INTRODUCTION:

Frequently in the industry it is necessary to separate the components of a mixture into

individual fractions. Fractions can be differentiated from each other by their size.
particles, due to their state, or their chemical composition. Thus, for example, a product
Brute can be purified by removing the impurities that contaminate it, a mixture.
of more than two components can be separated into individual pure components, the
the stream that comes out of a process can consist of a mixture of the product and material
not converted, and it is necessary to separate and recirculate the unconverted part to the area of
reaction to convert it back; also a valuable substance, such as a material
metallic, dispersed in an inert material, it is necessary to release it in order to proceed with its
benefit and discard inert material. A large number of methods have been developed.
to carry out such separations and some basic operations, they are dedicated to it. In the
In reality, many separation problems arise and the engineer must choose the
most convenient method in each case.
The methods for separating the components of mixtures are of two types:
Separation methods by diffusion:
This group of operations for the separation of the components of mixtures, which are
they are based on the transfer of material from one homogeneous phase to another, they use
differences in vapor pressure or solubility. The driving force of the transfer
it is a difference or concentration gradient, in the same way as a difference or
a temperature gradient is the driving force of heat transfer:
a) Distillation The objective of distillation is to separate a mixture through vaporization.
líquida de sustancias miscibles y volátiles en sus componentes individuales, o en algunos
cases in groups of components. Examples of distillation are the separation of mixtures.
like alcohol and water in their components; liquid air in nitrogen, oxygen, and argon; and
a crude oil into gasoline, kerosene, fuel oil, and lubricating oils.
b) Absorption of Gases A soluble vapor contained in a mixture with an inert gas is
absorbed through a liquid in which the gaseous solute is more or less soluble. A
a typical example is the washing with liquid water of the ammonia contained in
an ammonia-air mixture. The solute is subsequently recovered from the liquid by
distillation and the absorption liquid can be reused or discarded.
c) Dehumidification The liquid phase is a pure substance that is made up of the
componente que se separa de la corriente gaseosa, o sea, que el disolvente y el soluto
they are the same substance. Inert gas or vapor is often practically insoluble
in the liquid. The separation of water vapor from the air by condensation on a
cold surface, and the condensation of an organic vapor, such as carbon tetrachloride,
carbon, contained in a nitrogen stream, are examples of dehumidification. In
the dehumidification operations the direction of the transfer is from the phase
soda to liquid and is understood as a particular case of gas absorption.
d) Liquid-liquid extraction Also called solvent extraction, in which it is treated
a liquid mixture with a solvent that preferentially dissolves one or more
components of the mixture. The mixture treated in this way is called refined and the phase
solvent-rich material is called extract. The component that is transmitted from the
refined towards the extract is the solute, and the component that remains in the refined is the
diluent.
e) Extraction of solids or leaching The soluble material contained in a mixture with a
inert solid dissolves in a liquid solvent. The dissolved material or solute can be
recover later by evaporation or crystallization.
f) Crystallization By the formation of crystals, a solute is separated from a solution.
liquid, generally leaving the impurities in the molten mass or in the mother waters.
This method is used to obtain high purity crystals formed by particles of
uniform size and attractive appearance.

