TCL Interview Questions & Answers
1) Abstract class and interface.
Abstract class Interface
1) Abstract class can have abstract and non- Interface can have only abstract methods. Since Java 8,
abstract methods. it can have default and static methods also.
2) Abstract class doesn't support multiple Interface supports multiple inheritance.
inheritance.
3) Abstract class can have final, non-final, Interface has only static and final variables.
static and non-static variables.
4) Abstract class can provide the Interface can't provide the implementation of abstract
implementation of interface. class.
5) The abstract keyword is used to declare The interface keyword is used to declare interface.
abstract class.
6) An abstract class can extend another Java An interface can extend another Java interface only.
class and implement multiple Java interfaces.
7) An abstract class can be extended using An interface can be implemented using keyword
keyword "extends". "implements".
8) A Java abstract class can have class members Members of a Java interface are public by default.
like private, protected, etc.
9)Example: Example:
public abstract class Shape{ public interface Drawable{
public abstract void draw(); void draw();
} }
2) final ->can be used for all levels .:-
A) The final keyword in java is used to restrict the user. The java final keyword can be used in many context. Final can be:
1. variable
2. method
3. class
The final keyword can be applied with the variables, a final variable that have no value it is called blank final variable or
uninitialized final variable. It can be initialized in the constructor only. The blank final variable can be static also which will be
initialized in the static block only.
3) polymoriphism
A) Polymorphism in Java is a concept by which we can perform a single action in different ways. Polymorphism is derived
from 2 Greek words: poly and morphs. The word "poly" means many and "morphs" means forms. So polymorphism means
many forms.
There are two types of polymorphism in Java:
1) Compile-time/static/overloading polymorphism
Overloading occurs when two or more methods in one class have the same method name but different
parameters
Static, final, private, protected can be overload
Real time – overloading reset password method in our class, overloading the calculate premium method
2) Runtime/dynamic/overriding polymorphism
Overriding occurs when two methods have the same method name and parameters.
Static, final, private can’t be override. But protected can override
Real time – overriding createHttpRequest method in our class by extending from rest template, overrding the
accountStatus method
4) Exception :
1) Checked Exception
The classes that directly inherit the Throwable class except RuntimeException and Error are known as checked exceptions. For
example, IOException, SQLException, FileNotFoundException etc. Checked exceptions are checked at compile-time.
2) Unchecked Exception
The classes that inherit the RuntimeException are known as unchecked exceptions. For example, ArithmeticException,
NullPointerException, ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException, etc. Unchecked exceptions are not checked at compile-time, but they
are checked at runtime.
3) Error
Error is irrecoverable. Some example of errors are OutOfMemoryError, VirtualMachineError, AssertionError etc.
5) Stream
A) Stream API is used to process collections of objects. A stream is a sequence of objects that supports various methods
which can be pipelined to produce the desired result.
Two operation on Streams
1)Intermediate Operation
a) map
b) filter
c) sorted
2) Terminal Operation
a) collect
b) forEach
c)reduce
6) Comparable vs Comparator
A) Comparable should be used when you compare instances of the same class.
Comparator can be used to compare instances of different classes. Comparable is implemented
by the class which needs to define a natural ordering for its objects.
Comparable Comparator
1) Comparable provides a single The Comparator provides multiple
sorting sequence. In other words, sorting sequences. In other words,
we can sort the collection on the basis we can sort the collection on the basis
of a single element such as id, name, of multiple elements such as id, name,
and price. and price etc.
2) Comparable affects the original Comparator doesn't affect the
class, i.e., the actual class is original class, i.e., the actual class is
modified. not modified.
3) Comparable Comparator provides compare()
provides compareTo() method to method to sort elements.
sort elements.
4) Comparable is present A Comparator is present in
in [Link] package. the [Link] package.
5) We can sort the list elements of We can sort the list elements of
Comparable type Comparator type
by [Link](List) method. by [Link](List,
Comparator) method.
6) what kind of exception Stream API will throw?
A) Stream API will throw Runtime Exception
Ex:
List<List<String>> fileContents = [Link]().map(path -> [Link](path))
.map(path -> {
try {
return [Link](path);
} catch (IOException e) {
throw new RuntimeException(e);
}
}).collect([Link]());
7) HashSet -> experience .
