Detailed experimental component list for setting up a Photonic Qubit-Based Quantum
Technology Lab, covering Quantum Gates, Quantum Teleportation, QKD, Quantum
Algorithms (Shor’s, Grover’s), Quantum Memory, Quantum Router, Quantum
Repeater, Quantum Entanglement, Quantum Error Correction, Quantum
Cryptography, and Qubit Initialization & Measurement. This list also includes estimated
costs and possible vendors.
1. Experimental Setup for Photonic Qubit-Based
Quantum Gates
Experimental Workflow for Quantum Gates Implementation
Objective:
To implement and verify quantum logic operations using photonic qubits.
Key Components:
Single-Photon Sources (Spontaneous Parametric Down-Conversion (SPDC) Sources,
Quantum Dots) – ₹1.5 Cr (Thorlabs, ID Quantique)
Beam Splitters (50:50, 70:30, PBS) – ₹10 L (Thorlabs, Newport)
Polarization Controllers (Half-Wave & Quarter-Wave Plates) – ₹8 L (Thorlabs,
Newport)
Electro-Optic Modulators (EOMs) for Phase and Amplitude Control – ₹50 L
(EOSpace, Keysight)
Superconducting Nanowire Single-Photon Detectors (SNSPDs) – ₹2 Cr (ID
Quantique, Single Quantum)
Optical Fiber Delay Lines for Time-Bin Encoding – ₹30 L (General Photonics)
Estimated Cost: ₹5 Cr
Steps:
1. Photon Generation: Use an SPDC-based source to generate single-photon qubits.
2. Qubit Initialization: Encode qubits using polarization states via half-wave and
quarter-wave plates.
3. Gate Implementation: Implement quantum gates using:
o Beam Splitters for Hadamard and superposition states.
o Phase Shifters for controlled-phase gates.
o Electro-Optic Modulators (EOMs) for dynamic gate control.
4. State Measurement: Detect output qubits using single-photon avalanche diodes
(SPADs) and analyse results.
5. Data Analysis: Compare measured probabilities with theoretical predictions.
Expected Outcome:
Successful demonstration of basic quantum gates such as Hadamard, Pauli-X, CNOT, and
Toffoli gates.
2. Quantum Teleportation Setup
Experimental Workflow for Quantum Teleportation
Objective:
To demonstrate the transmission of quantum states using entanglement.
Key Components:
Entangled Photon Pair Source (SPDC-based BBO/KTP Crystals) – ₹1.2 Cr
(Thorlabs, APE Angewandte Physik)
Bell-State Measurement Setup (PBS, Waveplates, Correlation Detectors) – ₹1 Cr
(Thorlabs, ID Quantique)
Single-Photon Avalanche Diodes (SPADs) – ₹2 Cr (Micro Photon Devices,
Excelitas)
Time-Correlated Single-Photon Counting (TCSPC) Electronics – ₹1.5 Cr
(PicoQuant)
Quantum Memory Module (Rare-Earth-Ion Doped Crystals, Atomic Ensembles)
– ₹3 Cr (ColdQuanta, ID Quantique)
Quantum Entanglement Verification Setup (CHSH Interferometer) – ₹50 L
(Thorlabs, Newport)
Estimated Cost: ₹9 Cr
Steps:
1. Photon Pair Generation: Use SPDC sources to create entangled photon pairs.
2. Qubit Preparation: Encode a quantum state on a separate photon.
3. Bell-State Measurement: Implement a Bell-State Analyzer (BSA) using PBS and
detectors.
4. Classical Communication: Transmit measurement results to the receiving end via a
classical channel.
5. State Reconstruction: Apply corrective operations at the receiver end based on
received information.
6. Verification: Use quantum state tomography to confirm successful teleportation.
Expected Outcome:
High-fidelity quantum state transmission over optical channels.
3. Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) Experimental Setup
Experimental Workflow for Quantum Key Distribution (QKD)
Objective:
To establish a secure cryptographic key using BB84 or E91 protocols.
