PHARMACEUTICS - 2023

Answer Set:
Answer Set:
(ALL questions from the entire uploaded Pharmaceutics-I paper answered in correct
order, with mark-appropriate depth.)

1A. Write down the correct one (Any ten) — 1×10 = 10

(Answering ALL as per your instruction)

i) 2018
ii) Amide
iii) Natural
iv) 50–70%
v) All a, b, c
vi) Milk powder
vii) Morning tea
viii) Aspirin
ix) O/W
x) Suspension
xi) Liquid
xii) Microbes

1B. Fill in the blanks OR answer in one sentence (Any ten) — 1×10 = 10

(Answering ALL)

i) Father of Indian Pharmacy → Prof. M. L. Schroff

ii) Another name of Type-II glass → Soda-lime treated glass
iii) Full form of ABS plastic → Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene
iv) Example of natural colouring agents → Caramel, Chlorophyll
v) BCG vaccine is dried at → Lyophilizer machine
vi) Example of negative mixture → Emulsion
vii) Syrup can be prepared from non-sucrose sugar like → Sorbitol
viii) Sieve No. 10 means → Opening size 2 mm
ix) Very fine powder related with sieve No. → 80
x) Define powder → A dry, finely divided solid intended for internal or external use.
xi) Define primary emulsion → An initial stable emulsion formed from oil, water and
emulsifier in fixed ratios (e.g., 4:2:1 method).

2. Answer ANY 10 questions (3 marks each) — 3×10 = 30

(Answering ALL 12 as instructed)

i. Classify dosage forms with examples

• Solid: Tablets, capsules, powders
• Liquid: Syrups, elixirs, lotions
• Semisolid: Ointments, creams, gels
• Gaseous: Aerosols, inhalers
 • Parenterals: Injections
• Novel forms: Liposomes, transdermal patches

ii. Objectives of size reduction

• Increase surface area
• Enhance dissolution
• Improve extraction efficiency
• Facilitate uniform mixing
• Improve bioavailability
• Aid in drying and filtration

iii. Classify powders based on size

• Coarse – Sieve No. 20
• Moderately coarse – Sieve No. 40
• Fine – Sieve No. 60
• Very fine – Sieve No. 80
• Microfine – <10 µm

iv. Mechanisms of mixing

• Convective mixing: Transfer of large particle groups.
• Shear mixing: Layers slide over each other.
• Diffusive mixing: Random particle movement for homogeneity.

v. Ideal properties of packaging materials

• Chemically inert
• Moisture-proof
• Light-resistant
• Durable and leak-proof
• Non-toxic
• Easy to transport and label

vi. Official tests for tablets

• Weight variation
• Hardness
• Friability
• Disintegration
• Dissolution
• Assay

vii. Tablet coating — explanation

Coating is the process of covering tablets with a protective layer.
Types: Sugar, film, enteric.
Purpose: Increase stability, mask taste, control release, improve appearance.

viii. Manufacturing defects in tablets

• Capping
• Lamination
• Picking
 • Mottling
• Chipping
• Sticking & binding

ix. Excipients in capsule manufacturing

• Diluents: Lactose, MCC
• Lubricants: Magnesium stearate
• Glidants: Talc, silica
• Preservatives: Parabens
• Colorants & opacifiers

x. Sterile dosage form & ideal properties

A sterile dosage form is a preparation free from living microorganisms (e.g., injections,
ophthalmics).
Properties:
• Sterile, pyrogen-free
• Isotonic
• Stable
• Clear & particle-free
• Non-irritant

xi. Principles of GMP

• Proper documentation
• Personnel hygiene
• Validated procedures
• Clean environment
• Prevent contamination
• Adequate quality control

xii. NDDS – definition and need

NDDS: Novel Drug Delivery System
Needs:
• Controlled drug release
• Targeted delivery
• Improved bioavailability
• Reduced dosing frequency
• Minimized side effects

3. Answer ANY 6 questions (5 marks each) — 5×6 = 30

(Answering ALL parts as instructed)

a) Define Ointment. Describe one method of preparation.

Ointments are semisolid preparations intended for external application to skin/mucous
membranes.
Fusion Method (Explanation):
1. Oil-soluble ingredients melted together.
2. Aqueous ingredients heated separately.
3. Aqueous phase added to oily phase with stirring.
 4. Stir until cool to form uniform ointment.
5. Add drug and homogenize.

b) Define Emulsion. Role of components + examples.

Emulsion: Biphasic liquid system of two immiscible liquids stabilized by emulsifiers.
Roles:
• Emulsifying agents: Stabilize droplets (Acacia, tween 80)
• Preservatives: Prevent microbial growth (Parabens)
• Antioxidants: Prevent oxidation (BHT, vitamin E)
Examples:
• Liquid paraffin emulsion
• Milk
• Calamine lotion (O/W)

c) Factors affecting filtration + filter media

Factors:
• Particle size
• Viscosity
• Temperature
• Pressure difference
• Filter area
• Use of filter aids (e.g., kieselguhr)
Filter media:
• Filter paper
• Sintered glass

d) Define Extraction. Explain maceration & percolation.

Extraction: Removal of active constituents from plant/animal tissues using solvents.
Maceration:
• Drug soaked in solvent for defined time.
• Occasional stirring.
• Strain and filter to obtain extract.
Percolation:
• Drug packed in percolator.
• Solvent passed slowly.
• Continuous extraction until exhaustion.

e) Tablet manufacturing by granulation — detailed (5 marks)

Steps:
1. Weighing & blending of drug + excipients
2. Preparation of wet mass using binder
3. Wet granulation through sieve
4. Drying of granules
5. Sizing (resieving)
6. Lubrication with lubricants/glidants
7. Compression into tablets
Advantages:
• Better flow
 • Improved compressibility
• Uniform drug distribution

f) QC & QA – definition and differentiation

Quality Control (QC):
Testing of raw materials, intermediates, and finished products.
Quality Assurance (QA):
System ensuring consistent product quality through planned procedures.
Difference:
QC QA
Detects defects Prevents defects
Product-oriented Process-oriented
End-stage testing Throughout production

g) Contents of IP (Indian Pharmacopoeia)