A) Java HashSet class is used to create a collection that uses a hash table for storage. It inherits the AbstractSet class and
implements Set interface.
The important points about Java HashSet class are:
o HashSet stores the elements by using a mechanism called hashing.
o HashSet contains unique elements only.
o HashSet allows null value.
o HashSet class is non synchronized.
o HashSet doesn't maintain the insertion order. Here, elements are inserted on the basis of their hashcode.
o HashSet is the best approach for search operations.
o The initial default capacity of HashSet is 16, and the load factor is 0.75.
8) class file ->assuming your the program : JVM ->class loader
A) First whatever java code we have written in IDE/ notepad first JVM get our java file along with all necessary library files and
then compile it using compiler then it produce .class file in the form of bytecode where the class file can use in any machine
whenever we want to run the program the class file will convert to binary code using interpreter
Compiler scans all the program at a time to convert it to machine code takes lot of time
interpreter scans line by line of the program to convert it to machine code takes less time
10) multiple inheritance
A) multiple inheritance does not support in java. Because Multiple Inheritance is a feature of an object-oriented concept, where
a class can inherit properties of more than one parent class. The problem occurs when there exist methods with the same
signature in both the super classes and subclass. On calling the method, the compiler cannot determine which class method to
be called and even on calling which class method gets the priority.
11) Array list
o Java ArrayList class can contain duplicate elements.
o Java ArrayList class maintains insertion order.
o Java ArrayList class is non synchronized.
o Java ArrayList allows random access because the array works on an index basis.
o In ArrayList, manipulation is a little bit slower than the LinkedList in Java because a lot of shifting needs to occur if
any element is removed from the array list.
o We cannot create an array list of the primitive types, such as int, float, char, etc. It is required to use the required
wrapper class in such cases. For example:
1. ArrayList<int> al = ArrayList<int>(); // does not work
2. ArrayList<Integer> al = new ArrayList<Integer>(); // works fine
o Java ArrayList gets initialized by the size. The size is dynamic in the array list, which varies according to the elements
getting added or removed from the list.
12) functional interface in java 1.8
A) A functional interface is an interface that contains only one abstract method. They can have only one functionality to
exhibit. From Java 8 onwards, lambda expressions can be used to represent the instance of a functional interface. A
functional interface can have any number of default methods. Runnable, ActionListener, Comparable are some of the
examples of functional interfaces.
Functional Interface is additionally recognized as Single Abstract Method Interfaces. In short, they are also known as SAM
interfaces.
13) one custom class you can extend the array list and actually it should not allow duplicates?
14) final class
A) The main purpose of using a class being declared as final is to prevent the class from being subclassed. If a class is marked as
final then no class can inherit any feature from the final class.
You cannot extend a final class. If you try it gives you a compile time error.
15) hash table and has map, can we have a null value for both key and value? one null keys,
HashMap Hashtable
1) HashMap is non synchronized. It is not-thread Hashtable is synchronized. It is thread-safe and can be
safe and can't be shared between many threads shared with many threads.
without proper synchronization code.
2) HashMap allows one null key and multiple Hashtable doesn't allow any null key or value.
null values.
3) HashMap is a new class introduced in JDK Hashtable is a legacy class.
1.2.
4) HashMap is fast. Hashtable is slow.
5) We can make the HashMap as synchronized by Hashtable is internally synchronized and can't be
calling this code unsynchronized.
Map m = [Link](hashMap);
6) HashMap is traversed by Iterator. Hashtable is traversed by Enumerator and Iterator.
7) Iterator in HashMap is fail-fast. Enumerator in Hashtable is not fail-fast.
8) HashMap inherits AbstractMap class. Hashtable inherits Dictionary class.
16) socket program [[Link], port no,]
A)
17) TCP [Reliable protocol ],UDP
A) Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is connection-oriented, meaning once a connection has been established, data can be
transmitted in two directions. TCP has built-in systems to check for errors and to guarantee data will be delivered in the order it
was sent, making it the perfect protocol for transferring information like still images, data files, and web pages.
But while TCP is instinctively reliable, its feedback mechanisms also result in a larger overhead, translating to greater use of the
available bandwidth on your network.
