LINEAR MOTOR

In-line engine is the designation of the design of an internal combustion engine whose
cylinders are arranged consecutively. Inline engines are, by far,
the most commonly used internal combustion engine type in automobiles
passengers, trucks, and motorcycles. The smallest form is the engine.
inline bicylinder. As a marine diesel engine (for example, the Wärtsilä-Sulzer
RTA96-C) there are engines with up to 14 aligned cylinders.
Variants
Four-cylinder inline engines are the most commonly used in the
cars, while the two-cylinder inline engines were quite
frequent in all types of motorcycles, especially in the 1970s.
Three and six cylinders are also common, while five cylinders are
rare. Due to their great length, inline eight-cylinder engines are
less common. Marine diesel engines, which usually do not have the
the same space limitations as car engines, are
available as standard engines with seven, nine, and eleven cylinders, and even
with larger odd numbers of cylinders. Another field in which during a
for a time, inline engines with large numbers of cylinders were common
have been the railway and aviation. For example, the German company MTU
factory of 8, 12, and 16 cylinder inline diesel engines for use in
locomotives, and the Liberty L-12 inline 12-cylinder engine became common in
numerous speed record airplanes and cars (such as the White Triplex)
in the 1920s and 1930s
Engine placement
The relative position of the pistons of a multi-cylinder inline engine with
concerning the crankshaft, in principle, one can choose arbitrarily. However,
the crankshaft bearings, the carburetor (or fuel injection), and the engine lubrication
must be adjusted accordingly. Traditionally, the name of the various
locations refer to the position of the cylinders relative to the cylinder head.
In 'vertical' engines, the crankshaft is located at the bottom and the cylinders
pointing upwards; in the 'horizontal' installation, the cylinders and the crankshaft are
they are found at the same height. If the crankshaft is at the top and the cylinder head
it is at the bottom, it talks about an engine with 'hanging' cylinders. This
the last type was almost exclusively found in historical airplanes. This arrangement
allowed adopting a lower landing gear for a given propeller diameter
(as the engine shaft is at a greater distance from the ground), and the pilot's view is
was less obstructed by exhaust gases. In addition, the center of mass
it was lower and the accessibility of the back (the distribution) and the spark plugs was
easier. Among the four-cylinder engines with upper crankshaft were,
for example, the Zündapp 9-092 and the Hirth HM 515. In particular, the engines with
overhead camshafts that have a greater height, it is common for them to
inclined installations (especially when it comes to transverse engines) for
to flatten the hood. On the other hand, horizontal engines are often used
like engines situated under the passenger platform in trucks, buses, and
railway vehicles.
Numbering of the cylinders
In the case of vehicle engines, it is common to number the cylinders from
starting from the side opposite the power outlet, that is, the first cylinder is the
further away from the flywheel or the clutch. However, there is
Japanese and French manufacturers that begin to count from the side of the
clutch. This does not apply to marine engines and stationary engines
(especially Germans).
Uses

Motorcycles
In the past, motorcycles with mounted inline engines were common.
longitudinally, among others the Indian, the Windhoff and the Nimbus. This design
has been taken up later in the BMW K1, BMW K 1200 RS and in the
Triumph Rocket III. The inline 4-cylinder engine is the most used for the
high-performance sports bikes, street bikes, and competition bikes
speed (Honda CBR1000RR, Suzuki GSX-R600, Yamaha FZ6 N,...), but
it is also available in 2-cylinder configurations for some models
of smaller engine displacement and power (Kawasaki GPZ 500 S, Ninja 650R, BMW F800)
S,...), and even 3 inline cylinders, such as several motorcycles of
Triumph (e.g. Triumph Daytona 675, Triumph Daytona 955i. The most common is that
the crankshaft is perpendicular to the axis of the motorcycle's movement and parallel
to the ground, since in that configuration the chain transmission is direct (without
90° change in the axis of rotation) and the axis of the reaction to the motor torque in the
acceleration or braking with the engine is parallel to the axis of rotation of the wheels in the
position of rectilinear motion. Models of six have also been manufactured
cylinders (with some examples like the Benelli 750 Sei, the Honda CBX,
Kawasaki Z 1300, or the BMW K 1600 GT.

Automobiles
Inline engines for cars can be mounted transversely,
regardless of the type of traction (front, rear, or all-wheel drive)
and if it is installed in the front, in a central position or next to the rear axle.
In front-wheel drive vehicles, they are usually transverse, although in
sometimes they are installed longitudinally, which produces greater
efforts on the differential mechanism. The inline four-cylinder engine
is by far the most commonly used configuration, while the 6-cylinder one has
has been largely replaced by V6 engines, which although inherently not
they have such a smooth operation, they are smaller in both height and
length and easier to fit into the small size of the engine slot in the
modern automobiles. Some manufacturers like Honda, Audi, Mercedes-Benz,
Toyota, Volkswagen and Volvo have used 5 inline configurations. The
The Atlas family from General Motors includes inline engines with 4, 5, and 6 cylinders.
the 8-cylinder inline configuration was the most prestigious at its time; it
could manufacture at a lower cost than the V configuration by the manufacturers of
luxury, which could focus on other specifications not necessarily
geometric properties of the engine and even achieve more powerful engines than the V8. In the
1930s Duesenberg used an aluminum alloy engine block
with four valves per cylinder and hemispherical combustion chambers for
to produce the most powerful engine on the market. This was a starting point for
that Pontiac introduced the cheapest inline 8-cylinder engine in 1933. Without
embargo, after the Second World War, the inline 8-cylinder engine
it was replaced by the lighter and more compact V8.
Many manufacturers installed inline engines with an angle from vertical.
the "inclined engines". The famous 6-cylinder inclined engine from Chrysler is
used in various models from the 60s and 70s. Honda also installed engines
inclined 5 and 6 cylinders in models such as the Honda S2000 and the Acura Vigor.
Saab first used a 45-degree inclined inline four-cylinder engine.
degrees for the Saab 99, but later versions of the engine were less
slanted. Mainly two factors have led to dismissing the choice of
6-cylinder inline engines for cars. First, the flywheels.
from Lanchester's compensation, an old idea taken up by Mitsubishi in the
80 to solve the natural roughness of inline four-cylinder engines.
which was quickly adopted by other manufacturers, has made engines of
Four inline cylinders and 6 in V can have a much more efficient operation.
refined than what they naturally have. The softness characteristic of the six-cylinder engine
cylinders in line was no longer the great advantage it once was. Finally, in
at that time, fuel consumption became a much more significant factor.
important. The cars were becoming smaller and sought to make the most of the
space. The cavity of the engine in a modern medium or small car, which is
usually designed for inline four-cylinder engines, usually
it does not have space for a six-cylinder inline engine, but it can accommodate with
small modifications a 6 in V. Some manufacturers (initially Lancia and
more recently Volkswagen with the VR6 engine) have tried to combine the
advantages of online and V configuration, designing a V with angles
narrow. The result is a more compact engine than the previous two.
configurations, but less smooth (unbalanced) than both. The engines in
6-cylinder lines are used in some models from manufacturers BMW, Ford
Australia, Chevrolet, GMC, Toyota, Suzuki and Volvo.