• General notices
• General monographs
• Drug monographs
• Herbal standards
• Reagent & chemical tests
• Appendices
• Assay procedures
• Limit tests and reference standards
 PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY - 2023
Answer Set:

1. Choose the correct alternative (ANY TEN):

i. Arsenic limit test is done in:
→ b. Gutzeit apparatus
ii. Magnesium hydroxide gel is used as:
→ a. Antacid
iii. Starch with iodine gives ___ colour:
→ c. Blue
iv. Naloxone is:
→ c. Morphine antagonist
v. Cold is any temperature between:
→ b. 2 to 8°C
vi. SSRI stands for:
→ a. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
vii. Epilepsy is:
→ c. ANS disease
viii. Calmposes is:
→ c. CNS depressant
ix. Which drug gets darkened while exposure to light –
→ d. Mefenamic acid
x. Azithromycin is an antibiotic of the group:
→ c. Macrolide
xi. INH is therapeutically used in:
→ c. Tuberculosis

2. Fill in the blanks (ANY TEN):

a) The colour of FeSO₄·7H₂O is green.
b) Arsine gas reacts with mercuric chloride paper to produce yellow stain.
c) In heterocyclic compounds, nitrogen is prefixed as aza.
d) Quinolone drugs are generally suffixed with –floxacin.
e) Co-trimoxazole is made up of two different medicines named sulfamethoxazole and
trimethoprim.
f) Cancer which originates from bone or cartilage is known as sarcoma.
g) Example of an adrenergic agonist which contains imidazole ring is xylometazoline.
h) Propranolol is a beta receptor blocker.
i) Full form of ORS is Oral Rehydration Solution.
j) On hydrolysis, aspirin produces salicylic acid and acetic acid.
k) Insulin is a synthetic hormone analogue.
Answer Set (Continuation):
(All questions answered. Short answers = brief; long answers = concise but structured.)

3. Short Answer Type Questions (ANY TEN):

a) Write the sources of impurities.
Impurities arise from raw materials, manufacturing processes, storage conditions,
chemical degradation, atmospheric contamination, reagents and catalysts, and
handling/packaging materials.
b) Write a short note on different types of dentifrices.
Dentifrices are oral hygiene preparations used to clean teeth. Types include:
• Toothpastes – most common; contain abrasives, surfactants, fluoride.
• Tooth powders – abrasive powders for cleaning.
• Gels – transparent formulations with mild abrasives.
• Mouthwashes – contain antiseptics and freshening agents.
• Herbal dentifrices – contain plant extracts like neem, clove.

c) Write note on anti-tubercular agents. Note on Rifampicin.

Anti-TB drugs include first-line agents (Isoniazid, Rifampicin, Pyrazinamide,
Ethambutol, Streptomycin) and second-line drugs (Ethionamide, PAS, Cycloserine).
Rifampicin: A bactericidal antibiotic inhibiting DNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Used
in combination therapy for TB. Causes orange-red discoloration of body fluids;
hepatotoxicity is a major side effect.

d) Define antifungal agents and osmotic diuretic with examples.

Antifungal agents: Drugs that inhibit growth of fungi, e.g., Amphotericin-B,
Clotrimazole, Fluconazole.
Osmotic diuretics: Increase osmotic pressure in renal tubules causing water excretion.
Example: Mannitol.

e) Write a note on different types of insulin.

Insulin types:
• Rapid-acting: Lispro, Aspart
• Short-acting: Regular insulin
• Intermediate-acting: NPH insulin
• Long-acting: Glargine, Detemir
They differ in onset, peak, and duration to maintain glycemic control.

f) Steps involved in precipitation gravimetry.

1. Preparation of solution
2. Precipitation using suitable reagent
3. Digestion to form large crystals
4. Filtration of precipitate
5. Washing to remove impurities
6. Drying/Ignition
7. Weighing to calculate analyte amount.

g) What are antacids? Classify antacids with examples.

Antacids neutralize excess gastric acid.
Systemic: Sodium bicarbonate
Non-systemic:
• Aluminium salts – Aluminium hydroxide
• Magnesium salts – Magnesium hydroxide
• Calcium salts – Calcium carbonate
• Combined preparations – Gelusil, Mylanta
h) Heterocyclic rings (any three):
• Furan – 5-membered oxygen heterocycle
• Thiazole – Sulfur + nitrogen heterocycle
• Indole – Benzene fused with pyrrole
• Pyrrole – 5-membered nitrogen heterocycle
• Imidazole – 5-membered ring with two nitrogens

i) Note on Remdesivir and Chloroquine phosphate.

Remdesivir: Antiviral prodrug inhibiting viral RNA polymerase; used in treatment of viral
infections such as COVID-19.
Chloroquine phosphate: Antimalarial agent inhibiting heme polymerization in
Plasmodium; also used for autoimmune disorders.

j) Define antianginal drugs with examples.

Antianginal drugs relieve chest pain by reducing myocardial oxygen demand. Examples:
• Nitrates – Nitroglycerin
• Beta blockers – Propranolol
• Calcium channel blockers – Nifedipine
• Ranolazine

k) Classify sulphonamides with examples.

Short-acting: Sulfadiazine
Intermediate: Sulfamethoxazole
Long-acting: Sulfadoxine
Topical: Silver sulfadiazine
Sulphones: Dapsone

4. Long Answer Type Questions (ANY SIX):

Below is a clean, well-structured set of long-answer responses (ANY SIX can be written).
I have answered all for your reference—each in ~5 marks style.

(a) Write a note on Oxygen – as a medical gas

Oxygen (O₂) is an essential medical gas used to support respiration in patients with
compromised breathing.
Properties:
• Colorless, odorless, tasteless gas.
• Supports combustion but is not inflammable.
• Stored in high-pressure cylinders (usually blue-colored cylinders).
Uses:
1. Respiratory Support: Hypoxia, respiratory failure, COPD, asthma, pneumonia.
2. During anaesthesia: Mixed with nitrous oxide and other gases.
3. Emergency Medicine: Cardiac arrest, shock, trauma.
4. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy: Carbon monoxide poisoning, gas gangrene.
Specifications (Pharmacopoeial):
• Purity ~99%
• Should be free from moisture, CO, CO₂ and other contaminants.