User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is a simpler, connectionless Internet protocol wherein error-checking and recovery services are
not required. With UDP, there is no overhead for opening a connection, maintaining a connection, or terminating a connection;
data is continuously sent to the recipient, whether or not they receive it.
Although UDP isn’t ideal for sending an email, viewing a webpage, or downloading a file, it is largely preferred for real-time
communications like broadcast or multitask network transmission.
Feature TCP UDP
Requires an established connection to transmit data Connectionless protocol with no requirements
Connection status (connection should be closed once transmission is for opening, maintaining, or terminating a
complete) connection
Data sequencing Able to sequence Unable to sequence
Guaranteed Can guarantee delivery of data to the destination Cannot guarantee delivery of data to the
delivery router destination
Retransmission of
Retransmission of lost packets is possible No retransmission of lost packets
data
Extensive error checking and acknowledgment of Basic error checking mechanism using
Error checking
data checksums
UDP packets with defined boundaries; sent
Data is read as a byte stream; messages are
Method of transfer individually and checked for integrity on
transmitted to segment boundaries
arrival
Speed Slower than UDP Faster than TCP
Broadcasting Does not support Broadcasting Does support Broadcasting
Optimal use Used by HTTPS, HTTP, SMTP, POP, FTP, etc Video conferencing, streaming, DNS, VoIP,
etc
18) plain [Link]?
A) Steps:
1. Import the database
2. Load the drivers using the forName() method
3. Register the drivers using DriverManager
4. Establish a connection using the Connection class object
5. Create a statement
6. Execute the query
7. Close the connections
19)what is marker interface ? what is the use of it?
A) An empty interface in Java is known as a marker interface i.e. it does not contain any methods or fields by implementing
these interfaces a class will exhibit a special behavior with respect to the interface
implemented. [Link] and [Link] are examples of marker interfaces.
Uses of Marker Interface
Marker interface is used as a tag that inform the Java compiler by a message so that it can add some special behavior to the class
implementing it. Java marker interface are useful if we have information about the class and that information never changes, in
such cases, we use marker interface represent to represent the same. Implementing an empty interface tells the compiler to do
some [Link] is used to logically divide the code and a good way to categorize code. It is more useful for developing API
and in frameworks like Spring.
20) what is race condition in java?
A) A condition in which the critical section (a part of the program where shared memory is accessed) is concurrently executed
by two or more threads. It leads to incorrect behavior of a program. Because the same resource may be accessed by multiple
threads at the same time and may change the data. We can say that race condition is a concurrency bug. It is closely related
to deadlock in Java. We can resolve the race condition in Java by using synchronized block.
21)Thread and process? any specific difference?
A)
SNO Process Thread
1. Process means any program is in execution. Thread means segment of a process.
2. Process takes more time to terminate. Thread takes less time to terminate.
3. It takes more time for creation. It takes less time for creation.
It also takes more time for context
4. switching. It takes less time for context switching.
Process is less efficient in term of
5. communication. Thread is more efficient in term of communication.
6. Multi programming holds the concepts of We don’t need multi programs in action for multiple
SNO Process Thread
threads because a single process consists of multiple
multi process. threads.
7. Process is isolated. Threads share memory.
8. Process is called heavy weight process. A Thread is lightweight as each thread in a process
shares code, data and resources.
9. Process switching uses interface in Thread switching does not require to call a operating
operating system. system and cause an interrupt to the kernel.
10. If one process is blocked then it will not Second thread in the same task could not run, while one
effect the execution of other process server thread is blocked.
11. Process has its own Process Control Block, Thread has Parents’ PCB, its own Thread Control Block
Stack and Address Space. and Stack and common Address space.
If one process is blocked, then no other While one thread is blocked and waiting, a second
process can execute until the first process is thread in the same task can run.
12. unblocked.
Since all threads of the same process share address
space and other resources so any changes to the main
Changes to the parent process does not thread may affect the behavior of the other threads of
13. affect child processes. the process.
22) can we use string in switch case in java? advantages of using switch?
