Module 4

OVERVIEW OF PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURE

I. Overview

This module is composed of sub-topics pertaining to agriculture under the

Philippine setting. It traces the development of agriculture in the Philippines leading
to the different export-oriented as well as the subsistence production systems. Other
resources as well as industries that propel the economy were included. Poverty and
how to alleviate this problem was discussed and at the end of the module, the status
of tenancy and land reform were elucidated. Students are expected then to develop
interest in farming and pursue to a greater height its development.

II. Learning Objectives

1. Define agriculture in the Philippines

2. discuss the production system in the country
3. understand the role of agriculture in economic development

III. Learning Concept /Topics

1. Resources
2. Production Systems
3. Small-hold farming and agribusiness
4. Need for balanced agro-industrial growth in agricultural production

1.0 Farm System and Structure

Agriculture in the country is characterized by a mixture of small, medium and

large farms but majority are small farms averaging about 2 hectares. Usually these
simple farms are owned and managed by single families which are either
subsistence or at commercial scale. The proportion of small farms is expanding. In
1988, two-thirds of all farms were no larger than three hectares. Today, farms owned
or tilled by farmers are not larger than two hectares. Typically, the farming system
consists of major crops. With rice, corn and coconut as a common base crop and a
few heads of livestock and poultry. The three aforementioned crops are principally
produced by small farmers. There were large plantations of rubber, coffee, oil palm,
cacao, banana and pineapple under contract growing schemes including broiler
chicken.

2.0 Agriculture and the Economy

The country's population or approximately 70% is predominantly rural Two-

thirds of this population depends on farming for their livelihood. In term of
employment, about one-half of the labor force is engaged in agricultural activities. In
1995, the sector's contribution to the economy was about 23% and the sectors
registered a growth rate of about 32%. In the first quarter of 2011, the Bureau of
Agricultural Statistics reported the following.
  Agriculture grew by 4.10 percent with 8.19% increase in production by the
crops subsector. The main contributors were palay, corn, sugar cane and
banana. The livestock subsectors had a slowdown except for poultry which
sustained its upward trend Also, fisheries production declined. The gross
value of agricultural output at current prices amounted to P347.2 billion or
12.72 per cent more than that last year's record.
 The crops subsector expanded by 8.19% and contributed 52.99% to the
total agricultural output. Palay and corn production increased by 15.63%
and 19.50%, respectively. Sugar cane production grew by 26.73% and
improved production performances were also reported for banana,
cassava, cabbage and rubber. The gross value of the subsector amounted
to P206.1B at current prices and recorded a 26.69% increase from that of
last year.
 The livestock subsector recorded a 0.59% growth accounting for 15.19%
of the total agricultural production. A 0.64% increase in hog production
was recorded and the subsector registered a gross value of P49.73. This,
however, represent a 3.04% reduction from last year's record Meanwhile,
the poultry subsector posted a 3.92% output increment this quarter
registering a share of 13 30% in the total agricultural production Chicken
production grew by 3.77% and at current prices, the subsector grossed
P39B, lower by 4 35% from last year.
 The fisheries subsector registered a decline in production by 3.49% and it
accounted for 18 53% of the total agricultural production. While
aquaculture grew by 4.96% commercial and municipal fisheries production
declined by 19.56%. The subsector grossed P52 4B which was 1.67%
lower than in 2010.
 In terms of farm gate prices, an increased by 8.29% was recorded this
quarter. The crops subsector had the highest price increment of 17.10%
while in the fisheries subsector had an increase of 1 89% Prices of
livestock products went down by an average of 3.61% while those of
poultry products, by 7.96%.

Based from the above data, Philippine agriculture primarily consisted of rice,
corn, coconut, sugar, banana, livestock, poultry, other crops and fishery production.

2.1 Rice and the Green Revolution

Rice is the staple food of the Filipinos. In the early 1960s, Western countries
began to develop and introduce new rice-growing technologies to increase rice
production which is known as the green revolution'. At the International Rice
Research Institute in Los Banos, Laguna, high yielding rice varieties were developed
and since then, the "miracle" rice proportion substantially increased and average
productivity increased to 2.3 tons per hectare for upland and 2.8 tons per hectare for
irrigated lands.