(b) Describe the Limit Test for Chloride

Principle:
Chloride ions react with silver nitrate in presence of nitric acid to form white turbidity
of silver chloride. The turbidity produced by the test solution is compared with a
standard chloride solution.
Procedure:
1. Take specified quantity of sample in Nessler cylinder.
2. Add nitric acid to acidify.
3. Dilute to a fixed volume.
4. Add silver nitrate solution.
5. Stir and allow turbidity to develop for 5 minutes.
6. Prepare a standard similarly with known amount of chloride.
7. Compare turbidity against a black background.
Interpretation:
The sample passes the test if its turbidity is not more intense than that of the standard.

(c) Describe Accuracy and Precision with example

Term Meaning Example
If true weight = 100 mg and
Closeness of measured value to the
Accuracy measurements = 99.8, 100.2, 100.1
true or accepted value.
mg → high accuracy.
Closeness of repeated measurements Measurements: 98.0, 98.1, 98.0,
Precision to each other (reproducibility) 98.2 mg → high precision but low
irrespective of true value. accuracy.
Key difference: Accurate results hit the target value; precise results are close to each
other.

(d) Define and classify Anti-arrhythmic agents. Name one that is also a local
anaesthetic.
Definition:
Drugs used to prevent or treat cardiac arrhythmias by altering electrical impulse
conduction in the heart.
Classification (Vaughan Williams):
1. Class I – Sodium channel blockers
o Ia: Quinidine, Procainamide
o Ib: Lidocaine, Mexiletine
o Ic: Flecainide, Propafenone
2. Class II – β-blockers
o Propranolol, Metoprolol
3. Class III – Potassium channel blockers
o Amiodarone, Sotalol
4. Class IV – Calcium channel blockers
o Verapamil, Diltiazem
5. Others: Adenosine, Digoxin.
Anti-arrhythmic agent also used as local anaesthetic:
Lidocaine (Class Ib)

(e) Define Antibiotics. Classify them. Brief account of Amoxicillin.

Definition:
Antibiotics are chemical substances produced by microorganisms (or synthesized)
that inhibit the growth of or kill other microorganisms at low concentrations.
Classification:
1. Based on spectrum:
• Broad-spectrum: Tetracycline, Chloramphenicol
• Narrow-spectrum: Penicillin G, Vancomycin
2. Based on mechanism:
• Cell wall synthesis inhibitors: Penicillins, Cephalosporins
• Protein synthesis inhibitors: Tetracyclines, Aminoglycosides, Macrolides
• Nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors: Quinolones, Rifampicin
• Metabolic antagonists: Sulfonamides, Trimethoprim
Amoxicillin – Brief account
Class: Semisynthetic penicillin (Aminopenicillin).
Mechanism:
Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by blocking transpeptidase enzyme.
Spectrum:
Gram-positive (Streptococci), Gram-negative (H. influenzae, E. coli), H. pylori
combination therapy.
Uses:
• Respiratory infections
• ENT infections
• Urinary tract infections
• Combination (Amoxicillin + Clavulanic acid): β-lactamase-resistant.
Adverse effects:
Allergy, rash, diarrhea.

(f) Write about Antineoplastic agents. Classify with examples.

Definition:
Drugs used to treat cancer by inhibiting or destroying proliferating cancer cells.
Classification:
1. Alkylating agents: Cyclophosphamide, Chlorambucil
2. Antimetabolites: Methotrexate, 5-Fluorouracil
3. Antitumor antibiotics: Doxorubicin, Bleomycin
4. Plant alkaloids: Vincristine, Paclitaxel
5. Hormonal agents: Tamoxifen, Prednisolone
6. Targeted therapy: Imatinib, Trastuzumab
7. Miscellaneous: Cisplatin, Hydroxyurea.
Description:
They act by interfering with DNA synthesis, mitosis, or cell signalling. Many act on
rapidly dividing cells causing side effects like bone marrow suppression, alopecia,
nausea.

(g) Write briefly on Topical agents and Loop diuretics

Topical Agents
Drugs applied directly to skin or mucous membranes for local action.
Examples:
• Antiseptics: Povidone-iodine, Chlorhexidine
• Protectives: Zinc oxide, Calamine
 • Keratolytics: Salicylic acid
• Astringents: Alum
Uses: Wound cleansing, infection control, soothing inflamed skin, etc.

Loop Diuretics
Drugs that inhibit Na⁺-K⁺-2Cl⁻ cotransporter in the thick ascending limb of the loop of
Henle → potent diuresis.
Examples: Furosemide, Bumetanide, Torsemide.
Uses:
• Pulmonary edema
• Acute heart failure
• Hypertension
• Hypercalcemia.
Adverse effects:
Hypokalemia, dehydration, ototoxicity.

(h) Write the chemical structures and names of Aspirin and Furosemide
1. Aspirin
Chemical name:
Acetylsalicylic acid
Structure description:
• Benzene ring with:
o COOH group (carboxylic acid)
o O–COCH₃ (acetoxy group) at ortho position.
(Simplified ASCII representation)
OCOCH3

2. Furosemide (Frusemide)
Chemical name:
4-chloro-N-furfuryl-5-sulfamoylanthranilic acid
Key structural features:
• Anthranilic acid nucleus
• Cl substituent
• SO₂NH₂ group
• Attached furan ring.
(Simplified outline)
Furan ring
 SOCIAL PHARMACY - 2023

SECTION A – CHOOSE THE CORRECT ALTERNATIVE

i) Which one of these is NOT a mental disease?
➤ d) Arrhythmia
ii) The public health means:
➤ a) Physical and social health
iii) WHO’s sustainable development goals EXCEPT—
➤ b) Morbidity
iv) The disease that affects the immunity system is:
➤ b) AIDS
v) Surgical sterilisation is an example of—
➤ c) Permanent birth control
vi) Air pollution causes—
➤ b) Respiratory diseases
vii) Active immunity may be gained by—
➤ b) Vaccination
viii) The following components change population, EXCEPT—
➤ b) Death
ix) The nutrient most important for healthy vision—
➤ d) Vitamin A
x) Genetically Modified foods—
➤ a) More nutritious
xi) Services provided by public health pharmacists to achieve health are:
➤ d) All of these
xii) Trachoma affects the—
➤ a) Eyes
xiii) Bacteriostatic means—
➤ d) Inhibit the growth of bacteria
xiv) Health promotional activities include:
➤ d) information, education, communication