Mechanical separation methods Mechanical separation can be applied to mixtures

heterogeneous. The techniques are based on physical differences between the particles, such as
such as size, shape, or density. They are used to separate liquids from liquids,
solids of gases, liquids of gases, solids of solids, and solids of liquids. There are
procesos especiales donde se utilizan otros métodos que no se estudiarán aquí. Estos
special methods are based on the differences in wettability or in the
electric or magnetic properties of substances.
a) Sieving Sieving is a method of separating particles based on
only in the size difference. In industrial sieving, solids are poured in.
on a perforated surface or sieve, which allows small particles, or 'fines', to pass through,
and retains those of larger sizes, or 'rejects'. A sieve can only perform
a separation into two fractions. These fractions are called non-size fractions
specified, because, although the upper or lower limit of the size of the
the particles it contains, their real size is unknown.
b) Filtration Filtration is the separation of solid particles contained in a fluid,
passing it through a filtering medium, on which the solids are deposited. The
Industrial filtration ranges from simple straining to more complex separations. The fluid
it can be a liquid or a gas; solid particles can be coarse or fine, rigid or
flexible, round or elongated, separated or grouped. The feeding suspension
it can have a fraction raised or very low 40-5% in solid volume.
c) Gravity sedimentation processes Separation of solids contained in gases and
liquids. For example, dust particles can be removed from gases by a large
variedad de métodos. Para partículas sólidas gruesas, mayores de unas 325 micras, es
useful a gravity sedimentation camera. The device is a large box, where in
one of its ends draws in air loaded with dust and from the other end the clarified air comes out. In
In the absence of air currents, the particles settle at the bottom due to gravity. If the
air remains in the chamber for a sufficient period of time, the particles
they reach the bottom of the chamber, from where they can be removed later.
 SEPARATION PROCESS.
Inchemistry, a separation process is used to transform amixof substances
in two or more different products. The separate products may differ in properties
chemical or some physical properties, such as size or type of crystal.
With very few exceptions, almost all thechemical elementsocompounds
chemicalsthey are naturally found in an impure state, such as a mixture of
two or more substances. Many times the need arises to separate them into their
individual components. Separation applications in the field of theengineering
chemistryare very important. A good example is theoilCrude oil is a
a mixture of various hydrocarbons and has value in its natural form. However, the
demand is higher for various purified hydrocarbons, such asgas
natural, gasoline, diesel, combustible ofjet, lubricating oil, asphalt, etc.
Separation processes can be classified as processes oftransfer of
massesThe classification can be based on the means of separation, mechanical or chemical.
The choice of separation depends on an assessment of the advantages and disadvantages of
each one. Mechanical separations are usually favored whenever possible, due to the
lower operating cost compared to chemical separations. The systems that
they cannot be separated by purely mechanical means (for example, theoil)
they make chemical separation the remaining solution. The mixture to be treated can be
a combination of two or morestates of aggregation.
Depending on the raw mix, various processes can be used to separate the
mixes. Many times it is necessary to use two or more processes in combination, to
obtain the desired separation. In addition to the chemical processes, they can also
apply mechanical processes.

Separation of solid mixtures: Basically, two methods are used.

manual separation or sieving and levigation.
Manual separation or sieving: It is used when the mixture is formed
by particles of different sizes. The instrument used is called a sieve, it consists of
of a sieve, of a container and its lid. This method is widely used in the analysis of
soils and in the flour industry.
Levigating: It consists of pulverizing the solid mixture and then treating it with solvents.
appropriate, based on their density difference. This method is widely used in
mining especially in gold separation.
Magnetization or magnetic separation: It consists of separating metals and non-metals.
using a magnetic field (magnet).
Desiccation:
To evaporate the volatile liquid that soaks or dissolves a solid, it is heated directly.
the sample to the flame, with an electric heater or on a suitable stove, the
Solid will remain in the container while the solvent passes to the atmosphere or to another.
container. The drying is complete when the container is weighed at small
time intervals do not vary in weight.

Sublimation:
When one wishes to separate two solids, one of which sublimes at normal pressure,
it is effective to use sublimation. Iodine sublimates at low temperature and can be separated with
adds ease through this method of sea salts along with which it is obtained. The
water contained, for example, in food and antibiotics could sublimate at very
low pressure and temperature phenomenon known as freeze-drying

3.1 FILTRATION
It is the unit operation to separate a solid from a fluid or one fluid from another.
The filtration will depend on the material to be separated, the driving force, the flow, and the
retention mechanism.
There are 4 types of filtration:
Conventional
Microfiltration: The membranes used for microfiltration have a pore size
from 0.1 – 10 µm. These microfiltration membranes retain all bacteria. Part of
viral contamination is trapped in the process, even though viruses are more
smaller than the pores of the microfiltration membrane. This is because viruses are
They can be coupled to the bacteria.