The "green revolution" was accompanied by and increased use of chemical

inputs. The total fertilizer consumption rose to more than 80% from 668 tons in 1976
to 1, 222 tons in 1988. In line with the government's objective of increasing yield,
irrigation systems were expanded. The area under irrigation grew under 500,000
hectares in 1960s to 1.5 million hectares in 11.
 During the 1980s, rice production encountered problems as a result of the
economic downturn not to mention the storms and droughts that occurred Growth of
value added in the rice industry fall and palay prices went down while prices of
agricultural inputs increased. Fertilizer and plant nutrient consumption dropped by
15% and farmers were squeezed by rising debts and declining income. This resulted
to importation of the main staple grain amounting to 538,000 tons of rice. The
situation improved a bit in the following years but in the 1990s, the country
experienced severe drought leading to the importation again of rice grains to the
tune of about 400,000
tons of rice. Today, the country is even dubbed as the world's leading
importer of rice to feed its burgeoning population.

2.2 Export-Oriented Agriculture

With the development of Philippine agriculture, the country started exporting

large amounts of agricultural products to different countries around the world (Table
1). These include coconut, sugar, banana, pineapple, citrus, mango, papaya.

2.2.1 The Coconut Industry

It is estimated that abut 25% of the cultivated land is devoted to coconut and
about 25-33% of the population was at least partly dependent on coconuts for their
livelihood The Southern Tagalog, Bicol region, Eastern Visayas and lately Western
and Southern Mindanao were the centers of coconut production. In the early 1990s,
the average coconut farm size was about less than four hectares.

The Philippines is the world's second largest producer of coconut products,

next to Indonesia In the early 1990s, coconut products, coconut oil copra and
desiccated coconut accounted for approximately 6.7% of Philippine exports.
Responding to the world demand, our government encouraged the processing of
copra domestically and provided investment incentives to increase the construction
of coconut oil mills. The number of mills increased from 28 (1968) to 62 in 1979,
creating a substantial excess capacity. Due to declining yields because of aging
coconut trees, the production was reduced.

When coconut prices began to fall in the early 1980s, pressure mounted to
alter the structure of the industry, thus, in 1985, the government agreed to dismantle
the United Coconut Oil Mills as part of an agreement with the International Monetary
Fund (IMF) to bail out the Philippine economy. In 1988, United States law requires
foods using tropical oils to be labelled indicating the saturated fat content resulting to
a negative impact to the industry.

2.2 The Sugar Industry

From the mid-19 century to the mid-1970s, sugar was the most important
agricultural export of the Philippines Western Visayas particularly the island of
Negros accounted for the half of the area planted to cane and two-thirds of the
production of sugar. This is planted in large haciendas compared to rice, corn and
coconuts. In the 1950s and 1960s, sugar accounted for more than 20% of Philippine
exports. However, its share declined the following years until 1980s when we
exported only about 7 per cent of the original export. Due to the decrease in price
and reduced quota by the United States, production area was reduced to about half.
The decline of the sugar industry was complicated by the monopolization that took
place during the martial law period. The same what had happen in the coconut
industry, the government dismantles the National Sugar Trading Corporation
(Nasutra) per agreement with the IMF, but the damage had been done.

3.0 Resources and Other Industries

The Philippines is very rich in natural resources. It has fertile, arable lands,
diverse flora and fauna, extensive coastlines, and rich mineral deposits. Natural
resource means something that is a component of the physical environment, either
biotic (living) or abiotic (non-living) which has a capacity to satisfy certain human
wants or needs, and provide goods and services such as land, air, water, sunshine,
minerals, soil, fish, etc.

3.1 Forestry

Out of the 30M hectares, it was estimated that about 6.5M hectares is
forested land. This is about 21.5% of the country's territory and much of it was in
higher elevations and on steep slopes Logs were a major foreign exchange earner.
In 1988, 120 licensed loggers operating on a total area of 4.74M hectares cut an
estimated 4.2M cubic meters of logs and exported 644M board feet.
Because of the massive cutting of trees and kaingin system, deforestation
caused a massive ecological destruction Beginning in the early 1980s, the
government instituted reforestation programs to compensate the destruction done.
Other initiatives included a program to employ upland dwellers in reforestation,
limiting the extent of timber concessions, and controlling of exports of forest
products. With our deforestation rate of 119,000 hectares per year, the country
would be facing timber famine within a decade.

3.2 Fishing

Our country is surrounded by water. In 1976, the government adopted a 200

nautical-mile exclusive economic zone covering some 2.2 million sq. km Out of these
areas, however, the country's traditional fishing ground is about 126,500 sq km area.
In 1988, export of fishery products amounted to USD407 million.