SECTION B – ANSWER THE FOLLOWING (ANY TEN)

(Providing answers to all as you requested)
i) Define Pharmacoeconomics.
➤ The study of the cost and value of drugs and pharmaceutical services.
ii) Full form of SARS:
➤ Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
iii) Define incubation period.
➤ The time interval between the entry of an infectious agent and the appearance of first
symptoms.
iv) Primary function of iron is to form _______.
➤ Hemoglobin
v) ______ is the only carbohydrate of animal origin.
➤ Lactose
vi) ______ is the non-digestible component of carbohydrate.
➤ Fiber (Cellulose)
vii) ______ is caused in infants below 1 year of age due to deficiency of protein.
➤ Kwashiorkor
viii) Define vaccine.
➤ A biological preparation that stimulates the immune system to produce immunity
against a specific disease.
ix) Full form of CDSCO is —
➤ Central Drugs Standard Control Organization
x) ______ nutrient is most important for healthy vision.
➤ Vitamin A
xi) Food that requires more food energy to be digested than the food actually
provides is called —
➤ Negative calorie food
xii) Mantoux test is done to identify ______.
➤ Tuberculosis
xiii) ______ is an acute systemic disease caused by RNA virus.
➤ Measles (also acceptable: Influenza, Dengue, Rabies—but Measles is standard in
pharmacy exams)
xiv) Typhoid is respiratory infection (True / False)
➤ False (Typhoid is a water-borne/food-borne infection)

Below are complete, accurate, exam-ready answers for Section 2 and Section 3.
I answered everything—nothing skipped.

SECTION 2 – ANSWER ANY TEN

i) Enumerate the characters of an ideal health indicator.

An ideal health indicator should be:
1. Valid (measures what it intends to measure)
2. Reliable and objective
3. Sensitive (detects small changes)
4. Specific (reflects only the condition being measured)
5. Feasible and affordable
6. Understandable and simple
7. Comparable across populations
8. Acceptable to the community
9. Timely and regularly available

ii) Causative agent and mode of transmission of Typhoid.

• Causative agent: Salmonella typhi
• Mode of transmission:
o Feco-oral route
o Contaminated food and water
o Poor sanitation and hygiene
o Carriers (e.g., food handlers)
iii) Common adulterants used in food materials.
Examples:
• Milk: water, starch, urea, detergent
• Ghee/Butter: Vanaspati, starch
• Spices: brick powder, sawdust, colored dyes
• Tea powder: used tea leaves, iron filings
• Pulses: Kesari dal
• Oils: mineral oils, cheaper oils mixed
• Sugar: chalk powder

iv) Define epidemic, endemic, pandemic.

• Epidemic: Sudden increase in disease cases in a specific area or population.
• Endemic: Constant presence of a disease in a region.
• Pandemic: Global epidemic affecting several countries or continents.

v) Importances of food fortification.

• Prevents micronutrient deficiencies
• Improves nutritional status of population
• Cost-effective public health intervention
• Enhances immune system and reduces diseases
• Provides nutrients without changing dietary habits
• Helps children’s growth and cognitive development

vi) Common occurrences of drug and food interaction.

• Food decreasing drug absorption (e.g., tetracycline + milk)
• Food increasing drug absorption (e.g., fatty food + griseofulvin)
• Food altering drug metabolism (e.g., grapefruit juice + statins)
• Food affecting drug action (e.g., vitamin K reducing warfarin effect)
• Drugs affecting nutrient absorption (e.g., isoniazid ↓ vitamin B6)

vii) Define nutraceuticals. Write benefits of fortified foods.

Nutraceuticals:
Products derived from food sources with extra health benefits beyond basic nutrition
(e.g., omega-3 capsules, probiotics).
Benefits of fortified foods:
• Prevent micronutrient deficiency disorders
• Improve immunity
• Reduce anemia, rickets, goiter, etc.
• Improve productivity and cognitive performance
• Safe and economical method to improve nutrition

viii) Name two of each: essential fatty acids, essential amino acids, non-essential
amino acids.
• Essential fatty acids: Linoleic acid, Linolenic acid
• Essential amino acids: Lysine, Methionine (others: tryptophan, valine, etc.)
• Non-essential amino acids: Alanine, Glycine
ix) Prevention and control of hospital acquired infections.
• Proper hand hygiene
• Sterilization and disinfection
• Use of PPE
• Isolation of infected patients
• Proper waste disposal
• Antibiotic stewardship
• Cleaning of instruments and surfaces
• Surveillance and monitoring
• Staff training on infection control

x) Clinical features of malaria and dengue.

Malaria:
• Fever with chills and rigors
• Sweating
• Headache
• Muscle pain
• Anemia
• Splenomegaly
Dengue:
• High fever
• Severe body/joint pain (“break-bone fever”)
• Skin rash
• Vomiting
• Bleeding tendencies
• Low platelet count

xi) Disaster management and its plans.

Disaster management:
A systematic process for preparing for, responding to, and recovering from disasters.
Plans include:
1. Preparedness (training, mock drills)
2. Mitigation (risk reduction, early warning)
3. Response (rescue, medical care, evacuation)
4. Recovery (rehabilitation, reconstruction)

xii) Benefits of Health Insurance. Name various Health Insurance schemes.

Benefits:
• Reduces financial burden of medical treatment
• Covers hospitalization and surgery costs
• Provides cashless treatment
• Encourages preventive care
• Reduces out-of-pocket expenditure
Schemes:
• Ayushman Bharat (PM-JAY)
• ESIC
• CGHS
• Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana
 • Private health insurance plans

xiii) Match the following:

Vitamin Disease
a) Vitamin A ii) Night blindness
b) Vitamin C vi) Scurvy
c) Vitamin D iv) Rickets
d) Vitamin B₁ iii) Beriberi
e) Vitamin K i) Hemorrhagic disease
f) Vitamin B₃ v) Pellagra

SECTION 3 – ANSWER ANY SIX

a) Define family planning. Explain temporary methods.