BB84/Decoy-State QKD Components:
Weak Coherent Pulse Laser Source – ₹50 L (Thorlabs, ID Quantique)
Phase and Polarization Modulators – ₹40 L (EOSpace, General Photonics)
Fiber Optic QKD System (Quantum Channel Setup) – ₹1 Cr (ID Quantique,
Toshiba)
Quantum Random Number Generator (QRNG) – ₹80 L (ID Quantique,
Quintessence Labs)
QKD Receiver & Reconciliation Software – ₹1.5 Cr (Thorlabs, Custom
Development)
Entanglement-Based QKD (E91, DI-QKD) Components:
Entangled Photon Source (SPDC-Based) – ₹1.5 Cr (APE Angewandte Physik)
Quantum Channel Setup (Fiber-Based or Free-Space Optics) – ₹1.2 Cr (General
Photonics, Menlo Systems)
Bell Test Violation Measurement Setup – ₹80 L (Thorlabs, Newport)
Estimated Cost: ₹7 Cr
Steps:
1. Qubit Preparation: Generate single-photon pulses using a weak coherent laser source.
2. State Encoding: Apply random polarization states (H/V, +45°/-45°) for BB84 protocol.
3. Quantum Transmission: Send qubits over a fiber-optic or free-space quantum channel.
4. Detection & Basis Reconciliation: Perform measurements at the receiver using
randomly chosen bases.
5. Sifting & Error Correction: Discard incompatible basis results and apply classical error
correction.
6. Privacy Amplification: Generate the final secure key.
Expected Outcome:
Secure key distribution with a low quantum bit error rate (QBER).
4. Quantum Algorithm Implementation (Shor’s, Grover’s
Algorithm)
Experimental Workflow for Quantum Algorithms (Shor’s & Grover’s Algorithm)
Objective:
To experimentally implement Shor’s (factoring) and Grover’s (search) algorithms using
photonic qubits.
Key Components:
Integrated Photonic Quantum Processors – ₹3 Cr (PsiQuantum, Xanadu)
High-Performance Quantum Simulation Workstations (Qiskit, Cirq,
PennyLane) – ₹80 L (IBM, Google, Rigetti)
Quantum Programming Workstations (FPGA-Based for Optical Quantum
Processors) – ₹1.5 Cr (Xilinx, Intel)
Optical Interferometers (Mach-Zehnder, Michelson) – ₹70 L (Thorlabs, Newport)
Estimated Cost: ₹6 Cr
Steps:
1. Qubit Encoding: Use polarization states of photons to represent quantum states.
2. Quantum Circuit Implementation:
o Apply Hadamard transformations for superposition.
o Implement modular exponentiation and QFT for Shor’s algorithm.
o Use Oracle and Grover diffusion operators for search.
3. Measurement: Perform projective measurements on output qubits.
4. Result Analysis: Compare success probability with classical simulations.
Expected Outcome:
Efficient execution of Shor’s and Grover’s algorithms using photonic gates.
5. Quantum Memory Setup
Experimental Workflow for Quantum Memory
Objective:
To store and retrieve quantum states using photonic quantum memory.
Key Components:
Cold Atom Trap for Quantum Memory (Magneto-Optical Trap - MOT) – ₹3 Cr
(ColdQuanta)
Cryogenic Cooling System for Quantum Memory – ₹2.5 Cr (Bluefors, Oxford
Instruments)
Rare-Earth Ion Doped Crystal-Based Memory – ₹1.2 Cr (ID Quantique)
Optical Cavities for Enhanced Light-Matter Interaction – ₹1 Cr (Thorlabs,
Newport)
Estimated Cost: ₹7.7 Cr
Steps:
1. Atomic Ensemble Preparation: Use cold atoms or rare-earth ion-doped crystals as
memory medium.
2. Photon Absorption: Store qubit states using electromagnetically induced
transparency (EIT).
3. Storage Time Measurement: Measure coherence time of stored quantum state.
4. State Retrieval: Read out quantum state and verify fidelity using tomography.
Expected Outcome:
Demonstration of high-fidelity quantum memory with long coherence time.
6. Quantum Router & Quantum Repeater Setup
Experimental Workflow for Quantum Router & Quantum Repeater
Objective:
To enhance quantum communication over long distances using quantum repeaters.
Key Components:
Quantum Router (Integrated Photonic Circuit-Based Switching) – ₹4 Cr
(Xanadu, PsiQuantum)
Quantum Repeater Nodes (Entanglement Purification Modules) – ₹5 Cr (IBM,
Toshiba)
High-Fidelity Quantum Error Correction (Surface Code Implementation) – ₹3.5
Cr (Rigetti, IonQ)
Estimated Cost: ₹12.5 Cr
Steps:
1. Entanglement Distribution: Generate entangled photon pairs at intermediate nodes.
2. Quantum Storage: Store entangled states in quantum memory.
3. Entanglement Swapping: Perform Bell-State measurements to extend entanglement.
4. Error Correction: Apply quantum error correction to mitigate decoherence.
Expected Outcome:
Extended quantum communication distance beyond fiber transmission limits.