There are three groups of fisherfolks municipal and subsistence fishermen

who operate small boats in shallow water, usually not more than 3km offshore:
commercial fishermen that operate in deep water and farther than 3km and those
that are engaged in the fast-growing aquaculture industry. The livelihood of the small
municipal and subsistence fishermen was undermined by low production, stagnating
at approximately 1M tons per year. The low production is caused by the
encroachment of commercial fishermen in shallow waters, destruction of the marine
environment, over-fishing, and an increasing number of fishponds. Large areas of
mangrove forest has been cleared for fishpond construction and coral reefs also
suffered from dynamite and cyanide fishing including siltation brought about by
erosion.
 3.3 Livestock

In 1990, the livestock industry consisting primarily of cattle, carabao or water

buffalo, hogs, and chickens accounted for almost 20% of value added in the
agricultural sector, up from 12% in 1980. The sudden growth is attributed from the
rapid expansion of poultry raising which accounted for half of livestock value added
in 1990.
In the late 1980s, hogs provided 60% of total domestic meat production,
chickens with 15% and cattle and carabao, about 20%. The country is relatively
sufficient in hog and chicken production but imported approximately 4,500 tons of
beef annually. The dairy industry also was quite small, thus, liquid milk generally is
not available in the market despite the program initiated by the Philippine Carabao
Center based at CLSU Virtually, all canned and dry milk were imported from
Australia, New Zealand, the US and from Europe.

3.4 Mineral resources

The Philippines is known for its vast mineral resources. Its metal deposits are
estimated at 21.5 billion metric tons, while non-metal deposits are about 19.3 billion
metric tons. In 1990, the mining and quarrying sector contributed 1.5% of GNP. In
1998, the Philippines was the sixth largest producer of chromium in the world and
ranked ninth in gold production and tenth in copper production. Mineral exports were
5.4% of merchandise trade in 1988.
3.4.1 Metal deposits:

1. Nickel ranks first in terms of deposits and size. It is found in Surigao delNorte,
Davao, Palawan, Romblon and Samar
2. iron abounds in Ilocos Norte, Nueva Ecija, Camarines Norte and Cotabato
3. Copper is found in Zambales, Batangas, Mindoro, Panay and Negros

Non-metal deposits include cement, lime, marble, asbestos, clay, guano,

asphalt, feldspar, sulfur, tale, silicon phosphate and marble.

4.0 Production/Farming System

 Farming systems are ecosystems which are modified and managed by man to
produce outputs which are useful to him
 A system of production is a structural group of production factors combined to
ensure plant or animal production with a view to meeting the objectives of
those in charge of production

4.1 Types of Crop-based Farming System

1. Shifting cultivation - the traditional system in most forest areas throughout the
tropics
2. Lowland rice based system - age-old, very successful system in Asia
3. Upland cereal-based system - predominant system in seasonally-humid and
semi-arid Africa
 4. Smallholder Scale Mixed farming - complete integration of animal husbandry
and crop production components. In this system, animals provide manure for
crops and crop residues are used to feed animals
5. Irrigated small holder Farming - an age old system in the Middle East and
spreading to other dry areas
6. Small Holder Farming with Plantation (Perennial) Crops - usually with one
dominant cash crop
7. Agroforestry - omnipresent, age-old system.

In the Philippines, approximately 50% of lowland rice fields are rainfed and
50% with adequate irrigation facilities. Meanwhile, the uplands (where upland
farming is practiced) are zones where both agriculture and forestry are practiced on
rolling to steep land. The problem of deforestation resulted from the movement of
population to the sloping lands.

4.2 Food Production Systems

4.2.1 Subsistence

 Agricultural types and systems depend heavily on the character of

production, ie whether crops are produced in a subsistence (the farmer
has to produce in order to live or a market economy (commercial).
 In subsistence farming, the farmer usually resists changes in production
methods since if the changes turned out unproductive, the livelihood and
survival are at a risk (Beets, 1990).
 Subsistence-oriented monoculture food production system gives way to a
diversified market-oriented production system (commercial)

4.2.2 Commercial

 Economic growth, urbanization and withdrawal of labor from the

agricultural sector lead to the increasing commercialization of agricultural
system.
 This leads to greater market orientation of farm production, progressive
substitution out of non-traded inputs in place of purchased inputs, and the
gradual decline of integrated farming systems and their replacement by
specialized enterprises for crop. livestock, poultry and aquamarine
products