Microfiltration can be applied to many different types of water treatments.

when it is necessary to remove from a liquid the particles with a diameter greater than 0.1 mm.

Some examples of microfiltration applications are:

Cold sterilization of beverages and pharmaceutical products.

Clarification of fruit juices, wines, and beer.
Separation of bacteria from water (biological treatment of wastewater).
Effluent treatment.
Separation of water and oil emulsions.
Water pre-treatment for nanofiltration and reverse osmosis.
Solid-liquid separation for pharmacies and food industries.

Ultrafiltration: The suspended solids and thesolventshighmolecular weightthey are retained,

while water and low molecular weight solutes cross the membrane. This
Separation process is used in industry and research to purify and concentrate.
macromolecular solutions.
For the complete removal of viruses, ultrafiltration is required. The pores of the
Ultrafiltration membranes can remove particles of 0.001 – 0.1 µm from fluids.
Examples of fields where ultrafiltration is applied are:
The dairy industry (milk, cheese)
The food industry (proteins
The metal industry (separation of water/oil emulsions, paint treatment)
The textile industry.

Reverse osmosis: It is a process involving membranes. In order to force the passage of

agua que se encuentra en la corriente de salmuera a la corriente de agua con baja
salt concentration, it is necessary to pressurize the water to a value higher than the pressure
osmotic. As a consequence of this process, the brine will become more concentrated.

For example, the operating pressure of seawater is 60 bar.

Filtration is a physical separation method used to separate solids from
fluids (liquids or gases) through the interposition of a permeable medium capable of
retain solid particles that only allows the passage of liquids.
In the laboratory, filtration is carried out using filter paper. The filter paper is a
a type of sieve, with very small holes that allow liquids to pass through
but that prevent the passage of solids. The liquid that passes through the filter is called
filtration, and the solid that has been retained by the filter is called residue.
Filtration, both in the laboratory and industrially, can be accelerated with a vacuum and
also with the pressure. If it leaks atmospherically, a funnel and filter paper are used. If
it is done under vacuum, a special funnel called Büchner funnel and a flask are used
Kitasato, where the vacuum is created. The vacuum can be produced using a pump.
especially where we make the tap water flow at a certain speed, or with pumps
of vacuum, which save water but have a higher cost.
There are many types of filters. Sand filters, press filters are used industrially,
the ones from the band, the ones from the disco and drum. Each of these types also has many
variants.

3.2 CLASSIFICATION OF FILTERS.

GRAVITY FILTERS
The design and construction of these filters have the inherent advantage that the force
the required impulse is given by nature; depending, of course, on the altitude;
this limits its application in materials that can be handled at low differences in
pressure. The driving force is the pressure of the liquid column on the medium
filtering.
 This type of filters may or may not be open to the atmosphere, with support for the medium.
filter and an internal drainage system that discharges the filtering and may or may not have a
backwashing system.
They can be classified by their design as:

["From bed or sand.","From bag.","From false bottom tank.","From rotary drum.","From disk."]
rotary
According to the support of the filtering medium, they can be classified into:

A) Filtros de medio filtrante fijo. B) Filtros de medio filtrante móvil.

FIXED FILTER MEDIA FILTERS
The sand filter or bed's main use is in water clarification. The placement of the
material is important so that it does not obstruct the flow of filtration; the use of plates
perforated along the drainage and backwash line help prevent this type of
obstruction.
The false bottom tank filter has a great application in the chemical industry.
mainly for acid filtration. The filtering medium is a ceramic plate
perforated and placed in the middle of the tank.

In the rotary sieve filter, the filtering medium presses on the material and displaces it.
liquid content.
Another classification could be made for those that operate under pressure, (by gravity,
due to a liquid height, by a pump or by centrifugal force) or by vacuum.

3.3 FILTRATION CAPACITY

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3.4 EQUIPMENT SELECTION.
If a process developer, who provides the mechanical separation of solids up to a
liquid that has been cleaned, the obstacle in the first decision, determining that the
Filtration is the way to do the work or to stop it during its course.
some details of the team that have been resolved - changing the right filter and the
Filtration conditions can be difficult. In the determination of many factors of the
which unit operation is used in the selection of filtration equipment involves the
balance of the specifications of the process and objectives against their capabilities and
characteristics of various equipment options (including filter media)
available, the importance of process factors is of a suspension nature, of
production performance, process conditions, function requirements, and
allowed construction materials, the importance of equipment factors are
cyclically (continuous batches) applied force, production rates of the unit more
long and the shortest, washing capacity, reliability of construction materials
feasible and even the estimated cost is higher due to installation, equipment duration,
capacitación, mantenimiento, el reemplazo de los medios de filtro y costos asociados con
the product. Between the process and the equipment factors are pre considerations
conditioned and the use of the filter, the suspension characteristics determine the clarity or
the appropriate filter for the cake and if the following, they determine the formation rate and
nature of the cake. They affect the change in the force managed and the cycle is so
Well, since the specific design of the machinery is a technical selection, not an absolute one.
viable to go out with the best from various factors that have been involved,
some of the difficulties in making the quantification and non-accumulated, some
contradictions in their demands. At some point, some are published for the
The guidance and reasoning of the engineer affect the choice of force conduction and cycle.
also like machine design, there are no selection techniques available for
propose as the best choice since there are some involved factors, some
hardly they are carried out quantitatively, and, not extraordinarily, some some
they contradict their demands.

Anyway, here are some general suggestions published to eliminate thoughts.

of the engineers who face the selection of filtration equipment. fig. 18-133 is
a decision designed by the tiller tree (ches. Eng. 81(9), 118 (1974)) to teach the
steps to follow in solving filtration problems. In it, with the permission of the
the speed of cake formation is the most important factor in selection
equipamiento. El proceso de selección de filtrado propuesto por purchas (op. Cit. Pp. 10-
14) employs additional criteria and is based on the combination of processes
specifications and results of simple tests.
The application is coded using figures .18-134, 18-135, and 18-136 and the
coding results are marked again. Table 18-11, to identify the
possible filters, information obtained from figure 18-137 can be obtained by observing
the sedimentation of a suspension sample (suggestion 1l) in a cylinder of
graduation. Speed graduation filter-cake (fig. 18-136) is determined by a
small scale, tests of the sheet described above. Almost all types of filter
continuos pueden ser adaptados para el lavado de la torta. El lavado efectivo es una
function of washing numbers, applied displacements and this in turn is influenced
due to the washing time related to the formation of the cake.
Concurrently, washing, particularly with three or more stages, is usually
limited by the horizontal filters, although in two stages, concurrently washing
sometimes it can be applied in a freely manipulated battery filter like the
crystallized sales, the washed cake in the filter batches is commonly made almost
generally a large number of washes may be required in order to file the
the same level of washing obtainable in a continuous filter. With continuous filters they must be
more attractive with the application process is continuous stationary. But the speed at
which forms the cake the magnitude of production speed sometimes factors
primordial. A rotary vacuum filter, for example, is a difficult selection even at 3-mm
(0.12-In), the cake will not form below a vacuum for less than 5 min. And the vacuum is less
that 1.4m3/h (50ft3-h) the cake is produced. Upper production speed limited to the
Batch production is more difficult for any operation above 5.7 m3/h.
(200ft3/h) should be considered to continue filtering if it is completely possible to do so.
new, anyway, other factors such as the desire for flexibility or pressure perhaps
mentioned by the equipment batch to estimate the filtration velocity (therefore
operating the pressure and size of the filter) and the characteristics of incineration and others
important features small-scale tests such as the pressure sheet described
previously are usually essential. In the driving and interpretation of such
tests and progress in the work of requirements, maintenance, and the selection of
equipment accessories, the assistance of a recommended equipment supplier.