A) It is recommended to use String values in a switch statement if the data you are dealing with is also Strings. The
expression in the switch cases must not be null else, a NullPointerException is thrown (Run-time). Comparison of Strings in
switch statement is case sensitive
It allows the best-optimized implementation for faster code execution than the “if-else if” statement
23) JDBC
A) JDBC stands for Java Database Connectivity. JDBC is a Java API to connect and execute the query with the database. It is a
part of JavaSE (Java Standard Edition). JDBC API uses JDBC drivers to connect with the database. There are four types of
JDBC drivers:
o JDBC-ODBC Bridge Driver,
o Native Driver,
o Network Protocol Driver, and
o Thin Driver
24) corejava1.7,
A) Features
Strings in switch statement.
Binary integer literals.
Allowing underscores in numeric literals.
Catching multiple exception types and rethrowing exceptions with improved type checking.
Automatic resource management in try-statement.
Improved type inference for generic instance creation, aka the diamond operator <>.
25)JDBC program ->JPA
Spring Out of 10
Annotation Meaning
@Component generic stereotype for any Spring-managed component
@Repository stereotype for persistence layer
@Service stereotype for service layer
@Controller stereotype for presentation layer (spring-mvc)
26) how will you build the spring boot application ?
Step 1: Go to Spring Initializr
Fill in the details as per the requirements. For this application:
Project: Maven
Language: Java
Spring Boot: 2.2.8
Packaging: JAR
Java: 8
Dependencies: Spring Web
Step 2: Click on Generate which will download the starter project
Step 3: Extract the zip file. Now open a suitable IDE and then go to File > New > Project from existing sources > Spring-
boot-app and select [Link]. Click on import changes on prompt and wait for the project to sync as pictorially
27) @Rest controller and @controller annotation ?
Contoller
RestContoller Controller + Response Body
28) Post man applicaiton , POST
29) Json request body , to get the request body [Pay load ]
30) Default method in JPA.
A) CrudRepository and PagingAndSortingRepository offer default methods such as: findAll, findAllById, findById, deleteAll,
deleteById, save, saveAll
31) How will create the entity name in class ?
32) final and static variables ? what will be happen ?
A) The static keyword means the value is the same for every instance of the class. The final keyword means once the
variable is assigned a value it can never be changed.
33) What is purpose of finally block?
A) Java finally block is a block used to execute important code such as closing the connection, etc.
Java finally block is always executed whether an exception is handled or not. Therefore, it contains all the necessary statements
that need to be printed regardless of the exception occurs or not. The finally block follows the try-catch block.
34) Throw and Throws differnece?
The Java throw keyword is used to throw an exception explicitly. throws is a keyword in Java which is used in the signature of
method to indicate that this method might throw one of the listed type exceptions
35) how to write API to restrict with JSON[
36) how will define the URL in component class [
37) how will configure the consumer and procdure in spring boot.[Message queue,RabbitMQ]
38) Annonation used in spring .
39) Spring boot how will you wirte the controller classes and annotation .
40)how will you set the media type .[
where you will mediatype ->
default type by mediatype-> where you will be passing the parameter.
41)what is dependecny injection?
A) Dependency Injection is a fundamental aspect of the Spring framework, through which the Spring container “injects”
objects into other objects or “dependencies”. Simply put, this allows for loose coupling of components and moves the
responsibility of managing components onto the container.
42) how will enfroe one mediatype->
43) what is bean scope in springboot? how long the bean will be privlining. [
Scope Description
singleton Scopes a single bean definition to a single object instance per Spring IoC container.
prototype Scopes a single bean definition to any number of object instances.
Scopes a single bean definition to the lifecycle of a single HTTP request; that is each and every HTTP
request request will have its own instance of a bean created off the back of a single bean definition. Only valid in
the context of a web-aware Spring ApplicationContext.
Scopes a single bean definition to the lifecycle of a HTTP Session. Only valid in the context of a web-
session
aware Spring ApplicationContext.
global Scopes a single bean definition to the lifecycle of a global HTTP Session. Typically only valid when used
session in a portlet context. Only valid in the context of a web-aware Spring ApplicationContext.
A) The scope of a bean defines the life cycle and visibility of that bean in
the contexts we use it.
44) default bean scope ?
A) Singleton
45) What is autowired annotation and types? by name,class
A) Autowiring feature of spring framework enables you to inject the object dependency implicitly. It internally uses setter or
constructor injection. Autowiring can't be used to inject primitive and string values.
46) how to call one spring bean to other bean class ?
47) how to convert singleton to prototype? how will you do that @scope...