5.0 Small-Hold Farming and Agribusiness

 Small farmers are an extremely diverse group, often resource-poor, and
are responsible for growing the majority of the world's food (Ong'wen and
Wright, 2007). They produce various agricultural commodities, from food
to fiber, wood, rubber and cotton, they also raise livestock.
 A small farm is generally managed and worked by one household except
in peak labor seasons (Obschatko, 2006). The size of farms varies with
the ecological, social, and economic conditions within which farmers work.
 In general, land size of the small farm holder is sufficient to provide a
significant portion of the family's needs, and in most cases, the farm
income is supplemented with income from other sources.
 It is estimated that between 1.9 and 2.2 billion people are involved in
subsistence agriculture (Altieri and von der Weid, 2000). Smallholder farmers with
less than 2 hectares of land compose approximately 84.9 percent of all small farmers
in the world. However, this group accounts for only 6.1 percent of agricultural land
worldwide. The proportion of farmers with less than 2 hectares is especially high in
many Asian countries (India 80%, Philippines 65%, Pakistan 58%, Thailand 49%).

Knowing the small farms and small scale farming characteristics will more or
less give us a picture of the Filipino farmer, practicing it Similarly, industrial
agriculture practiced by few individuals characterizes them as well (Table 1).

5.1 Role and Contribution of Small Farmers (Ong'wen and Wright, 2007)

5.1.1 Food security

Small farmers greatly contribute to food security. Well-supported small- scale

systems have the potential to meet humanity's food needs in an equitable and
sustainable way. Smallholder farmers in India, for example, defined in this case as
households with less than 2 hectares of land make up about 78 percent of the
country's farmers. While they own only 33 percent of the land, they are responsible
for 41 percent of national grain production. Their contribution to both household food
security and to farm outputs is thus disproportionately high (Singh et al., 2002)

5.1.2 Productivity and efficiency

 Small farmers produce food efficiently and effectively and extensive evidence
to show that small-scale farming systems are extremely productive,
generating a higher output per unit of land than extensive systems.
 Comparisons reveal that small farms have a higher output than large- scale
farms, producing considerably more per unit of production area (Rosset,
1999)

5.1.3 Economic development

 Small-scale farming systems are generally more integrated into local

economies than industrial farming in several ways. A rural economy
dominated by a small scale farming system will have more farmers per unit of
area than industrial farming. These farmers are more likely to sell produce
locally, purchase goods at local stores, and support local
services.
 Small-scale farms tend to use more labor and contribute to regional
employment. There are flow-on effects here, too, as employed laborers
feedback their earnings into the local economy stimulating local businesses.
This leads to a generation of wealth in rural areas and a more diverse and
functioning rural community.
Table 9. Comparison between small-scale farming and industrial agriculture

SMALL-SCALE FARMING INDUSTRIAL AGRICULTURE

Benefits can be multi-functional Dominated by profit motive
Diversity in cultures, cropping systems and Uniformity and monoculture
on-farm ecology
Strong relations to land due to reliance on Exploitative relations to land
ecological health for livelihood generation
Knowledge are diverse, placed-based, more Techno-scientific knowledge covered by
likely to be communal, and based on a patents and other forms of intellectual
notion of stewardship property
Secondary income sources sometimes Maybe part of conglomerates with various
needed to meet subsistence sources of income
Labor intensive with labor primarily provided Low labor inputs using non-family labor
by the family
General low levels of capitalization Highly capitalized
Diverse ownership pattern and forms of Diverse ownership patterns in the context of
exchange capitalist market-based exchange
Place within dense networks and embedded Absentee ownership and export orientation
in rural communities means network more strongly tied to
metropolitan centers and global production
networks than local communities
Production for subsistence and local Production networks span globe and
exchanged prioritized supported by direct and indirect subsidies
Potential to sustainable be environmentally Environmentally exploitative
Source: Ong ‘wen and Wright, 2007

5.1.4 Employment

 Small-scale agriculture is not small in aggregate terms, accounting for

much more employment and staple food production than larger
commercial behemoths. For instance, 77 percent of the rural labor force in
Brazil is employed on small farms. In Africa, the figure varies between 78
and 86 percent (World Bank 2004). For every one person employed on
commercial farms, 45 to 65 are employed on small farms (Nyangito, 2003)

5.1.5 Sustainable human development

 Sustainable human development relies upon diverse and resilient

communities within which local populations can access services and meet
their needs for human development Within small-scale systems, the
decentralized ownership and management structures mean a greater
proportion of the population is able to make decisions affecting their lives

