______ V.
(a) 145.23 (b) 154.64
(c) 155.56 (d) 125.34

4. The pulse width modulation technique is used in the inverter

(a) At the input side (b) At the output side
(c) With an internal circuit (d) None of these

5. A single-phase input voltage 50V of the inverter is feeding a load of 2.4  , then the ratio
of RMS fundamental output voltage of full bridge inverter with respect to half bridge inverter
is_______.

6. An inverter has a periodic output voltage with the output waveform as shown in figure
below. When the conduction angle 900 then the maximum third harmonic output voltage is
__________ V.

7. A single-phase half-bridge inverter, connected to 230 V de source, feeds a resistive load of

10  .The input power factor is ______ lagging.

8. A single phase bridge inverter has RLC load of R  4 ,L  35mH and C  155F . The DC
input voltage is 230V and the fundamental output frequency is 50Hz. the conduction time of
the diode is
(a) 6.264 ms (b) 2.5 ms
(c) 3.830 ms (d) None

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9. A 3-phase full bridge VSI delivers power to a resistive load from a 450V DC source. For a
star connected balance load of 10 / ph . Find the RMS value of current under 1800
conduction mode
(a) 18.708A (b) 13.23A
(c) 18.371A (d) 21.21A

10. A single full bridge VSI has rms value of the fundamental component of output voltage
with single pulse modulation, equal to 150V. The rms value of the output voltage is case dc
source voltage is 250V is __________.
(a) 170.35 (b) 171.25
(c) 154.25 (d) None

11. The voltage Source Inverter (VSI) shown in the figure below is switched to provide a 50
 
KHz square-wave as output voltage V0 across an R-L load. Reference polarity of V0 and
reference direction of the output current i0 are indicated in the figure it is given that
R  3 ,L  9.55mH . In the interval when v 0  0 and i0  0 the pair of devices which conducts
the load current is

(a) Q1, Q2 (b) Q3, Q4

(c) D1, D2 (d) D3, D4

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 Power Electronics (Inverters)

12. In the 3-phase inverter circuit shown, the load is balanced and the scheme is 1800
conduction mode. All the switching devices are ideal

If the dc bus voltage Vd  100V , the power consumed by 3-phase load is ______ Watts

(a) 453.26 (b) 356.21

(c) 333.33 (d) 256.35

13. The operating points of three power electronic switches on VI plane is shown below
Consider the following statements regarding the switches P, Q, R
1. P is most suitable for VSI
2. P is most suitable for CSI
3. Q is most suitable for VSI
4. Q is most suitable for CSI
5. P, Q and R can be used either VSI or CSI
Now, select the correct option from the following

(P) (Q) (R)

(a) only 2 & 3 are correct (b) only 1 & 4 are correct
(c) 2, 3 and 5 are correct (d) All are correct

14. Compared to a single phase half bridge inverter, the output power of a single phase full
bridge inverter is higher by a factor of

(a) 2 (b) 3
(c) 4 (d) 6

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15. A single phase full bridge VSI has a source voltage of 200V DC. The load consists of RLC
1
in series where R  1 , L  6 and  7 . Identify the fundamental component of the
C
load current from the following


(a) 180 sin t  450  
(b) 180 sin t  450 

(c) 127.3sin t  450  
(d) 127.3sin t  450 
16. A single phase full bridge inverter has RLC load of R  4 ,L  35mH and C  155F . The
DC input voltage is 230V and the fundamental output frequency is 50Hz. the conduction
time of the diode is (Consider only fundamental components) ____ ms.

17. A series consists of R=2.4Ω,L=25μH, C and a thyristor. For obtaining self commutation in
the circuit, the maximum value of C should be _______ F

18. Figure below shows a 3-φ inverter fed by a constant voltage source Vs and connected to
a balanced resistive load at the output. Each switching device may conduct for 120° or for
180°. The waveform shown in figure is,

(a) line voltage with 120° firing

(b) load phase voltage with 120° firing
(c) line voltage with 180° firing
(d) load phase voltage with 180° firing

19. A 3 - φ bridge inverter delivers power to a resistive load from a 450 V dc source. For a
star connected load of 10 Ω per phase, the rms value of per phase load current if it operates
in 120° mode is _____ A

(a) 17.54 (b) 12.25

(c) 13.25 (d) 18.37

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20. A single phase full bridge inverter, employing transistors, is fed from 220 V dc source.
The THD and distortion factor respectively are

(a) 48.9% and 0.6 (b) 51.26% and 0.6

(c) 48.43% and 0.9 (d) 52.12% and 0.9

21. In sinusoidal PWM, there are ‘m’ cycles of the triangular carrier wave in the half cycle of
reference sinusoidal signal. If zero of the reference sinusoid coincides with zero of the
triangular carrier wave, then numbers of pulses generated in each half cycle are

(a) (m – 1) (b) (m + 1)
(c) m (d) (m + 2)

22. A single-phase full bridge inverter with square wave output voltage will have in its output
waveform a fifth harmonic component equal to x percentage of the source voltage, the value
of x is ____ %.

