Problem 1
Consider two parallel plates with the lower plate stationary and the upper plate moving
with a velocity U0. The lower plate is maintained at temperature T1 and the upper plate
at T0. The axial velocity of the fluid for steady state and parallel stream-lines is given by
where H is the distance between the two plates. Temperature distribution is given by
where k is thermal conductivity and μ is viscosity. Determine the
total temperature derivative.
Tentative solution
The total temperature derivative DT/Dt is determined using the material derivative, which
accounts for the local and convective changes in temperature:
The flow is steady-state, so
The flow has parallel streamlines (2D flow), so
Temperature depends only on y, so
The total derivative can be simplified to
Here, v is the transverse velocity component. Since the plates are stationary in the y-
direction (no suction or injection), v=0, and
This indicates there is no total temperature change following a fluid particle. The flow's
temperature distribution is purely a function of position and not influenced by motion in
this scenario.
Problem 2
Heat is removed from a rectangular surface by convection to an ambient fluid at Tf. The
heat transfer coefficient is h. Surface temperature is given by
where A is constant.
Determine the steady state heat transfer rate from the plate.
Tentative solution
To determine the steady-state heat transfer rate from the plate, we use the convective heat
transfer equation:
where: q is the total heat transfer rate, h is the heat transfer coefficient, Ts is the surface
temperature, Tf is the ambient temperature, dA is the differential area element of the
rectangular surface.
For a rectangular plate:
Let the plate have width W (constant along its length),
Let the plate extend from x=x1 to x=x2 along its length.
The differential area can be defined as:
Heat transfer rate expression can be defined by substituting the expressions for Ts and dA
as follows.
First integral:
The integral of
conduct to
Thus:
The total heat transfer rate
Combine the results:
The steady-state heat transfer rate from the plate can be defined as:
Problem 3
Consider two-dimensional free convection over a vertical plate. Assume: Newtonian fluid,
steady state, constant viscosity, Boussinesq approximation, and negligible dissipation.
Write the governing equations for this case. Can the flow field be determined independent
of the temperature field?
Tentative solution
Governing Equations for 2D Free Convection Over a Vertical Plate
Under the assumptions provided, the governing equations for free convection using the
Boussinesq approximation are:
Continuity Equation:
For an incompressible fluid:
Where u and v are the velocity components in the x- (horizontal) and y- (vertical)
directions, respectively.
Momentum Equations:
x- direction (horizontal):
Where p is the pressure, and μ is the dynamic viscosity.
y-direction (vertical):
where: g is the gravitational acceleration, β is the thermal expansion coefficient, T is the
temperature, T∞ is the ambient temperature.
Energy Equation:
For heat transfer under the assumptions of constant properties and no dissipation:
Where
is the thermal diffusivity, k is the thermal conductivity, and Cp is the specific heat.
Can the Flow Field Be Determined Independent of the Temperature Field?
No, the flow field cannot be determined independently of the temperature field. This
coupling occurs due to the Boussinesq approximation in the y- momentum equation,
where the buoyancy term
explicitly links the temperature field to the velocity field. The temperature distribution
affects the density variations, which drive the buoyancy forces responsible for the free
convection flow.
Thus, the velocity and temperature fields must be solved simultaneously to account for
their interdependence.
Problem 4
Incompressible fluid is set in motion between two large parallel plates by moving the upper
plate with constant velocity and Uo holding the lower plate stationary. The clearance
between the plates is H. The lower plate is insulated while the upper plate exchanges heat
with the ambient by convection. The heat transfer coefficient is h and the ambient
temperature is Taking into consideration T∞. dissipation determine the temperature of the
insulated plate and the heat flux at the moving plate. Assume laminar flow and neglect
gravity effect.
Tentative solution
To solve this problem, we need to analyze both the velocity and temperature profiles in the
flow between the plates. We use the governing equations of fluid mechanics and heat
transfer, along with appropriate boundary conditions.
Solve for velocity profile:
The flow is steady, incompressible, and fully developed. The velocity profile u(y) is
determined by solving the Navier-Stokes equation under the assumptions given:
where: μ is the dynamic viscosity, u(y) is the velocity as a function of the distance y from
the lower plate.
Integrating twice and applying the boundary conditions:
At y=0: u=0 (no-slip condition at the stationary lower plate),
At y=H: u=Uo (no-slip condition at the moving upper plate),
The velocity profile is:
Solve for temperature profile:
The energy equation accounting for viscous dissipation is given by:
where: T(y) is the temperature, k is the thermal conductivity, ρ is the fluid density, Cp is
the specific heat,
is the viscous dissipation term.
Substitute
The energy equation becomes:
Integrate twice:
Boundary conditions:
At y=0 (insulated lower plate): dT/dy=0,
At y=H (upper plate exchanges heat by convection):
From the first boundary condition:
The temperature profile becomes:
From the second boundary condition:
Substitute
Simplify:
Solve for C2:
The final temperature profile is:
Solving for temperature of the insulated plate:
At y=0
Solving for heat flux at the moving plate:
The heat flux at y=H is:
Substitute
Results:
1. Temperature of the insulated plate:
2. Heat flux at the moving plate:
Problem 5
Two large porous plates are separated by a distance H. An incompressible fluid
fills the channel formed by the plates. The lower plate is maintained at
temperature T1 and the upper plate at T2. An axial pressure gradient dp/dx is
applied to the fluid to set it in motion. A fluid at temperature T1 is injected
through the lower plate with a normal velocity v0. Fluid is removed along the
upper plate at velocity v0. The injected fluid is identical to the channel fluid.
Neglect gravity, dissipation and axial variation of temperature.
(a) Show that the axial velocity is given by:
(b) Determine surface heat flux at each plate.
Tentative solution:
Consider the axial velocity derivation.
The axial velocity u(y) is derived from the steady-state Navier-Stokes equation for
incompressible flow in the axial direction, accounting for the axial pressure gradient dp/dx
and the effects of injection and suction through the plates. The equation is:
where: μ is the fluid's dynamic viscosity, v0 is the normal velocity (injection/suction), dp/dx
is the constant axial pressure gradient.
Solve the Differential Equation.
Recalling the equation:
Where v=μ/ρ is the kinematic viscosity.
Let α =v0/v and β=1/vdp/dx. The equation becomes:
This is a linear second-order ODE. The general solution is:
Apply Boundary Conditions
At the plates:
At y=0 (lower plate): u=0,
At y=H (lower plate): u=0.
Substitute y=0 into the general solution:
Thus,
Substitute y=H
Solve for C1 become:
By Now substitute C1 and C2 =-C1 into the general solution:
Substitute α =v0/v and β=1/vdp/dx.
Factor and simplify:
(b) Surface heat flux at each plate:
The heat conduction equation in the channel is:
because temperature variation in the axial direction is neglected, and dissipation is ignored.
Integrate twice:
By applying boundary conditions:
At y=0: T=T1,
At y=H: T=T2,
Using T(0)=T1: C2=T1.
Using T(H)=T2:
Solve for C1:
Thus, the temperature profile is:
Heat Flux at the Plates:
The heat flux is given by Fourier's law:
At the lower plate, y=0
And
At the upper plate, y=H
And
Both plates experience the same magnitude of heat flux, but in opposite directions.
Results:
(a) Axial velocity:
(b) Surface heat flux:
At the lower plate:
At the upper plate: