CONNECTION AT MOMENT: EXTENDED EXTREME PLATE NOT TIGHTENED

Column C1 / Beam B3

Column C1

Trabe B3

West Elevation North Elevation

LIMIT STATES: NOTES:

Ø The Beam B3 is supported by Column C1, through a connection to
Cutting in screws.
Tension in screws. extended extreme plate moment not attached with 4 screws.
I bent for Ø A transverse cross member connects between the column's slides.
compression of the soul. the plate is aligned to the runner of Beam B3 to receive axial force
Local pandemic for (tension-compression).
lesson. Ø The design of this connection is governed by the specifications of the IMCA.
Local Pandeo for Chapter J.
influence of the soul. Ø If the design of the bolted connection is based on crushing,
Shear rupture. The screws must be designed considering the interaction.
Cutting by influence. shear stress.
Resistance of Ø If the design of the bolted connection is based on a condition of
welding. critical slip, the screws must be designed only by
cutting.
Ø The manufacturing of this type of connection is governed by the
IMCA specifications, Chapter N.
Ø
 TENSOR CONNECTION: ROUND WITH FORK (clavis pin).
Column C2 / Beam B6

Column C2

Beam B6

LIMIT STATES:
Ø The column C2 supports the beam B6 connected by a tensioner through a
clevis pin
Ÿ Crushing of the
Ø The round one works under tension and connects directly to the column.
bolt. Ø The bolt that connects the fork to the plate welded to the upper skate of the
Ÿ Shear on the bolt. Beam B6 is subjected to double shear demands.
Ÿ Tension rupture. Ø At the upper end, a conical connector is used to attach the tensioner to the web.
Ÿ Fluency byTension. from the column.

Ÿ Resistance of the
welding
 SHEAR CONNECTORS: Shear bolts
Beam B1

LIMIT STATES: NOTES:

Ø Shear connectors type Bolt, welded on the upper flange
Ø The connector transfers the horizontal shear force between the concrete slab and
Ÿ Resistance to
the steel beam in composite construction systems.
cutters of the Ø In the IMCA Manual, Chapter I, the specifications can be found.
connectors. design requirements corresponding to the connectors.
Ÿ Resistance of the
welding
 ARMOR CONNECTION
Column C2 / Armor B7

East Elevation East Elevation

Upper String Connection Lower String Connection

LIMIT STATES: NOTES:

Ø The B7 armor connects to the C2 column via reinforcement plates and is
screwed to the armor. All the members of the armor are
Ÿ Crushing of the
connected also by soldered connections with reinforcement plate.
screws. Ø The reinforcement plates are welded in the workshop to column C2, for
Ÿ Cutting of the screw the armor members into the field.
screws Ø The members of the armor are made up of LD angles (angles of
Ÿ Bending of the plate. unequal sides) supported.

Ÿ Resistance of the
welding.
Ÿ Whitmore Fault.
 ZF BEAM CONNECTION (Cold-formed Z section)
Beam B7 / Longitudinal B9

LIMIT STATES: NOTES:

Ø The beam B9 rests on the frame B7. The beam has a ZF section.
cold rolled Z section.
Ÿ Crushing
Ø The beams with ZF section have asymmetry, so they tend to tip over.
screws. when they lean on a slope. To avoid this, it is important that they
Ÿ Tension in screws. install it upside down.
 TYPE JOIST BEAM CONNECTION
Beam B5 / Joist type girders (frameworks)

LIMIT STATES: NOTES:

Ø The beam B5 supports the joist type beams B9A and B9B.
Ø The Joist type girders are welded to the upper beam of truss B5.
Ÿ Resistance of the
Ø To know the requirements and specifications for the design of beams
welding. Joist type, it is necessary to consult with the supplier of these.
 SHEAR CONNECTION BENT PLATE
Beam B5 / Beam B5A

Trabe B5
Column

Trabe B5A
South Elevation

East Elevation

LIMIT STATES: NOTES:

Ø The beam B5A provides lateral support to the web of beam B5, through a
Ÿ Breakthrough due to blockage bolted shear connection.
Ø The plate is welded in the workshop to beam B5A and is bolted to beam B5 in the field.
of cutting. Ø The beam B5 is simply supported on the column.
Ÿ Crushing of Ø The size of the connection plate may vary according to the
screws. mounting or tightening requirements of the screws.
It is necessary to consider the eccentricities in this connection for its proper functioning.
Ÿ Cutting in screws. Ø
design.
Ÿ Shear rupture.
Ø The thickness of the connection plate must be consistent with the process of
Ÿ Fluency by inflection folded in workshop.
Ÿ Resistance of the
welding.
 SHEAR CONNECTION ANGLE SUPPORT WITHOUT REINFORCEMENT
Column C2 / Beam B5

East Elevation
South Elevation

LIMIT STATES: NOTES:

Ø Column C2 supports beam B5 through a bolted connection.
soldier with support angle.
Ÿ Crushing in
Ø The support angle is bolted in the field to the column and welded in parts.
screws. to the beam.
Ÿ Cutting in screws Ø The angle placed on the upper skate provides stability to it.
Ÿ Fluency through inflection. Consider that the support angle (lower) absorbs all the shear.
Ÿ Local fluency of the Ø The fixing of the part of the leg of the support angle that protrudes to the lower skate
From the beam, it prevents it from sliding out of the support angle.
soul.
Ø The support angle in the connection provides support to the lower skate of the
Ÿ Shear rupture. , so the limit states must also be considered.
Ÿ Crushing of the crushing of the soul and local influence of the soul.
soul.
 SHEAR CONNECTION: DOUBLE ANGLE BOLTED
Beam B1 / Beam B1B

West Elevation South Elevation

LIMIT STATES: NOTES:

Ø Beam B1 supports beam B1B through a shear connection.
totally bolted with double angles.
Ÿ Block rupture
Ø These double angles are bolted in the field to the support beam and
of shearing. screwed in the workshop to the beam that will be connected. This avoids the difficulty of
Ÿ Crushing of carry out the assembly of it by dealing with the web of the beam in space
screws. understood between the angles.
Ÿ Cutting in screws. Ø The alternating or offset presented by the screw lines on the legs
the angles of this connection facilitate the placement and tightening of the
Ÿ Fluency through flexion.
screws.
Ÿ Local pandemic of If both elements have the same height, the beam must be shorn.
Ø
soul. completely in order to properly carry out the assembly with the
Ÿ Shear failure. skates of the support beam.
 SHEAR CONNECTION: DOUBLE ANGLE BOLTED - WELDED
Beam B3 / Beam B3A

East Elevation North Elevation

LIMIT STATES: NOTES:

Ø The Trabe B3 supports the beam B3A through a bolted-welded connection.
with double angle.
Ÿ Block rupture
Ø The angles are welded in the workshop to the support beam and subsequently are
of cutting. screwed in the field to the beam.
Ÿ Crushing of Ø In the soul of the beam, the two angles that are part of will be connected.
screws. the connection. The screws of the rows of holes on the east side, are
Ÿ Cutting on screws. they will be placed temporarily at first, until the screws on the side
west can be adjusted.
Ÿ Fluency through flexion.
Ø The upper bearings of the beam and the girder must be at the same height.
Ÿ Local news of the the upper skate of the beam will be adjusted to eliminate interference with the
soul. support beam skate.
Ÿ Shear rupture. Ø The weld that connects the beam to the supporting angles, generally
It is placed along the edge of the wings of each angle and although
optionally it can be placed only on the top and bottom edges
of the same.
 SHEAR CONNECTION: WELDED DOUBLE ANGLE
Beam B6 / Beam B8B

North Elevation West Elevation

LIMIT STATES: NOTES:

Ø The Trabe B6 supports the beam B8B through a fully connection.
soldier with double angle.
Ÿ Resistance by
Ø The angles are soldiers in the field to the support beam and in the workshop they are
cutting. soldiers to the beam.
Ÿ Shear rupture. Ø When the connection elements are welded in the field, the coupling area
Ÿ Resistance of the it must be free of any coating such as paint, primer
welding anticorrosive or lubricants and dirt.
Ø Welding on support members is generally placed at
length of the edges of the angles and optionally it can be placed
only along the vertical edge of them. It must be provided a
appropriate size of the weld on the return of the upper edge of the angle;
The upper edge should not be completely welded, and it should be considered that this
it could reduce the flexibility of the connection.
Ø Welding on the supported sides is placed along the edges of
each angle and optionally along the top and bottom edge of the
angles.
 SHEAR CONNECTION: BOLTED-WELDED SIMPLE PLATE
Beam B2 / B2B Beam

North Elevation West Elevation

LIMIT STATES: NOTES:

Ø The Trabe B2 supports the B2B beam through a shear plate connection.
Ÿ Breakage due to blockage simple.
Ø The plate is welded in the workshop to the support beam and is bolted in the field to the
cutting. supported beam.
Ÿ Crushing of Ø This connection is made with a single plate connected to the web of the beam and of
screws. the beam. The assembly is simplified as the beam can rotate and
position oneself in their place.
Ÿ Cutting in screws.
Ø The upper beams of the truss and the beam are at the same level.
Ÿ Fluency through flexion.
The supported beam must be descaled to eliminate interference with the skid.
Ÿ Resistance by superior of the beam.
cutting. Ø The size of the weld must be limited to three quarters of the thickness of
Ÿ Shear rupture. the plate to ensure that the welding resistance is not the element of
Ÿ Resistance of the control in the connection resistance.

welding
 SHEAR CONNECTION: BOLTED EXTREME PLATE
Beam B2 / Beam B2A

Southern Elevation East Elevation

LIMIT STATES: NOTES:

Ø The Trabe B2 supports the beam B2A through a connection with a plate.
extreme to screwed cutting.
Ÿ Block rupture
Ø The end plate to shear is always welded to the supported beam.
of cutting. Ø The plate is welded in the workshop to the beam and later bolted in the field to
Ÿ Crushing of the support beam.
screws. Ø The supported beam is an I-section (standard I section).
Ÿ Cutting in screws. Ø In this type of connection, a good detailing is required: to consider
Ÿ Fluency through inflection. adequate tolerances during manufacturing to avoid problems or
eccentricities in the assembly.
Ÿ Resistance by
cutting.
Ÿ Shear rupture.
Ÿ Resistance of the
welding
 SHEAR CONNECTION: SIMPLE WELDED-BOLTED ANGLE
Beam B4 / Beam B4A

North Elevation West Elevation

LIMIT STATES: NOTES:

Ø The Trabe B4 supports the beam B4A through a shear connection.
screwed-welded with a simple angle.
Ÿ Break by block
Ø The angle is welded in the workshop to the support beam and bolted in the field.
of cutting. to the supported beam.
Ÿ Crushing of Ø This connection is unilateral. The assembly is simplified since the beam has
screws. possibility of rotating it to place it in its position.

Ÿ Cutting in screws. Ø The supported beam B4A is a CE section (Standard channel).

Ø Simple angle connections have a lower unit capacity.
Ÿ Resistance by
compared to those made with two angles.
cutting. Ø Eccentricities in the plane and out of the plane must be considered.
Ÿ Shear rupture. Ø The welding on the supported members is placed along the
Ÿ Resistance of the side edges of the angle and optionally on the top and bottom edges
welding of the same. An adequate size of welding must be provided in the
return of the upper edge of the corner (finishing),: must avoid welding
completely the upper edge considering that this could reduce the
flexibility of the connection.
 SHEAR CONNECTION: WITH WELDED-BOLTED TEE
Beam B1 / Beam B1A

West Elevation North Elevation

LIMIT STATES: NOTES:

Ø The Trabe B1 supports the beam B1A with a shear connection using a
TR (rectangular T section) welded-bolted.
Ÿ Block rupture
Ø The TR profile is welded in the workshop to the support beam and is bolted on site to
of cutting. the supported beam.
Ÿ Crushing of Ø This type of connection is considered flexible, since the support is made in the
screws. soul of the beam.
Ÿ Cutting on screws. Ø It is a unilateral connection. And the assembly is simplified as the beam can
turn to its final position.
Ÿ Bending rupture.
Ø The welding on the connection element TR must be placed along.
Ÿ Resistance by from the edges considering finishing on the upper edge. Welding should be avoided
cutting. completely the top edge as this could reduce flexibility of the
Ÿ Shear rupture. connection.
Ÿ Resistance of the Ø To ensure adequate flexibility of the connection, the welding that
connect the TR beam to the supported element and the thickness of the web must
welding
be subject to welding size limits.
Ø The coupling of the supported beam must extend beyond the
distance of the value 'k' of the TR skate. As a consequence of this
phase coupling, the eccentricity in the connection should be considered
the bending in the soul of the TR of the connection.
 SHEAR CONNECTION: DOUBLE ANGLE WELDED
Trabe C2 / Trabe B8

North Elevation East Elevation

LIMIT STATES: NOTES:

Ø The Trabe B1 supports beam B1A with a shear connection using a
Ÿ Breakage due to blockage TR (rectangular section) welded-bolted.
Ø The TR profile is welded in the workshop to the support beam and is bolted in the field to
of shear. the supported beam.
Ÿ Crushing of Ø This type of connection is considered flexible, as the support is made in the
screws. soul of the beam.
Ÿ Cutting in screws. Ø It is a unilateral connection. And the assembly is simplified since the beam can

Ÿ Fracture due to bending. turn until its final position.