23. A star-connected load of 15Ω/phase is fed from 420 V dc through a 3-φ bridge inverter.
The rms value of load current is ________ A. [180° conduction mode].

24. The applications of current source inverters are

(i) Speed control of ac motors.
(ii) Induction heating
(iii) Lagging VAR compensation.
(iv) Synchronous motor starting

(a) (i), (ii) and (iv) (b) (ii),(iii)

(c) None of the above (d) All of the above

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25. An inverter has a periodic output voltage with the output as shown in figure. When the
conduction angle  = 120°, the rms fundamental component of the output voltage is _____.

(a) 0.78 V
(b) 1.10 V
(c) 0.90 V
(d) 1.27 V

26. A single phase half-bridge inverter is operated from a 24 V source and supplies power to
a resistive load. The harmonic factor for the lowest order harmonic is?

(a) 20% (b) 7.68%

(c) 33.33% (d) 35.88%

27. Compared to a single-phase half-bridge inverter, the output power of a single-phase

full-bridge inverter is higher by a factor of

(a) 2 (b) 3
(c) 4 (d) 6

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Solutions
1. Ans: 32 to 34
4Vdc
Solution: V0   sin nt 
n1,3,5.. n

4Vdc
Distortion of 3rd harmonic= 3  100  33.33%
4Vdc

2. Ans: 72
Solution: To eliminate nth harmonic n  d where 2d=pulse width
2
The width of pulse for elimination of 5th harmonic=  720
n

3. Ans: (c)
2d 90
Solution: Rms value of output voltage= Vs  220   155.56V
 180

4. Ans: (c)
Solution: The pulse width modulation technique used in the internal circuit of the inverter
by changing Turn ON and Turn OFF time of thyristor.

5. Ans: 2
4Vs
Solution: For full bridge Inverter fundamental voltage V1 

2Vs
And For half bridge Inverter fundamental voltage V2 

V1
 2
V2

6. Ans: 0.4 to 0.5

Solution: Given wave form is similar to Single pulse width modulation

4Vs  n 
 V0   sin    sin nd  sin(n  t)
n1,3 n  2 
4Vs 3
V0,3  sin sin  3  90   0.42
3 2

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7. Ans: 0.80 to 0.85

Solution: Fundamental rms output voltages is
2Vs 2  230
V01    103.53V
2. 2.
Fundamental load current
V 103.53
I01  01   10.353A
R 10
Fundamental power to load= I201  R  10.3532  10  1071.84W
Vs 230
Total rms output voltage, Vor    115V
2 2
Peak current through each thyristor,
V 230
I TP  s   11.5A
2R 2  10
fundamental load power I2 .R 1071.84
Input power factor=  01   0.81lag
total rms input power Vor . Ior 115  11.5

8. Ans: (c)
X c  XL 20.53  10.1
Solution: tan       69.020
R 4
 67.25  
The conduction time for diode is t    3.83ms
 180  100

9. Ans: (d)
1  Vdc    2Vdc    Vdc   
2 2 2

Solution: I 2
or
      
  3R  3  3R  3  3R  3 
 
Ior  21.21A

10. Ans: (a)

Solution: Fundamental output voltage (RMS) for single phase VSI with SPWM
4Vdc  1 2 2
Vo1  sin   sin(d)  => 150=  250  sind => d  41.79 0
 2 2 

2d 2  40.8
Vor  Vdc  250  25  0.68  170.35V
 180

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11. Ans: (b)

Solution: The output voltage and current wave form in the voltage source are as follows:

The interval v 0  0 , i0  0 means output voltage in negative and current is negative, the
switches Q3 , Q 4 would be there in the condition.

12. Ans: (c)

2 2
Solution: Vphrms  Vdc  100  81.649V
3 3

  
 81.649 2 
V 
2


lrms
PT   333.33W
R 20

13. Ans: (a)

Solution: For VSI, unipolar bidirectional
For CSI, bipolar unidirectional
Hence (a) is correct option.

14. Ans: (c)

Solution:
Half bridge inverter Full bridge inverter
V
O/P Voltage: V0  s V0  Vs
2
Vo2 Vo2
O/P power: P P
R R
V 2
V2
P s P s
4R R
Full bridge inverter power is 4 times that of half bridge inverter.