5.1.6 Ecology and maintenance of biodiversity

 Small farmers are leaders in the search for sustainable agricultural

systems and in the development of locally adapted and environmentally
sensitive agricultural techniques.
 It was small farmers who developed and nurtured not only the staggering
genetic diversity of food products but also developed the vast range of
 complex agricultural techniques and methods that helped agriculture to
adapt to ecosystems throughout the world.
 Small farm agro-ecosystems are adapted to a wide range of soil types,
altitudes, aspects, water conditions, slopes, and microclimates. Such
systems are adapted to local conditions in complex ways, allowing farmers
and farming families to generate food in harsh environments with minimal
external inputs and without degrading the environment. Small farmers
have acted and continue to act as stewards for agrodiversity through the
stewardship and development of locally adapted and genetically diverse
food sources, animal management, and vegetation associations

5.1.7 Safe and healthy food

 Small farmers contribute to the provision of healthy and nourishing food. They
tend to produce a more diverse range of products that can facilitate access to
a healthy diet including a mix of protein, carbohydrates, and fat as well as a
range of vitamins and minerals. This stands in contrast to industrial farming
systems that produce single food products often designed for the prepared
food market.

6.0 Productivity and Income in Farming Systems

 Productivity can be simply defined as the increment in valued product per unit
time and is usually measured as yield or income per unit of land. In previous
years, 63% of crop productivity growth in the tropics was derived from higher
yields.
 Yields increased considerably and FAO projects that this trend will continue.
Although it is not known to what extent the past increases have been at the
expense of sustainability and their effect on the environment.
 High yield per unit area and therefore high productivity does not necessarily
mean higher income for the farmers as high yields can only be achieved
through high levels of inputs, and the farmers' income is directly related to the
costs of inputs and outputs.

6.1 Poverty and Welfare

Individuals are said to be in absolute poverty when they are unable to obtain
at least a specified minimum of the food, clothing, and shelter that are considered
necessary for continued survival. Two such minimums have been established in the
Philippines. First, the poverty line is defined in terms of a least- cost consumption
basket of food that provides 2016 calories and 50g of protein per day and of non-
food items consumed by families in the lowest quantile of the population. The
subsistence level is defined as the income level that allows purchase of the minimum
food requirements only. In 1985, more than half of the population lived below the
poverty line which is about P2,709 per month. The proportion, however, decreased
to 28% in that year from 35% in 1971.
 6.1.1 Causes of Poverty

Poverty is a function of total output of an economy relative to its population

GNP per capita- and the distribution of that income among families. In the World
Development Report of the World Bank in 1990, the Philippines ranked at the
lower end of the grouping of lower middle-income economies. In its report, the
World Bank stressed that the causes of poverty are the following: high population
growth rate, injustice and graft and corruption and mismanagement of resources.
Also, land ownership was highly unequal and the land reform program had made
little impact to farmers. Implementation of a government-sponsored family
planning program was thwarted by stiff opposition of the Roman Catholic church.

7.0 Land Tenancy and Land Reform

Farm size is a significant indicator of concentration of ownership

Approximately 50% of farms in 1980 were less than two hectares and these small
farms made only 16% of the total land area. On the other hand, only 3% of farms
were over ten hectares, yet they covered about 25% of farm area.

Farms also varied in size based on crops cultivated. Rice farms tended to be
smaller, only 9% of rice land was on farms larger than 10 hectares. Coconut farms
tended to be somewhat larger and approximately 28% of the land planted to coconut
was on farms larger than 10 hectares. Meanwhile, sugar cane is planted on large
farms, i.e. nearly 80% of the land planted to sugar cane was on farms larger than 10
hectares.

The Marcos land reform program succeeded in breaking down many of the
large haciendas in Central Luzon. As a whole, however, the program is considered a
failure. Only 20% of rice and corn land, or 10% of total farm land was covered by the
program. After thirteen years from its proclamation 75% of the expected beneficiaries
had not become owner-cultivators.
On June 10, 1998, a year after proclamation, Congress passed the
Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law. As a condition, landowners were allowed to
retain up to five hectares, plus three hectares for each heir at least fifteen years of
age. The amount of land that could be retained was to be gradually decreased and a
non-land transfer, profit-sharing program could be used as an alternative to actual
land transfer.
IV. Study Question