48) autowire to by type to byname. @Qualifier
49) when are you starting and what are the layers?
50) custom property in spring boot?
JPA
entity class...
Cascade [parent and child relationship]
@table annotation
[@table,
if table name is not given what will be issue, ] entity,
JPA repostiory
select * from employee WHERE name LIKE 'Da%'
What is the Java Persistence API
The Java Persistence API (JPA) is a specification of Java. It is used to persist data between Java object and relational database.
JPA acts as a bridge between object-oriented domain models and relational database systems.
As JPA is just a specification, it doesn't perform any operation by itself. It requires an implementation. So, ORM tools like
Hibernate, TopLink and iBatis implements JPA specifications for data persistence.
What are the steps to persist an entity object?
1. Creating an entity manager factory object. The EntityManagerFactory interface present in
java. ...
2. Obtaining an entity manager from factory. ...
3. Intializing an entity manager. ...
4. Persisting a data into relational database. ...
5. Closing the transaction. ...
6. Releasing the factory resources.
What are the steps to insert an entity?
What are the steps to find an entity?
What are the steps to update an entity
What are the steps to delete an entity
What are the different types of entity mapping
A) one to one, one to many, many to many mapping
What are the different directions of entity mapping?
A) Unidirectional, Bidirectional, Orphan Removal in, Cascade Operations and Relationship & Queries and Relationship
Direction
Persist: is similar to save (with transaction) and it adds the entity object to the
persistent context, so any further changes are tracked. If the object properties are
changed before the transaction is committed or session is flushed, it will also
be saved into database.
Java :
1. Internal working of HashMap , hash set and Tree map
2. Collections API
3. Stream API and methods inside stream .
4. Multi-threading and Thread Lifecycle.
Thread Lifecycle
New
Active Runnable, Running
Blocked/waiting
Timed waiting
Terminated
5. Constructor chaining
6. String memory allocation
7. Singleton pattern In software engineering, the singleton pattern is a software design pattern that
restricts the instantiation of a class to one "single" instance. This is useful when exactly one object is
needed to coordinate actions across the system. The term comes from the mathematical concept of a
singleton. t is used where only a single instance of a class is required to control the action
throughout the execution. A singleton class shouldn't have multiple instances in any case and at any
cost. Singleton classes are used for logging, driver objects, caching and thread pool, database
connections
8. Serializable and de-serializable
Deserialization is the reverse process where the byte stream is used to recreate the actual Java
object in memory. Serialization is the conversion of the state of an object into a byte stream
9. Predicate in Java
10. How do write customised hash code
11. What happens if we still get exception in finally block
12. Customised exceptional handling
13. Unmodifiable list The unmodifiableList() method of Java Collections class is used to get an unmodifiable view of
the specified list. If any attempt occurs to modify the returned list whether direct or via its iterator, results in an
UnsupportedOperationException.
14. copyonwritearray list
CopyOnWriteArrayList
ArrayList
ArrayList is not synchronized. CopyOnWriteArrayList is synchronized.
ArrayList is not thread safe. CopyOnWriteArrayList is thread safe.
CopyOnWriteArrayList
ArrayList
ArrayList iterator is fail-fast and ArrayList CopyOnWriteArrayList is fail-safe and it will never
throws ConcurrentModificationException if throw ConcurrentModificationException during iteration.
concurrent modification happens during The reason behind the it that CopyOnWriteArrayList
iteration. creates a new arraylist every time it is modified.
ArrayList iterator supports removal of element [Link]() method throws
during iteration. exception if elements are tried to be removed during
iteration.
ArrayList is faster. CopyOnWriteArrayList is slower than ArrayList.
14. How to create immutable classes in java create class as final
15. Types of interfaces
16. Oops concepts
Spring :
1. Bean lifecycle
Bean life cycle is managed by the spring container. When we run the program then, first of all, the
spring container gets started. After that, the container creates the instance of a bean as per the request,
and then dependencies are injected. And finally, the bean is destroyed when the spring container is
closed.
2. Dependency injection
3. Scope of bean
4. IOC,AOP
The IoC container is responsible to instantiate, configure and assemble the objects.