7. Quantum Entanglement & Quantum Error Correction
Setup
Experimental Workflow for Quantum Entanglement & Quantum Error Correction
Objective:
To generate, verify, and stabilize entangled states using error correction.
Key Components:
Entangled Photon Source (SPDC-Based) – ₹2 Cr (Thorlabs, ID Quantique)
Quantum State Tomography Setup – ₹1 Cr (Menlo Systems)
Quantum Error Correction Experimental Setup (Surface Code Implementation)
– ₹3 Cr (IBM, Google)
Estimated Cost: ₹6 Cr
Steps:
1. Entanglement Generation: Use SPDC sources to generate Bell and GHZ states.
2. State Verification: Perform CHSH inequality tests.
3. Error Correction Encoding: Implement quantum error correction using logical
qubits.
4. Decoherence Mitigation: Apply active feedback correction based on syndrome
measurements.
Expected Outcome:
Robust entanglement distribution and error-corrected qubit transmission.
8. Quantum Cryptography & Secure Communication
Experimental Workflow for Quantum Cryptography & Secure Communication
Objective:
To implement quantum-safe cryptographic techniques.
Key Components:
Post-Quantum Cryptography Simulation Software – ₹1 Cr (IBM, Microsoft)
Quantum Network Emulation Hardware – ₹2 Cr (Cisco, Juniper)
Hardware Security Modules for Quantum-Resistant Cryptography – ₹1.5 Cr
(Quintessence Labs)
Estimated Cost: ₹4.5 Cr
Steps:
1. Quantum Key Distribution: Establish QKD link for secure key generation.
2. Post-Quantum Cryptography: Implement lattice-based encryption algorithms.
3. Quantum Secure Communication: Transmit encrypted messages over quantum-
secured networks.
Expected Outcome:
Secure data transmission resistant to quantum attacks.
9. Qubit Initialization & Measurement
Experimental Workflow for Qubit Initialization & Measurement
Objective:
To prepare and measure photonic qubit states with high accuracy.
Key Components:
Single-Photon Sources & Qubit Initialization Modules – ₹2 Cr (ColdQuanta, ID
Quantique)
Quantum State Measurement Setup (Polarization Analysis, Phase Detection) –
₹1.5 Cr (Thorlabs, Menlo Systems)
Estimated Cost: ₹3.5 Cr
Steps:
1. Qubit State Preparation: Use polarization controllers to initialize states.
2. Measurement Basis Selection: Choose appropriate basis for measurement.
3. Single-Photon Detection: Use avalanche photodiodes (APDs) for state readout.
4. State Verification: Analyze results using quantum state tomography.
Expected Outcome:
Accurate initialization and readout of photonic qubits.
Total Budget Estimation & Vendor Summary
Category Estimated Cost (INR) Vendors
Thorlabs, ID Quantique,
Quantum Gates ₹5 Cr
EOSpace
Thorlabs, PicoQuant,
Quantum Teleportation ₹9 Cr
ColdQuanta
Quantum Key Distribution ID Quantique, Toshiba,
₹7 Cr
(QKD) Menlo Systems
Quantum Algorithms ₹6 Cr IBM, Google, PsiQuantum
ColdQuanta, Bluefors,
Quantum Memory ₹7.7 Cr
Oxford Instruments
Quantum Router &
₹12.5 Cr Xanadu, IBM, Toshiba
Repeater
Quantum Entanglement &
₹6 Cr IBM, Google, Thorlabs
Error Correction
Quantum Cryptography ₹4.5 Cr IBM, Microsoft, Cisco
Qubit Initialization &
₹3.5 Cr ColdQuanta, ID Quantique
Measurement
Total Estimated Cost ₹61.2 Cr Multiple Vendors
Potential Funding Agencies in India
✅ DST (QuEST, National Quantum Mission) – ₹10-50 Cr
✅ MeitY (Quantum Computing & Communication) – ₹10-100 Cr
✅ DRDO (Quantum Cryptography & Security) – ₹10-30 Cr
✅ ISRO (Quantum Satellite & Free-Space QKD) – ₹20-40 Cr