Family planning:
Practices helping individuals decide number and spacing of children.
Temporary methods:
• Condoms
• Oral contraceptive pills
• Injectable contraceptives (DMPA)
• Intrauterine devices (Cu-T, LNG-IUD)
• Emergency contraceptive pills
• Natural methods (safe-period, withdrawal)

b) Define and classify Health. Role of pharmacist in public health.

Health (WHO): State of complete physical, mental, and social well-being.
Classification:
• Physical health
• Mental health
• Social health
• Spiritual health
Role of pharmacist:
• Provide drug information
• Promote rational drug use
• Immunization support
• Patient counseling
• Public health awareness programs
• Monitor drug safety and ADR reporting

c) Define nutrients. Classify foods with examples. Name vital constituents of food.
Nutrients: Substances required for growth, energy, and body functioning.
Classification:
• Carbohydrates: rice, wheat
• Proteins: milk, eggs
• Fats: oils, nuts
• Vitamins: fruits, vegetables
• Minerals: spinach, banana
 • Water
Vital constituents: Carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, water.

d) Importance of vitamins in diet. Classification and deficiency diseases.

Importance:
Regulate metabolism, immunity, growth, and prevent deficiency disorders.
Classification:
• Fat-soluble: A, D, E, K
• Water-soluble: B-complex, C
Deficiencies:
• Vit A → Night blindness
• Vit D → Rickets
• Vit B1 → Beriberi
• Vit C → Scurvy
• Vit K → Bleeding disorders

e) Describe causative agent, signs/symptoms & treatment of ANY TWO diseases.

Tuberculosis:
• Agent: Mycobacterium tuberculosis
• Symptoms: cough >2 weeks, fever, night sweats, weight loss
• Treatment: HRZE regimen (6-month DOTS)
Poliomyelitis:
• Agent: Poliovirus
• Symptoms: fever, paralysis
• Treatment: supportive care; prevention by OPV/IPV vaccines
Amebiasis:
• Agent: Entamoeba histolytica
• Symptoms: diarrhea, abdominal pain
• Treatment: Metronidazole

f) Short notes (any two)

i) Balanced diet:
Contains all nutrients in correct proportions for age, sex, and activity.
ii) Junk food:
High in salt, sugar, fat; low in nutrients; causes obesity and diabetes.
iii) Artificial ripening:
Using ethylene or calcium carbide to ripen fruits; may cause health hazards.

g) Water purification technique in large scale (schematic).

Steps:
1. Storage
2. Aeration
3. Coagulation (alum)
4. Sedimentation
5. Filtration (sand filters)
6. Disinfection (chlorination/UV)
7. Distribution
h) Name diseases with causative agents of the following infections:
Respiratory: Tuberculosis – Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Arthropod-borne: Malaria – Plasmodium species
Intestinal: Cholera – Vibrio cholerae
Surface: Impetigo – Staphylococcus aureus
STDs: Gonorrhea – Neisseria gonorrhoeae
 HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY - 2023

1. A. CHOOSE THE CORRECT ALTERNATIVE (FIVE)

i) Normal tidal volume is:
➤ b) 300 ml (Typical value ~500 ml, but among given choices, 300 ml is the closest
acceptable.)
ii) Universal donor blood group:
➤ d) O
iii) T3 & T4 hormones are secreted by:
➤ d) B (Thyroid gland)
iv) Ptyalin is an enzyme found in:
➤ d) Thyroid gland (Actually salivary gland—but among options, “Thyroid” is incorrectly
printed. Correct is salivary juice.)
v) Organ with endocrine and exocrine functions:
➤ a) Pancreas

1. B. FILL IN THE BLANKS (FIFTEEN)

i) Normal clotting time of blood is 3–8 minutes
ii) Mitral valve is also known as bicuspid valve
iii) The midbrain lies between the thalamus & pons
iv) Hormone secreted by testes is testosterone
v) Right lung has three lobes
vi) Functional unit of kidney is called nephron
vii) Increase of RBC count is known as polycythemia
viii) Appearance of blood in urine is hematuria
ix) Bone is a connective tissue
x) Lungs are covered by a membrane called pleura
xi) Longest bone of the body is femur
xii) Bile is stored in gall bladder
xiii) Insulin secreted by pancreas regulates entry of glucose into cells
xiv) Hydrochloric acid is secreted from parietal cell of stomach
xv) Food does not enter trachea due to presence of epiglottis

2. ANSWER ANY TEN (SHORT QUESTIONS)

a) Why mitochondria are called power house of cell?

Because they produce ATP (energy currency) through cellular respiration.

b) Difference between endocrine and exocrine glands.

Endocrine Exocrine
Ductless Have ducts
Secrete hormones Secrete enzymes/mucous
Released into blood Released onto body surface/cavities
Example: thyroid, pituitary Salivary glands, sweat glands

c) Composition of blood.
• Plasma (55%) – water, proteins, electrolytes, hormones
 • Formed elements (45%) – RBCs, WBCs, platelets

d) Classify nervous system.

1. Central nervous system (CNS) – brain, spinal cord
2. Peripheral nervous system (PNS) – cranial & spinal nerves
3. Autonomic nervous system (ANS) – sympathetic & parasympathetic

e) Functions of Medulla Oblongata.

• Controls respiration
• Regulates heart rate
• Controls vasomotor activity
• Reflexes: coughing, sneezing, swallowing, vomiting

f) Cardiac output & factors affecting it.

Cardiac output: Volume of blood pumped by heart per minute
CO = Stroke Volume × Heart Rate
Factors:
• Heart rate
• Stroke volume
• Venous return
• Myocardial contractility
• Peripheral resistance

g) Short notes on Rod & Cone cells.

• Rod cells: black & white vision, dim light, peripheral vision
• Cone cells: color vision, bright light, high visual acuity

h) Define vital capacity, expiratory reserve volume, tidal volume.

• Tidal Volume (TV): normal breath (~500 ml)
• Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV): extra air exhaled after normal expiration
(~1100 ml)
• Vital Capacity (VC): maximum air exhaled after maximum inspiration (~4500 ml)

i) Mechanism of blood coagulation.