The main tasks performed by IoC container are:
o to instantiate the application class
o to configure the object
o to assemble the dependencies between the objects
Aspect Oriented Programming (AOP) compliments OOPs in the sense that it also
provides modularity. But the key unit of modularity is aspect than class.
AOP breaks the program logic into distinct parts (called concerns). It is used to
increase modularity by cross-cutting concerns.
A cross-cutting concern is a concern that can affect the whole application and
should be centralized in one location in code as possible, such as transaction
management, authentication, logging, security etc.
Spring Boot:
1. @springbootapplication,@Autowired,@Component,@Service,@Entity,@RestController,@RabbitMqListner,
@Consumes, @produces, @Swagger, @Configurations, @PostConstruct
Annotation Meaning
@Component generic stereotype for any Spring-managed component
@Repository stereotype for persistence layer
@Service stereotype for service layer
@Controller stereotype for presentation layer (spring-mvc)
2. Keys for database, RabbitMQ in [Link] to connect.
3. Flow of spring MVC
3. Security for application-Oauth/bearer token
The most common way of accessing OAuth 2.0 APIs is using a “Bearer Token”. This is a single string
which acts as the authentication of the API request, sent in an HTTP “Authorization” header.
5. Retrofithttp package
6. How to run spring boot application using runtime arguments and how to configure in your project.
7. HTTP Client and Rest template
JPA :
1. @Table, @Column, @NamedQuery, @JoinColumn, @manytoone, @onetomany , @Temporal
2. @Repository
3. JPA Queries
4. Native Queries
5. Joins
By using @RequestBody annotation you will get your values mapped with the model you
created in your system for handling any specific call. While by using @ResponseBody
you can send anything back to the place from where the request was generated.
You can find examples for writing OAuth clients here:
[Link]
// If optional is non-empty, get the value in stream, otherwise return
empty
List<String> filteredListJava8 = [Link]().flatMap(o -> [Link]()
? [Link]([Link]()) : [Link]()).collect([Link]());
// Optional::stream method can return a stream of either one or zero
element if data is present or not.
List<String> filteredListJava9 = [Link]()
.flatMap(Optional::stream)
.collect([Link]());
[Link](filteredListJava8);
[Link](filteredListJava9);
1. Note: mvn install -DskipTests=true to disable the test case execution
hUsing RestTemplate override createRequest(uri,httpmethod) method where we added
all details in header like client id, client secret & source system id. Using
OAuth2RestTemplate override createRequest(uri,httpmethod) method where we added all
details in header like client id, client secret & source system id
POST is always for creating a resource ( does not matter if it was duplicated ) PUT is for
checking if resource exists then update, else create new resource. PATCH is always for
updating a resource.
[Link]("
[Link] [Link], entity,
[Link]).getBody();
or
[Link]([Link]([Link](“http://
localhost:8080/
products”).header(HttpHeaders.CONTENT_TYPE,MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON_VALU
E).build(),[Link])
[Link](
"[Link] [Link], entity,
[Link]).getBody();
Or
[Link]([Link]([Link](“http://
localhost:8080/
products”).header(HttpHeaders.CONTENT_TYPE,MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON_VALU
E).body(java),[Link])
[Link](
"[Link] [Link], entity,
[Link]).getBody();
Or
[Link]([Link]([Link](“http://
localhost:8080/
products”).header(HttpHeaders.CONTENT_TYPE,MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON_VALU
E).body(requestbody),[Link])
[Link](
"[Link] [Link], entity,
[Link]).getBody();
Or
[Link]([Link]([Link](“http://
localhost:8080/
products”).header(HttpHeaders.CONTENT_TYPE,MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON_VALU
E).body(java),[Link])
[Link](
"[Link] [Link], entity,
[Link]).getBody();
Or
[Link]([Link]([Link](“http://
localhost:8080/
products”).header(HttpHeaders.CONTENT_TYPE,MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON_VALU
E).build(),[Link])
SQL
UPDATE Customers
SET ContactName = 'Alfred Schmidt', City= 'Frankfurt'
WHERE CustomerID = 1;
SELECT FullName
FROM EmployeeDetails
WHERE EmpId IN
(SELECT EmpId FROM EmployeeSalary
WHERE Salary BETWEEN 5000 AND 10000);
SELECT *
FROM Orders
INNER JOIN Customers ON [Link]=[Link];