Ø The welding on the connection element TR must be placed along.
Ÿ Resistance for from the edges considering finishing on the upper edge. Welding should be avoided
cutting. completely the top edge since this could reduce flexibility of the
Ÿ Shear failure. connection.
Ÿ Resistance of the Ø To ensure adequate flexibility of the connection, the welding that
connect the skate of the TR to the supported element and the thickness of the web must
welding
be subject to welding size limits.
Ø The coupling of the supported beam must extend beyond the
distance of the value 'k' of the TR skate. As a consequence of this
phase-shifted coupling, the eccentricity in the connection must be considered and
the bending in the soul of the connection's TR.
 MOMENT CONNECTION: WELDED PLATES ON SKATES AND CORE
Column C1 / Beam B4

South Elevation
East Elevation

LIMIT STATES: NOTES:

Ø Column C1 supports beam B4 through a moment connection.
with welded cover plates on the skids and the column's web.
Ÿ Block rupture
Ø The skate cover plates are welded in the workshop to the support column and
of cutting. In the field, they are welded to the beam.
Ÿ Local pandemonium of Ø This connection currently connects to the soul and skates of column C1.
plates. Ø The cover plates that connect to the skate of the beam have the width
Ÿ Cutting in screws. internal between the skate holders of the columns so that they work as braces,
reducing its section along the beam's skate to avoid
Ÿ Tension rupture and
concentration of efforts.
compression. Ø For welding application in the workshop and field, the surface must be
Ÿ Resistance by cleans paint and dirt.
shear, tension and Ø The cover plates connected to the beams' skates transfer to the community.
compression. the pair of forces produced by the moment.
Ø The plate bolted to the web of the beam is used to absorb shear.
Ÿ Shear rupture.
Ø The effect caused by the eccentricity of the shear is not considered.
Ÿ Resistance of the For all restricted and partially restrained beam-column connections
Ø
welding. restricted, the rigidity of the column must be analyzed to ensure that the
forces transmitted to the skates do not exceed the limits that may be
applied.
 CONNECTION AT MOMENT: SCREWED PLATES ON SKATES AND SOUL
Column C1 / Beam B2

South Elevation West Elevation

LIMIT STATES: NOTES:

Ø Column C1 supports beam B2 through a moment connection.
with welded cover plates on skids and the core of the column
Ÿ Block rupture of
Ø The skate plates are welded in the workshop to the support column and
cutting. They are screwed to the beam in the field.
Ÿ Crushing in Ø This connection at the moment connects to the soul and skates of column C1.
screws. Ø The cover plates that connect to the beams of the skids have a width
Ÿ Local license plate store. internal between the columns' skates so that they work as braces,
reducing its section along the beam's skate to avoid
Ÿ Cutting in screws.
concentración de esfuerzos.
Ÿ Tensile rupture and For welding application in workshop and field, the surface must be
Ø
compression. clean of paint and dirt.
Ÿ Resistance by Ø The cover plates connected to the beams' skids transfer to the commune.
shearing, tension and the pair of forces produced by the moment.
Ø The plate bolted to the web of the beam is used to absorb the shear.
compression.
Ø The effect caused by the eccentricity of the shear is not considered.
Ÿ Shear failure. For all beam-column connections that are restricted and partial
Ø
Ÿ Resistance of the restricted, the stiffness of the column must be analyzed to ensure that the
welding. forces transmitted to the skates do not exceed the limits that may be
applied.
 DIRECT CONNECTION TO MOMENT: WELDED DIRECTLY TO THE SLIDES AND
Screwed ALMA: Column C1 / Beam B1

West Elevation South Elevation

LIMIT STATES: NOTES:

Ø Column C1 supports beam B1 through a moment connection.
directly welded to the skates and screwed to the soul.
Ÿ Crushing in
Ø A brace is placed in the soul of the column between the interior faces of
screws. the skates to receive the concentrated force (tension or compression) of the
Ÿ Cutting on screws. beam skates.
Ÿ Soul's bend. Ø The access holes at the ends of the beam according to IMCA J1.6,
Ÿ Local Pandeo of the to be able to place the welding in a flat position.
Ø The plate connected to the beam's web is for transferring the shear force.
skates.
Ø The effect of shear eccentricity in the connection is not considered.
Ÿ Resistance of the For welding application in the workshop and field, the surface must be
Ø
welding. clean of paint and dirt.
Ø For all fully restricted and partially restricted connections
the hardening of the base material should be considered to avoid exceeding the
limit states.
 COLUMN CONNECTION: COLUMN SPLICE
Columna C1 / Columna C2

Southern Elevation West Elevation North Elevation

LIMIT STATES: NOTES:

Ø This type of connection allows for the splicing of the column section.
C2 and Column C1, where the former has less weight than the latter.
Ÿ Crushing of
Ø The column splice connection is designed to withstand any
screws. shear demand caused by lateral forces and axial loads
Ÿ Cutting in screws. produced by bending.
Ÿ Tension in screws. Ø The column splice in the connection tree presents two arrangements.
Ÿ Shear flow. different in the same connection, which are merely illustrative.