1. Injury triggers release of thromboplastin
2. Prothrombin → Thrombin (in presence of Ca²⁺)
3. Fibrinogen → Fibrin
4. Fibrin forms a mesh trapping RBCs → clot

j) Draw and label parts of human eye.

(Text explanation below—diagram can be provided if needed)
• Cornea
• Iris
• Pupil
• Lens
• Retina
• Optic nerve
• Aqueous & vitreous humor
k) Changes involved in male puberty.
• Growth of testes & penis
• Deepening of voice
• Growth of facial & body hair
• Increased muscle mass
• Increased secretion of testosterone
• Development of spermatogenesis

l) Nephron of a kidney (diagram explanation).

• Bowman’s capsule
• Glomerulus
• PCT
• Loop of Henle
• DCT
• Collecting duct
(Diagram can be drawn if needed.)

Below are complete, clear and exam-ready answers for ALL the listed questions
under Question 3.

3. (a) Define tissue. Enlist its types.

Definition:
A tissue is a group of similar cells (and their intercellular substances) that work together
to perform a specific function.
Types of tissues:
1. Epithelial tissue
2. Connective tissue
3. Muscular tissue
4. Nervous tissue

3. (b) Discuss in detail the conducting system of the heart.

The conducting system of the heart is responsible for generating and transmitting
electrical impulses that cause rhythmic contraction of the myocardium.
Components and functions:
1. SA Node (Sinoatrial Node):
o Located in right atrium.
o Acts as the natural pacemaker.
o Initiates impulses at ~70–80 beats/min.
2. AV Node (Atrioventricular Node):
o Located at junction of atria and ventricles.
o Delays the impulse slightly to allow complete atrial contraction before
ventricles contract.
3. Bundle of His (AV Bundle):
o Conducts impulses from AV node to interventricular septum.
4. Right and Left Bundle Branches:
o Carry the impulses down both sides of septum toward apex of heart.
5. Purkinje Fibers:
 o Spread impulses throughout ventricular walls.
o Cause strong and coordinated ventricular contraction.
Summary:
SA node → AV node → Bundle of His → Right/Left bundle branches → Purkinje fibers →
Ventricular contraction.

3. (c) Write about the process of digestion in the stomach and small intestine.
Digestion in the Stomach:
• Gastric glands secrete:
o HCl – kills bacteria and activates enzymes
o Pepsinogen → Pepsin (digests proteins to peptides)
o Mucus – protects stomach wall
• Stomach churns food mechanically to form chyme.
• Limited digestion of fats by gastric lipase.
Digestion in the Small Intestine:
1. Duodenum:
• Receives:
o Bile – emulsifies fats
o Pancreatic juice – contains amylase, trypsin, lipase
2. Jejunum & Ileum:
• Brush border enzymes complete digestion:
o Carbohydrates → glucose
o Proteins → amino acids
o Fats → fatty acids + glycerol
Absorption:
Nutrients absorbed through intestinal villi into blood and lymph.

3. (d) Define joint or articulation. Explain various types of joints.

Definition:
A joint (articulation) is a point where two or more bones meet, permitting various
degrees of movement.
Types of Joints:
1. Fibrous Joints (Immovable / Synarthrosis):
• Bones joined by fibrous tissue
• No movement
• Example: Sutures of skull
2. Cartilaginous Joints (Slightly movable / Amphiarthrosis):
• Bones united by cartilage
• Limited movement
• Example: Intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis
3. Synovial Joints (Freely movable / Diarthrosis):
Contain synovial cavity; most movable
Types:
• Ball and socket – shoulder, hip
• Hinge – knee, elbow
• Pivot – atlas-axis
• Gliding – wrist
• Condyloid – metacarpophalangeal joint
 • Saddle – thumb joint

3. (e) Explain the mechanism of hearing.

1. Sound waves enter the external ear and strike the tympanic membrane,
causing vibrations.
2. Vibrations are transmitted through the ossicles (malleus → incus → stapes).
3. Stapes pushes against the oval window of the cochlea.
4. This produces pressure waves in cochlear fluid.
5. Pressure waves move the basilar membrane, bending the hair cells.
6. Bending of hair cells generates nerve impulses.
7. Impulses travel via the auditory (cochlear) nerve to the brain, where sound is
interpreted.

3. (f) Explain the different stages of urine formation.

1. Glomerular Filtration:
• Blood filtered in Bowman's capsule.
• Filtered fluid (glomerular filtrate) contains water, ions, glucose, urea, etc.
• Filtration occurs due to high glomerular pressure.
2. Tubular Reabsorption:
• Useful substances reabsorbed into blood:
o Glucose, amino acids, Na⁺, Cl⁻, water
• Mainly in proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, and distal tubule.
3. Tubular Secretion:
• Additional waste substances are secreted from blood into the tubule:
o H⁺, K⁺, drugs, creatinine
• Helps maintain acid–base balance.
4. Excretion:
• Final urine collected in collecting ducts → renal pelvis → ureter → bladder →
urethra.

3. (g) Give an account of menstrual cycle with correlation to female hormones.

The menstrual cycle is a 28-day cyclic process involving changes in the ovaries and
uterus controlled by hormones (FSH, LH, estrogen, progesterone).
1. Menstrual Phase (Day 1–5):
• Shedding of uterine lining.
• Low estrogen and progesterone.
2. Follicular (Proliferative) Phase (Day 6–13):
• FSH stimulates ovarian follicle growth.
• Follicle secretes estrogen → rebuilding of endometrium.
3. Ovulation (Day 14):
• Surge of LH causes release of ovum from ovary.
4. Luteal (Secretory) Phase (Day 15–28):
• Empty follicle → corpus luteum.
• Corpus luteum secretes progesterone (and some estrogen).
• Progesterone prepares uterus for implantation.
If fertilization does not occur:
• Corpus luteum degenerates → progesterone decreases.
• Uterine lining breaks down → menstruation begins again.
 PHARMACOGNOSY - 2023

Understood. I will now give ALL answers for every question exactly as asked —
nothing skipped, nothing omitted.
Here is the complete answer script for your PHARMACOGNOSY paper.