3.5 SEDIMENTATION.
Sedimentation or decantation consists of the separation, by the action of gravity
of suspended particles whose specific weight is greater than that of water and cannot
be retained in the pretreatment units, due to their fineness or density, nor can they
separate by flotation.
The objective of this operation is to obtain not only a clarified effluent but also
also from a sludge whose solid concentration allows for easy treatment and handling.
Sedimentation is used to remove settleable solids and floating material.
how to separate organic and inorganic solids (primary decantation), or also in
separate the biomass and the suspended solids from the treated effluent in the processes
biologicals (secondary decantation).
Based on the concentration of the particles and the interaction between the particles.
dependiendo de su naturaleza, se distinguen fundamentalmente tres tipos de
sedimentation: discrete, diffuse, and zonal sedimentation. Although in reality, it is
It is common for the three mechanisms to be carried out simultaneously, they will be studied.
individually in the following sections.
In discrete or granular sedimentation, the particles settle as units.
individuals with constant falling speed and without interaction with each other, their
nature does not change during the process. One example is the deposition of sand in the
desanderers.
In diffuse or flocculent sedimentation, the particles aggregate and change their nature.
(density and sedimentation velocity, etc.), and when they combine, they increase in mass and
they settle at a higher speed. An example is the precipitation that occurs in the
primary clarifiers or settlers of the wastewater treatment plant.

Zone sedimentation occurs when the forces between particles are sufficient
to hinder sedimentation, remaining in relatively fixed positions. The
particles form a kind of blanket that precipitates as a unit. This
sedimentation occurs in the secondary clarifiers of biological processes and
in chemical sedimentation.
The variables that are involved in the design and sizing of these equipment are
fundamentally: the size and specific weight of the particles, the biological forces or
electric between them, the retention time, the ascending speed and the speed
horizontal.
Climatic variables, especially wind and temperature, are of particular importance.
At higher temperatures, the lower the density of the liquid and therefore the faster, the
sedimentation, however, temperature gradients that produce must be avoided
thermal currents that reduce efficiency.
The sizing will also depend on the geometric characteristics (rectangular or
circular) and the devices that the clarifiers have (overflow, pits,
laminas, etc.). Special mention will be made of laminar flow pipettes to which
dedicate a section.

3.6 CLASSIFICATION OF SEDIMENTATORS.

In a broad sense, the term sedimentation encompasses a group of actions.
different depending on the type and concentration of solids or suspended particles.

TYPE OF CHARACTERISTICS DESCRIPTION EXAMPLES

SEDIMENTATION OF SOLIDS IN THE PROCESS
SUSPENSION
Sedimentation Discrete particles and There is no interaction Movement of
of particles isolated in solutions among the particles sedimentation of
discrete diluted and among the particles in
particles and the rest desarenadores o
of the fluid pre-sedimenters
2. Sedimentation Particles The particles are Sedimentation of
flocculent aggregable in agglomerate flocs in
solutions grouping in decanters
relatively diluted horizontal particles or of
size plates
3. Sedimentation Solutions of The particles Sludge deposition
delayed concentration interfere with each other in decanters of
intermediate in its descent upward flow.
maintaining
positions
 established.
4. Sedimentation High solutions A is formed Compaction of
compression concentration structure among the sludge deposit
particles that go
modifying
slowly with the
time

Sedimentation or decantation are carried out in reactors called sedimentation tanks.

the decanters, according to the type of particle and the direction of flow that is removed
in each unit.
The most recommended classification is as follows.