Trucks
In trucks, inline engines are almost always installed.
longitudinally. They usually have inline six-cylinder engines, whereas
The smaller trucks sometimes only have four cylinders.

Advantages
Simple construction
Reduced width
For four-stroke six-cylinder engines (inline six cylinders, R6) or
more (even number of cylinders) and a longitudinally symmetrical crankshaft, all
the moments and the first and second order inertia forces are
balanced
 Relatively cheap to produce
It is also easy to design it with air cooling.
The variants with different numbers of cylinders are possible from a
basic modular design of the cylinders and the cylinder head (typical Deutz design)

With 6 cylinders, these engines are inherently balanced, whereas with 4

Disadvantages
High longitudinal space requirement for more than four cylinders
With six or more cylinders, the torsional vibrations of the crankshaft are higher.
difficult to control
Longitudinally mounted air-cooled engines can
experiencing cooling problems with respect to the rear cylinders
In popular four-stroke inline four-cylinder engines, the
second-order free inertial forces are not balanced, although it is
It is possible to use a Lanchester Compensation to avoid it.
A disadvantage of a transverse engine is the fact that the moment of inertia of the
the crankshaft and flywheel produce a swaying effect in the vehicle during
the engine regime changes. This considerably worsens the comfort of
march and it is more disturbing than the moment of nodding around the axis
transversal when the engine speed is increased or decreased.
 V ENGINE

A V engine refers to an arrangement of an internal combustion engine where the

History
In 1896, Karl Benz patented his own design of an internal combustion engine.
In this first prototype, the cylinders were arranged horizontally and opposite each other.
Usually, each pair of cylinders is arranged in opposite benches,
sharing a single joint in the crankshaft hub, supported by bearings
"master/slave" or by two ordinary connection bearings on each side. Some
authors still consider this feature to distinguish a true V engine, and
for example, they usually divide flat engines into boxer engines (when they are not
they share unions), and in V at 180° (when they are shared). In any case,
some designs of V-twin engines have two union pins
crankshaft. In some cases, such as in Germany, these engines are still referred to
identifying as boxer engines.

Design
In the design and construction of V engines, different configurations are adopted,
with two cylinder banks arranged at different angles for different uses.
Depending on the number of cylinders, these must be arranged at an angle that
allows optimal engine operation and provides a high degree of
stability against vibrations. Designs with an angle between benches very
Narrow combines many of the advantages of the 'V' design and the inline design.
(mainly, its compact form), but also many of its disadvantages (such as
its mechanical complexity and cooling problems); as in the case of the
models from Lancia and Volkswagen. Some configurations are of design
balanced and with a smooth march, while others are less smooth in their march
that the equivalent designs of inline engines. With an optimal angle between the
benches and an adequate ignition sequence, the V16 has a balance
exceptional. The V10 and the similar V8 can be balanced with counterweights in the
crankshaft. The V12 engines, which are actually two 6-cylinder engines joined together,
They always have an exceptional balance regardless of the angle between the benches.
Other engines, such as the V2, the V4, the flat V8 boxer, and the V10, present a
increase in its vibrations, generally requiring a mechanism
balancer to reduce this defect. Certain types of "V" engines have been
built as inverted engines, more commonly for aircraft. The
advantages that result are better visibility in a single-seat aircraft and
with a single engine, and a lower center of gravity. Examples include
various devices from World War II such as the German design of the engine
Daimler-Benz DB 601 and the Jumo.
Uses
In automobiles, V6 engines are usually the most common V engines, although there have been
V4 and even V5, as they shorten the length of the engine by half. The opening of the V
varies from 54º or 60º to 90º or 110º depending primarily on the number of cylinders
to try to homogenize the pair as much as possible and nullify the inertia forces of
second order. Although the most common are 90º and 60º, the VR6 engine of
Volkswagen has a V6 with just a 15º angle of opening, which allows for a slight reduction in
length of the engine (in transverse layout). There are also, although very few.
frequent, V5 engines. For example, the 2.3 engine of the second generation Seat Toledo.
Generation mounts a V5 engine. It is common practice for V engines that
these are described with the notation "V#", where "#" indicates the number of cylinders
of which it has:

V24
V3
V4
V5
V6
V8
V10
V12
V14
V16
V18
V20
V24