1. CHOOSE THE CORRECT ALTERNATIVE (Answer ANY TEN)

1. Ayurvedic dosage form of tablets are known as — b) Vati
2. Gambier Fluorescence Test is used for — c) Pale Catechu
3. Reserpine is found in — d) Rauwolfia
4. Mucilage-containing purgative drug — c) Isabgol
5. Shark liver oil contains — b) Vitamin A
6. Cinchona belongs to family — c) Rubiaceae
7. Keller–Killiani test identifies — a) Cardiac Glycosides
8. Atropine is an example of — a) Tropane alkaloid
9. Trichomes are outgrowths of — b) Epidermal cells
10. Absorbent cotton consists of — b) Cellulose unit
11. Crude drug used as emetic — b) Ipecac

2. FILL IN THE BLANKS (Answer ANY TEN)

1. The term Pharmacognosy was coined in the book “Analecta
Pharmacognostica.”
2. The Indian Pharmacopoeia follows the alphabetical classification of crude
drugs.
3. Mayer’s reagent is used for the test of alkaloids.
4. Latex is present in laticiferous tissue.
5. When both edges of a bark roll independently it is called double quilled.
6. Quantitative microscopic evaluation is done by stomatal index, palisade ratio,
vein-islet number.
7. Colchicine is used in treatment of gout.
8. HPTLC stands for High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography.
9. Chemically Kaolin is hydrated aluminum silicate.
10. Deadly nightshade is synonym of Belladonna.
11. Amla is a rich source of Vitamin C.

3. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS (ANY TEN)

Each answer 3 marks.

(i) Advantages and Disadvantages of Pharmacological Classification

Advantages
1. Drugs with similar therapeutic action are grouped together.
2. Helpful for physicians and pharmacists in prescribing related drugs.
3. Useful for studying pharmacological activity, dose and toxicity.
Disadvantages
1. Drugs with multiple actions cannot be placed in one group.
2. No relation to plant taxonomy or chemical nature.
3. Newly discovered drugs with unknown action remain unclassified.
(ii) Biological source, Chemical constituents & Uses of Tinnevelly Senna
Biological Source:
Dried leaflets & pods of Cassia angustifolia (Family: Fabaceae).
Chemical Constituents:
• Anthraquinone glycosides: Sennosides A, B, C, D
• Aloe-emodin, Rhein
• Flavonoids & resins
Uses:
• Stimulant purgative
• Used in constipation
• Used in herbal laxative preparations

(iii) Distinguish between Fixed Oil and Volatile Oil

Fixed Oils Volatile Oils
Do not evaporate Evaporate readily
Leave permanent greasy stain Do not leave a permanent stain
Obtained by expression / solvent extraction Obtained by steam distillation
Chemically triglycerides Terpenes & aromatic compounds
Example: Castor oil Example: Clove oil

(iv) Stas–Otto Method of Extraction of Alkaloids

1. Plant drug is extracted with acidified water → alkaloids form soluble salts.
2. Acid extract is made alkaline, converting salts to free alkaloids.
3. Free alkaloids are extracted with organic solvents (ether/chloroform).
4. Solvent is evaporated to obtain crude alkaloids.

(v) Define adulteration. Give examples.

Adulteration:
Intentional or unintentional substitution of genuine crude drugs with inferior, worthless
or spurious material.
Examples:
• Mixing exhausted clove with genuine clove.
• Substituting saffron with safflower.
• Adding starch to powdered ginger.
• Mixing wood powder with asafoetida.

(vi) Explain Vata, Pitta and Kapha

Vata
• Elements: Air + Space
• Governs movement, respiration, nervous activity, elimination.
Pitta
• Elements: Fire + Water
• Governs digestion, metabolism, body temperature, vision.
Kapha
• Elements: Water + Earth
• Governs stability, lubrication, growth, immunity.

(vii) Significance of vein-islet number and palisade ratio

Vein-islet number
• Number of vein islets per mm².
• Constant for a species.
• Used for identification & detection of adulteration of leaf drugs.
Palisade ratio
• Average number of palisade cells under one epidermal cell.
• Helps in distinguishing closely related species.
• Useful in quality control of powdered leaves.
Understood.
Below are the 3-mark, concise, exam-ready answers for each question.
Each answer is written to fit within a 3-mark format exactly.

(viii) Write a brief note on Probiotics and Prebiotics (3 marks)

Probiotics:
• Probiotics are live beneficial microorganisms, mainly Lactobacillus,
Bifidobacterium, and Saccharomyces species.
• They improve intestinal microflora, enhance digestion, restore gut health, and
prevent diarrhea and infections.
• Found in yogurt, kefir, fermented foods.
Prebiotics:
• Prebiotics are non-digestible food substances such as inulin, FOS, GOS that
stimulate growth of beneficial gut bacteria.
• They improve bowel movement, aid mineral absorption, and support immune
function.
• Found in onions, garlic, bananas, and whole grains.

(ix) Write the identification tests for Tannins (3 marks)

1. Ferric chloride test:
o Blue-black color → hydrolysable tannins
o Green-black color → condensed tannins
2. Gelatin test:
o White precipitate formed when gelatin solution (with NaCl) is added →
tannins present.
3. Goldbeater’s skin test:
o Goldbeater's skin treated with tannin solution turns brown/black →
positive test.
(Any three tests are sufficient for 3 marks)

(x) Biological source, Chemical constituents and Therapeutic uses of Punarnava (3

marks)
Biological Source:
Punarnava is the dried roots and whole plant of Boerhaavia diffusa (Family:
Nyctaginaceae).
Chemical Constituents:
Contains alkaloids (punarnavine), boeravinones, punarnavoside, flavonoids, phenolic
compounds, and potassium nitrate.
Therapeutic Uses:
• Acts as a diuretic; used in kidney disorders and edema.
 • Useful in liver diseases, jaundice, and inflammation.
• Used in Ayurvedic formulations such as Punarnavasava.

(xi) Write a brief note on Surgical Catgut and its preparation (3 marks)
• Surgical catgut is a sterile, absorbable suture material obtained from the
submucosal layer of sheep intestine or serosal layer of bovine intestine.
• Preparation involves:
1. Cleaning intestine and removing mucosa.
2. Cutting into ribbons, twisting to required strength, and smoothing.
3. Chromic catgut is prepared by treating with chromium salts to increase
strength and reduce absorption rate.
• It is sterilized, packed in alcohol solution, and used in internal suturing, ligatures,
and soft tissue repair.

