Energy stores and pathways
8 different energy storing method
1. Gravitational potential energy
2. Electrostatic energy
3. Kinetic energy
4. Nuclear energy
5. Thermal energy
6. Magnetic potential energy
7. Elastic (potential) energy
8. Chemical energy
1. Chemical energy
Stored in food
Chemical changes( combustion, respiration, photosynthesis) can cause changes on energy stores.
2. Kinetic energy
Energy stored in a moving object
It varies when the speed of the object changes
Gravitational potential energy
Energy stored in object inside gravitational fields
It varies when object changes its position in the GPE field.
Mass, height proportional to energy
Higher or heavier the object more energy is stored
Elastic energy
Energy stored in objects when deformed(stretched or compressed=change in shape)
Extension or compression rate proportional to amount of energy stored
Simple object, stiffer the object, more amount of energy stored
Thermal energy
Energy in a body by temperature and state
Temper change -> energy stored change
Magnetic energy;
Energy stored in situations involve magnets and magnetic field
Electricity= carrier. Electrostatic energy
Energy stored in situations involving electrically charged bodies
Produced when I or more of the changes moves through the electric field.
Nuclear energy
Produced when a nuclear reaction takes place
2 methods;nuclear fission ( ),nuclear fusion( )
Mechanical working.
Involves forces changing the position or temperature of objects
Electrical working
Electric currents cause change
Heating
Between objects with different temperatures transfer energy between each other
Thermal energy to thermal energy Hot cold
Radiation
Such as light or infrared radiationcan he emitted or absorbed by objects ( change energy store
in them)
Principle of conservation of energy
Energy cannot be created nor destroyed; only can be transferred into different ways..
Total energy = useful energy + wasted energy
Can be energy path way.
Efficiency
Useful energy extracted from the sources
Efficiency = useful output/ total energy output X 100%
Conduction
(Transferring kinetic energy by
Process of transferring thermal energy through the physical contact
collision between particles)
Thermal energy
Macroscopic - thermal energy
Microscopic - Kinetic energy
3 things determine thermal energy stored in an object
1) specific heat capacity
2) mass
3) change in temperature.
Higher the Thermal energy -> higher temperature-> higher kinetic energy -> more collision
2 types of conduction
Conduction in insulator (non metal lattice)
Take longer time
Only transferrig energy to neighboring atoms 1 time per lattice vibration
Lattice vibration; vibration of atoms in lattice crystal
From hottest to coldest
Conduction in metals
Rapid
Can transfer energy through delocalized electrons and lattice vibration
Delocalized ions directly pass energy to the atoms with less kinetic energy
Convection
Radiation
Absorbing: taking in radiation, which has the effect of increasing temperature
Emitting: giving out radiation, which has the effect of decreasing temperature
Radiation: electromagnetic waves which transfer energy
Infrared lights - long wave
Wave length is depends on temperature of an object
Hotter shorter the wavelength.
Infrared radiation: emitted by day objects with heat but it's invisible
Absorbing Emitting In constant temperature rate of emitting and absorption
will be equal.
Factors of radiation
Temperature Black: good emitter & absorber
Color Shiny: poor emitter & absorber
Surface Dull/ rough: good emits and absorb
White: poor absorb and emit
Hotter the wave length shorter the wavelength
Reducing unwanted energy
transfers
Aerodynamic-designed to reduce air resistance
Insulator-material great at reducing transfer of thermal energy
Lubricant-things used to allow to move freely from friction
Work done, power, kinetic and gravitational potential energy
Work done: amount energy conserved through mechanical working
Dot product convert vector to scalar quantity
Force applied by aobject
When the momentum is constant, change in temperature varies
force applied by an object
Pendulum
Density
How much matter it contains per unit volume,
Displacement can,volume of irregular shape
Measure volume of water flowed out
of beaker.
Fully submerged
Pressure
Normal force per unit area
Scalar-direction isn't required
Pa (pascal)