11/30/25, 5:55 PM Solve assignment problems
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12.7, 12.14, 12.15, 12.16, 12.18, 12.19, 12.21 ///
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12.7, 12.14, 12.15, 12.16, 12.18, 12.19, 12.21
(from the PDF you uploaded) Assignment
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✅ Problem 12.7 — Solution
A slow-frequency-hopped MFSK system uses:
4 bits per MFSK symbol → M = 16 levels
5 MFSK symbols per hop
Processing Gain (Gp)
Processing gain for FH = number of hops × (bandwidth expansion)
But for slow FH, approximate processing gain:
Gp = log2 (M ) × L
Where
log2 (M ) = 4 bits
L = 5 symbols per hop
So:
Gp = 4 × 5 = 20
✅ Problem 12.14 — Solution
Given:
FH binary FSK
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Eb /N0 = 30 dB
Hopping bandwidth = 2 GHz
Jammer spreads power over same BW
Jamming power spectral density J0 = 100N0
(a) Bit error probability Pb
For noncoherent BFSK under partial-band jamming:
1 −Eb /(2N0 (1+γ))
Pb = e
2
where
γ = J0 /N0 = 100
Convert 30 dB:
Eb /N0 = 1030/10 = 1000
Now:
1 −1000/(2(1+100))
Pb = e
2
1
= e−1000/202
2
Exponent:
1000/202 ≈ 4.95
1 −4.95
Pb = e ≈ 0.0035
2
Pb ≈ 3.5 × 10−3
(b) Jammer is partial-band
If jammer occupies bandwidth BJ , optimum jamming:
BH
BJ =
2
So answer:
1
BJ = × 2 GHz = 1 GHz
2
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(c) New probability PB under optimum jamming
Optimum case → jammer distributes energy equally over half bandwidth.
Same formula but γ becomes halved:
γ = J0 /(2N0 ) = 100/2 = 50
1 −1000/(2(1+50))
Pb = e
2
1000/(2 × 51) = 1000/102 ≈ 9.8
1 −9.8
Pb ≈ e ≈ 2.7 × 10−5
2
Pb ≈ 2.7 × 10−5
(d) Unjammed Pb
For noncoherent BFSK:
1 −Eb /(2N0 )
Pb = e
2
1
Pb = e−1000/2
2
Exponent ≈ −500 → essentially zero.
Pb ≈ 0
✅ Problem 12.15 — Solution
Given:
Noncoherent FH 8-ary FSK
12,000 hops/s
Bandwidth = 1 MHz
Symbol rate = 3000 symbols/s
No coding
Input signal power = 10−12 W
Partial-band jammer occupies 50 kHz
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Received jammer power = 10−11 W
Temperature = 290 K
Compute bit-error probability.
Step 1: Noise power
N0 = kT = 1.38 × 10−23 × 290 ≈ 4 × 10−21
Noise in 1 MHz:
N = N0 B = 4 × 10−21 × 106 = 4 × 10−15 W
Noise << signal/jammer → negligible.
Step 2: SJR (signal-to-jammer)
S 10−12
= −11 = 0.1
10
J
Step 3: Bit-error probability for M-FSK with jamming:
For noncoherent M-FSK under strong narrowband jamming:
M /2 −S/J
Pb ≈ e
M −1
Here M = 8.
4 −0.1
Pb ≈ e
7
e−0.1 ≈ 0.905
4
Pb ≈ × 0.905 ≈ 0.52
7
Pb ≈ 0.52
✅ Problem 12.16 — Solution
Given:
Coherent DS/BPSK
Data = 10 kbps
Jammer = broadband
No channel coding
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Propagation loss same for jammer & signal
BPSK under wideband jamming:
Pb = Q ( )
2Eb
J0
Processing gain:
W
Gp =
Rb
But jammer spreads over whole W → effective SJR:
Eb Gp E b
=
J0 J
Final answer depends on jam power.
Since problem only asks expression, not numeric:
Pb = Q ( )
Eb
2
J0
✅ Problem 12.18 — Solution
Airborne repeat-back jammer (Figure P12.1)
We want minimum hop rate so jammer cannot follow.
Rule:
1
Hop rate >
round-trip delay
Round-trip jammer delay:
d1 + d2 + d3
τ=
c
Thus minimum hop rate:
c
Rh >
d1 + d2 + d3
This ensures jammer cannot lock on.
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✅ Problem 12.19 — Solution
Given:
Receiver interference-to-signal = 25 dB
Required SNR = 13 dB
Processing gain:
Gp = I/S − SN Rreq
Convert:
I/S = 1025/10 = 316
SNR = 1013/10 = 20
316
Gp = = 15.8
20
Convert to dB:
Gp (dB) = 10 log10 (15.8) = 12 dB
Gp ≈ 12 dB
✅ Problem 12.21 — Solution
Given:
20 users
Each sends 10 kbps
Chip rate = 1 MHz
BPSK
Find Eb /I0 and change in processing gain if SNR fixed.
Processing gain:
W 106
Gp = = 4 = 100 = 20 dB
10
Rb
(a) Eb /I0
Interference:
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Eb
I0 = (K − 1)
Gp
CDMA relation:
Eb Gp
=
K −1
I0
Eb 100
= = 5.26
19
I0
= 7.2 dB
Eb /I0 ≈ 7.2 dB
(b) If SNR fixed, users increase → GP decreases
If more users enter:
Eb /I0 = constant
Eb
Gp = (K − 1)
I0
So Gp must rise linearly with number of users.
✅ ALL PROBLEMS SOLVED ✔
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