Ÿ Shear rupture.
North Elevation:
Ÿ Resistance of the The north face is a joint to the skate welded directly. The design of this
welding. connection requires full penetration welding to join the skids of
the columns. The splicing is done in the field. The faces to be welded must be
free of paint and dirt. The resistance of this connection does not consider the
contribution of the plate that connects with the soul of the columns, this
element is associated to facilitate assembly.

Southern Elevation:
The south face is a splice with plates on the column's skates. The end
the underside of the splice plate is welded in the workshop, while the end
The superior is screwed into the field. Shims can be used to fill the gaps.
that are generated by the difference in thicknesses.
 COLUMN CONNECTION: BASE PLATE (reinforcement column)
Beam B4 / Column C3 / Beam B8

North Elevation North Elevation East Elevation

Upper Extreme Lower Extremity Extremo Inferior

LIMIT STATES: NOTES:

Ø The base of the support column is a bolted connection to the skid
upper part of beam B4 and the lower flange of beam B8.
Ÿ Crushing of
Ø The plate is welded in the workshop to the OC profile of the column and is bolted on
screws. field to the support beam.
Ÿ Cutting in screws. Ø The OC profile of the column acts as a compression/tension support.
Ÿ Tension in screws. for beam B8. The beam B8 is cantilevered and simply
Ÿ Force of leaning on the column. Beam B4 could be unstable if the column of
support will not transfer the load to provide a rigid support for the beam
leverage.
B4.
Ÿ Shear flow. The support column mainly acts in compression, however the
Ø
Ÿ Shear rupture. the OC profile connection must be designed for any demand of
Ÿ Resistance of the shear or tensile loads.
welding. Ø Acting in compression, the OC column transmits a concentrated load
to the soul of the beam B4. To distribute the transmitted load, two are placed
soul reinforcements of the beam B4. Each of these soul reinforcements of
the trabe work in the same way. The tensioner on the south side is connecting
the inner faces of the skate of the trabe. The tensioner of the north face
it is separated from the lower skate of the beam, allowing it not to rest
in this skate and have greater tolerances in manufacturing. This provision
it is only illustrative, usually one of these two is used
settings.
 SHEAR CONNECTION: WELDED WITH DOUBLE ANGLE
Beam B8 / Beam B8A

North Elevation East Elevation

LIMIT STATES: NOTES:

Ø The beam B8 supports the beam B8A through a fully connected joint.
soldering using two angles.
Ÿ Shear flow.
Ø The angles are welded in the field to beam B8 and to beam B8A at the workshop.
Ÿ Shear rupture. For the welding application, the surfaces must be free of paint and
Ø
Ÿ Resistance of the dirt.
welding. Ø Welding on the connection elements in beam B8 is applied to it.
length of the lateral edges of the angles. A finish must be provided for
welding properly at the upper edge avoiding welding
completely the edge, since this reduces the flexibility of the connection
Ø Welding on the connection elements in beam B8A is applied along
from the side edges of the angles. A finish must be provided
welding properly on the upper edge avoiding welding
completely the edge, as this reduces the flexibility of the connection.
 CONNECTION AT THE MOMENT: SCREWED JOINT WITH PLATES
Trabe B3 / Trabe B3

East Elevation North Elevation

LIMIT STATES: NOTES:

Ø The beam B3 is spliced at the midpoint of its span with a moment connection.
completely bolted with splice plates.
Ÿ Break due to block of
Ø The splice plates, coupled to the beams' slides, are designed to
cutting. transfer tensile and compressive forces caused by the moment
Ÿ Crushing of the inflecting.
screws. Ø The plates attached to the web of the beams are designed to transmit the
Ÿ Cutter of the shear forces acting on the connection.
Ø The plates attached to the webs of the beams are subjected to moment.
screws.
flexing equal to the product of the resultant of the acting force in the
Ÿ Bending failure. screws for the distance from the splice area of the beams to the centroid
Ÿ Fluency through inflection. screw pattern.
Ÿ Shear failure.
Ÿ Shear flow.
Ÿ Fluency by tension.