A. Encircle the letter corresponding to the correct answer"

1. This is the staple food of the Filipinos:

a. Banana c. coconut
b. sweet potato d. rice
2. The hacienderos and sacadas class structures in Philippine agriculture
started during this era.
a. Japanese colonialism c. Spanish colonialism
b. American colonialism d. Green Revolution
3. It is the world's smallest fish which is found in Lake Buhi
a. Pandaca pygmaea c. Tabios
b. whale shark d. sword fish
4. The Philippine national tree which produces pretty yellow flowers and a source of
hardwood for many uses
a. mahogany c. acacia
b. coconut d. narra
5. The national flower of the Philippines famous for its white color and fragrance
a. Sampaguita c. Waling-Waling
b. Sangumay d. ilang-ilang
6. It is now known as haribon, from the words "haring ibon"
a. hornbill c. alawan peacock
b. Monkey-eating eagle d. pipit
7. A type of crop-based farming system where there is complete integration of animal
husbandry and crop production components
a. lowland rice-based system c. smallholder scale mixed farming
b. integrated smallholder farming d. agroforestry
8. It is the main source of roofing material for the traditional nipa hut
a. coconut palm c. bamboo
b. nipa palin d. Narra
9. It is known as the beast of burden in the Philippines, commonly utilized in
farming and becoming a major source of milk
a. goat c. cattle
b. horse d. carabao
10. It is the Philippines' largest protected area making up 10% of the country's
remaining primary forests:
a. Mt. isarog National Park
b. El Nido
c. Palanan Wilderness Area
d. Hundred Islands
 B. Identify what is being described:

_________1. It is caused by the build-up of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse

gases in the atmosphere
_________2. It refers to the increment in valued product per unit time and is
usually measured as yield or income per unit of land
_________3. The degree to which productivity is free from variability cause by
normal fluctuations in environmental variables
_________4. The ability of a system to maintain productivity in spite of large
disturbances such as repeated stress
_________5. It is a component of the physical environment, either biotic or abiotic,
which has a capacity to satisfy certain human wants or needs, provide goods and
services.

V. Summary

The module presented topics on how the Green Revolution improved

productivity in the farms, the leading export products, and other resources and
industries that help propel the Philippine economy. The role of small farmers
in the society was covered together with poverty as to why it is almost
embedded to the "feeders" of the society. Ultimately, land reform and tenancy
has been discussed and does it really made farmers better or it is just one
failure program of the government. We are now advocating agricultural
sustainable production which also takes care of our resources and serve not
only the present population but for the future generation.
Small farmers as presented, have the potential to create a model of
human development that is socially, economically, and environmentally
sustainable Small-scale farming systems are not mere economic units to be
manipulated, instead, they need to be accorded respect, and their
contributions to the world food supply, to the economies of nations, and to the
world's diversity of cultures and environment need to be acknowledged and
supported.
VI. References

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natural resource management for low-income farmers in the 21st century.
[Link] resource [Link]
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Farming Systems in the Tropics. AgBe Publishing, Alkmaar, Holland
 Berlow, Alan 1996. Dead Seasons: A Story of Murder and Revenge. New
York: Vintage Books
 Boyce, James K. 1993. The Philippines: The Political Economy of Growth and
Impoverishment in the Marcos Era. Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press,
 Castillo, Andres V. 1957. Philippine Economics. Manila:[s.n.]
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 Nyangito, H. 2003. Agricultural trade reforms in Kenya under the WTO
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Labor Perspective. Comunica Online, sixth edition (April-June 2006).
 "Official Web Site of the Department of Trade and Industry".
<[Link]>.
 Prevost, P. 1997. Fundamentals of Modern Agriculture. Science Publishers,
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 Rimando, Tito J. 2004. Lecture Syllabus in Crop Science 1. Dept. of
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College of Agriculture, UPLB.
 Rimando, Tito L. Crop Science Lecture Syllabus. UPLB.
 Rosset, P. 1999. The multiple functions and benefits of small farm agriculture.
Policy Brief 4, Food First, The Institute for Food and Development Policy.
EcoFair Trade Dialogue Discussion Paper No. 7 63
 SeedQuest. 2006. Researchers Identify Energy Gains and Environmental
Impacts of Corn Ethanol and Soybean Biodiesel. Seed Quest (July 11,
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 Singh, R., P. Kumar, and T. Woodhead. 2002. Smallholder farmers in India:
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security and agricultural policy. Bangkok, Thailand: FAO.
 Zafra, Urbano A. 1960. The Philippine Economic Handbook. Washington,
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 [Link]
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