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15. Ans: (a)

4Vs 4 200
Solution: V01(RMS)     180V
 2  2
V01 180 180 180
I01    
Z1
R2   XL  Xc  12   6  7  2
2 2

XL  X c
tan    450
R
180
i01  2I01 sin  t     2 
2
 
sin t  450  180 sin t  450  

16. Ans: 3.5 to 4.0

1 1
Solution: XL  2fL  2  50  35  103  10.99 and Xc    20.536
2fC 2  50  155
 X  XL 
  tan1  c 
 R 
 20.536  10.99 
  tan1    67.24
0

 4 
Feed back diode conducts of 67.240
i.e.   t
67.24
t  3.735ms
2  180  50

17. Ans: 16.5 to 17.5

Solution: To obtain self-commutation, RLC parameters should be under damped (   1 ) that
1 R2
means  2  C  17.36F
LC 4L

18. Ans: (a)

19. Ans: (d)

Solution: RMS value of per phase load current I0,rms is
 1  450 2 2 
I0,rms        18.37A
   2  10  3


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20. Ans: (c)

Solution: RMS value of output voltage,
V0rms  Vs  220V
RMS value of fundamental component of output voltage,
4  220
V01   198.07V
2
V 198.07
Distortion factor= DF  01   0.9
V0,rms 220
2
 1 
THD     1  48.43%
 DF 

21. Ans: (a)

Solution: When zero of the triangular wave with zero of the reference sinusoid, there are
(m-1) pulses per half cycle.
f 
i.e.  c  1 
 2f 
 m  1 

22. Ans: 25 to 26
4Vs
Solution: Vn 
n
4Vs
V5 
5
4Vs
V5 4
x%   5  100   100  25.46%
Vs Vs 5

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23. Ans: 13 to 14
Solution: Rms value of phase voltage is
Vs 2 420  2
Vp    197.98V
3 3
Vp(rms) 197.8
Ip(rms)    13.2A
R 15

24. Ans: (d)

25. Ans: (a)

  4Vs    n  
Solution: Output voltage V0   
n1,3,5  n 
  
 sin nd  sin    sin nt  
  2 
 RMS value of fundamental component
4Vs
Vrms(fundamental)  sind  1
2
  1200 ,2d  1200  d  600
4Vs
Vrms(fundamental)  sin600  0.78Vs  0.78V
2

26. Ans: (c)

2Vdc
Solution: Vrms   sin nt 
odd n n

RMS value of fundamental component

2V
V1rms  dc  10.8V
2
The lowest harmonic is third harmonic.
2Vdc
Third harmonic voltage is, V3rms   3.6V
3 2
HF for the third harmonic
V 3.6
HF3  3rms   33.33%
V1rms 10.8

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27. Ans: (c)

Solution: RMS output for single-phase half-bridge inverter
V
 
V0rsm HB  dc
2

Output power P0 
V 2

0rsm HB

Vdc2
HB
R 4R
V 2

P0 HB
 dc

4R
RMS output for single-phase full-bridge inverter
 V0rsm FB  Vdc
Output power P0 
V 2

0rsm FB

Vdc2
FB
R R
V 2

P0 FB
 dc

R
By dividing (1) with (2)
Vdc2
P0 HB
 4R => P0 FB  4P0 HB
P0 FB Vdc2
R

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We recommend you to take the Chapter Test first and then check
the Solutions.

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 Power Electronics (Inverters)

Chapter Test Solutions

1. Ans: 18-19
Solution: For 3 phase inverter 1800 conduction mode, load current is shown below

 2
2
2 2 
1  3  Vs   2Vs   Vs 
3 
2 
iao (rms)      dt     dt     dt 
 0  3R    3R  2  3R 
 
 3 3 
2
iao (rms)  355.56

iao (rms)  18.856A

2. Ans: 28 to 29

8Vdc  nd 
Solution: V0   sin n  sin   sin nt 
n1,3,5 n  2 
  2d d 180  60 30
     55 0
N1 N 21 2
8V  300 
V01  s sin550  sin    0.539Vs
  2 
8Vs  3  300 
V03  sin1650  sin    0.155Vs
3  2 

V03 0.155Vs
  0.2875  28.75%
V01 0.539Vs

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3. Ans: 10
 1 
  L 

Solution: For load communication tan1  c 
 R  4
 
 
1
 R  L  10
c

4. Ans: (b)
2d 120 2
Solution: Vor  Vdc  200  200   200  0.8165  163.3V
 180 3

5. Ans: (b)

4Vs  n   
Solution: Line voltage Vab  
n1,3,5 n
cos   sinn  t  
 6   6
3 
For triplent harmonic cos  cos  0
6 2
All triplen harmonic are absent from the line voltages
Similarly


2Vs
Pole voltage  
n1,3,5 n
sinnt

Pole voltage will have all odd harmonics.