Below are the FULL exam-ready answers for Question 4 (ANY SIX).

4. (i) Define crude drugs. Classification of crude drugs with examples (5 marks)
Definition
Crude drugs are natural substances obtained from plants, animals, minerals, and
their parts, which have undergone only simple processes like collection, drying, and
storage, but no chemical processing.
Classification of Crude Drugs (with examples)
1. On the basis of origin
o Plant drugs: Senna, Digitalis
o Animal drugs: Honey, Shark liver oil
o Mineral drugs: Bentonite, Kaolin
2. On the basis of phytochemical nature
o Glycosides: Senna, Dioscorea
o Alkaloids: Cinchona, Belladonna
o Volatile oils: Clove, Cinnamon
o Tannins: Amla, Black catechu
3. On the basis of therapeutic action
o Purgatives: Senna, Castor oil
o Expectorants: Vasaka
o Cardiotonics: Digitalis
o Antimalarial: Cinchona
4. On the basis of alphabetical order
o As followed in Indian Pharmacopoeia.
o Examples: Acacia, Aconite, Aloe listed alphabetically.
5. On the basis of morphological characters
o Leaf drugs: Senna, Digitalis
o Root drugs: Rauwolfia, Liquorice
o Bark drugs: Cinchona, Cinnamon

4. (ii) Part Used and Active Constituents (5 marks)

(a) Agar
• Part used: Mucilaginous substance from Gelidium and Gracilaria.
• Active constituents: Agarose, Agaropectin.
(b) Myrobalan (Haritaki)
• Part used: Fruits.
• Active constituents: Tannins (chebulagic acid, chebulinic acid).
(c) Ginger
• Part used: Rhizomes.
• Active constituents: Gingerols, shogaols, zingerone, volatile oils.
(d) Coriander
• Part used: Dried fruits.
• Active constituents: Volatile oil (linalool), fatty oil.
(e) Colchicum
• Part used: Seeds and corms.
• Active constituents: Colchicine, colchicoside.

4. (iii) Method of preparation of Ayurvedic formulations: Arista & Avaleha (5 marks)

(a) Arista (Herbal Fermented Liquid)
Method of preparation:
1. Decoction of herbs is prepared in water.
2. Filter and add jaggery/sugar + Dhataki flowers (natural fermenter).
3. Transfer to fermentation vessel and seal.
4. Allow self-fermentation for 21–45 days.
5. Filter, store in airtight containers.
Examples: Ashwagandharishta, Dasamularishta.

(b) Avaleha (Herbal Semi-solid Confection)

Method of preparation:
1. Prepare decoction or paste of required herbs.
2. Add sugar/jaggery and heat to semisolid consistency.
3. Add ghee/oil and mix thoroughly.
4. Add flavoring ingredients (spices) at the end.
5. Cool and store in airtight containers.
Examples: Chyawanprash, Vasavaleha.

4. (iv) Classification of Alkaloids on Chemical Nature with Examples (5 marks)

1. True Alkaloids (contain nitrogen in heterocycle)
o Example: Morphine, Atropine, Nicotine
2. Proto-alkaloids (nitrogen outside ring)
o Example: Ephedrine, Mescaline
3. Pseudo-alkaloids (not derived from amino acids)
o Example: Caffeine, Coniine
4. Based on structure:
o Pyridine alkaloids: Nicotine
o Tropane alkaloids: Atropine, Hyoscyamine
o Isoquinoline alkaloids: Morphine, Berberine
o Indole alkaloids: Reserpine, Ergotamine
o Quinoline alkaloids: Quinine (Cinchona)

4. (v) Aloe Vera Gel OR Almond Oil (Choose any one – 5 marks)
(a) Aloe Vera Gel
Source
Fresh mucilaginous gel obtained from leaves of Aloe barbadensis.
Chemical Constituents
• Polysaccharides (Acemannan)
• Vitamins (A, C, E)
• Glycoproteins
• Enzymes
• Minerals
Commercial Preparation
• Leaf cutting → washing
• Removal of outer rind
• Gel scooped → filtered → stabilized
• Packed in tubes/bottles/creams
Therapeutic Uses
• Wound healing
• Antiinflammatory
• Laxative (latex portion)
• Burns, ulcers, sunburn relief
Cosmetic Uses
• Moisturizer, hydrating agent
• Used in creams, lotions, hair gels
• Anti-aging skin formulations

4. (vi) Biological source, morphology, constituents & uses of Cinchona and

Belladonna (5 marks)
A) Cinchona
Biological Source
Dried bark of Cinchona officinalis, C. ledgeriana, C. succirubra (Family: Rubiaceae).
Morphological Characters
• Bark is quilled or curved.
• Yellowish-brown outer surface; bitter taste.
• Fracture short and fibrous.
Chemical Constituents
• Quinoline alkaloids: Quinine, Quinidine, Cinchonine, Cinchonidine.
• Tannins, quinic acid.
Uses
• Antimalarial (Quinine)
• Antiarrhythmic (Quinidine)
• Bitter stomachic and febrifuge

B) Belladonna
Biological Source
Dried leaves and roots of Atropa belladonna (Family: Solanaceae).
Morphological Characters
• Leaves: simple, ovate, smooth.
• Roots: cylindrical, grayish-brown.
• Entire plant has narcotic odor and bitter taste.
Chemical Constituents
 • Tropane alkaloids: Atropine, Hyoscyamine, Scopolamine.
• Minor constituents: flavonoids.
Uses
• Anticholinergic
• Antispasmodic
• Mydriatic (dilates pupils)
• Used in Parkinsonism and motion sickness

4. (vii) Biological source, chemical constituents & therapeutic uses of Clove (5

marks)
Biological Source
Dried flower buds of Syzygium aromaticum (Family: Myrtaceae).
Chemical Constituents
• Volatile oil (15–20%)
o Main component: Eugenol
• Sesquiterpenes
• Tannins
• Caryophyllene
Therapeutic Uses
• Carminative and stomachic
• Dental analgesic (eugenol)
• Antiseptic and antimicrobial
• Used for nausea, vomiting, and indigestion
• Antioxidant properties