6. Ans: (c)
2Vdc
Solution: Vor1  Vor2 
 2
If d is phase shift between two pole voltages,
Vor  Vor12  Vor22  2Vor1Vor2 cos d
Since Vor1  Vor2
Vor  Vor12  Vor12  2Vor1Vor1 cosd  2Vor1 1  cosd
d d
Vor  2Vor1 2sin2  2Vor1 sin
2 2
4Vdc  d  4  200  45 
Vor  sin    sin    68.9V
 2  2  2  2 

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7. Ans : (b)
Solution: Here in this case line commutated inverter means the battery is supplying power
to source.
5000 3V
I0   11.11A and V0  ml cos 
450 
3  400  2
E  I0R  cos  =>  312.236  540.189 cos 

 312.236 
  cos1    125.31
0

 540.189 

8. Ans: (b)
Solution: The rms value of load current,

230
I01   81.31A
  
22  8  6 2 


Phase angle,

 X  XC 
1  tan1  L   45
0

 R 

For R  2, XL  8, X C  6 the fundamental component of load current lags the output
voltage by 450
1
 34   
3 2
1  I  t  sin2t 4 
 Im sin t  .d  t    m
2
IT   
2 0  2 0 
 2 
1
  
 
I T  0.47675Im  0.47675  2  81.317  54.82A
1

9. Ans: (a)

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10. Ans: (c)

Solution: The load current waveform is
During the period switches are triggered the voltage across AO is
S1 and S 4 ON

VDC
Voltage VAO 
2
S2 and S3 ON

VDC
Voltage VAO  
2

When the switches are off

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 Power Electronics (Inverters)

The current direction from 0 to  is positive so it is in the direction given in the circuit.
0  t  
V
Voltage VAO   DC
2

  t  2
The load current is negative so the current direction will be opposite to given direction
VDC
Voltage VAO 
2

So, the complete voltage VAO is

11. Ans: (d)

4Vs 4  230
Solution: V03  sin3  t   sin3  t   97.6150 sin  942.47t 
3 3 
 1   1 
Z3  R  j  3L    4  j  3  2  50  35  10 
3
6 
 3C   3  2  50  155  10 
Z3  4  j 32.986  6.8453

Z3  42   26.1407   26.44
2

97.6150 1
I0    2.61A
2 26.44

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12. Ans: (c)

Solution: The output voltage V0 can be represented by Fourier series as under:

V0  
n1,3,5....
an cosnt  bn sinnt

T T
2 2
Where an   f(t)cosn  td   t  and bn   f(t)sinn  td   t 
T0 T0
1
 1800  1800
a1    120 cos  td   t     120  cos  td   t    120 cos  td   t 
  0  1800 

1800  3600  3600 

  120 cos  td   t    120 cos  td   t    120 cos  td   t  
1800 1800  3600  
120 
a1 
 
 
sin   sin 1800    sin   sin 1800  sin 1800      
   
 sin 1800    sin1800  sin 3600    sin 1800    sin3600  sin 3600   
    
a1  0
1
 1800  1800

 120 sin  td   t    120  sin  td   t   120 sin  td   t 

  0  
b1 
 0
180 

1800  3600  3600 

  120 sin  td   t    120 sin  td   t   120 sin  td   t  

1800 1800  3600  
120 
b1 
   
 cos   1  cos 1800    cos   cos 1800  cos 1800      
   
 cos 1800    cos1800  cos 3600    cos 1800    cos360 0  cos 360 0   
    
120
b1   4  8 cos  
 

Given b1  60 2
120
 4  8 cos    60 2
 
cos   0.22231 =>   77.150

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 Power Electronics (Inverters)

13. Ans: (d)

Solution: The output voltage and current wave form in the voltage source are as follows:

The interval v 0  0 , i0  0 means output voltage in negative and current is positive, the diodes
D3 ,D 4 would be there in the condition.

14. Ans: (a)

Solution: RMS value of fundamental component is
2V
V1rms  dc  10.8V Vdc =24V
2
For a 1   half bridge inverter,

Vdc
V0 rms   12V
2
Total harmonic distortion (THD)
V02  V12 5.23
THD  rms
  0.484  48.4%
V1 10.8
rms

15. Ans: (b)

Solution: For a three phase bridge inverter, rms value of output line voltage
2
Vline(rms)  V  0.816  500  408V
3 dc

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