SENSE OF TYPE OF EXAMPLE RATE OF

FLOW SEDIMENTATION FLOW
N
m3/m2/d

Horizontal 1 and 2 Desanders 200 - 420

15 - 30

Vertical 2 and 3 Mud blanket 45 - 60

Inclined 1 and 2 Decanters 120 – 180

(ascending or con placas.
descendant

3.7 CAPACITY AND RESIDENCE TIME.

It is the time required for a specific material to complete its entry cycle,
permanence and exit in a permeable medium. To estimate the residence time
average, they must know each other:

The total volume of the permeable rock.

The effective pore volume, that is, the percentage of interconnected pore spaces that
it has the permeable rock (reservoir) that allows the circulation of the contained fluids
in the pores.
The percentage of the effective pore space saturated with such fluids.
The average flow rate of the fluids. This requires knowing the permeability of the reservoir,
the gradient (average slope between the entry point of the fluids and the location of
exit) and the direction of the flow of the saturating material in the pore spaces.
The relationship between the flow rate and the saturated pore volume is equivalent to the residence time.
(of permanence) of the fluid within the permeable rock.

3.8 CENTRIFUGATION.
Centrifugation can be carried out on a preparative scale or an analytical scale.
first is used to isolate particles for further use and the second
it allows determining physical properties such as the sedimentation rate or weight
molecular.
Preparative centrifugation is used to separate particles according to speed.
sedimentation (differential centrifugation), the mass (zonal centrifugation) or the density
(isopycnic centrifugation). In the first case, a supernatant liquid and a
sedimented material. In the other two cases, the particles are distributed in fractions.
of different densities of a liquid fluid (centrifugation using a gradient of
densities).
Particles can be separated based on the sedimentation velocity.
(differential centrifugation), the mass (zonal centrifugation) or the density (centrifugation
isopycnicZonal centrifugation and isopycnic centrifugation are examples.
ofcentrifugation using a density gradient.

3.9 CLASSIFICATION OF CENTRIFUGES.

According to the range of rotation speeds:

Low-speed centrifuges: desktop or clinical. Small in size and without

cooling. They reach a maximum speed of 5000 rpm. They are useful for separation.
of large particles such as cells or precipitated insoluble salts.
Microcentrifuges are a variant of the previous ones that allow reaching
speeds of more than 10,000 rpm, the working volumes are very small. They are
useful in the field of molecular biology.
High-speed centrifuges: They reach speeds of between 18,000 and 25,000 rpm. They are
refrigerated and some have a vacuum system to prevent the rotor from overheating
due to friction with the air. They are useful in the separation of cellular fractions, but
insufficient for the separation of ribosomes, viruses or macromolecules in general.
Ultracentrifuges: They exceed 50,000 rpm, so they have auxiliary systems for
cooling and high vacuum. There are analytical ultracentrifuges that allow for the obtaining of
precise data on sedimentation properties (sedimentation coefficients, weights
molecular), and preparative, useful for isolating particles with low coefficient of
sedimentation (microsomes, viruses, macromolecules).
Differential centrifugation:
It is the process that results in the obtaining of a supernatant and a material.
sedimented.
Centrifugation using a density gradient:
This type of centrifugation is a process through which particles are distributed in
fractions of different densities of a liquid fluid. The method is a bit more
more elaborate than differential centrifugation, however, it presents advantages that
they compensate for the added work. The technique allows the separation of several or all the
components of the sample and the performance of analytical measurements. The gradient method
of densities implies the use of a fluid support whose density increases from the
upper zone to the lower one. The gradient is achieved with a solute preferably of low
molecular weight, so that the sample to be analyzed can be suspended in the
resulting solution. Sucrose, synthetic polysaccharides are used as solutes,
iodinated derivatives of benzoic acid, or salts of heavy alkali metals such as the
rubidium or cesium, among others. The sample is deposited at the top of the gradient
as a thin band and, after centrifugation, the separation of the components of the sample
It presents itself as different bands or areas that can be separated (or fractionated).
There are two variants of this method, zonal centrifugation and isopycnic centrifugation:
Zonal centrifugation: In zonal centrifugation, the sample to be analyzed is deposited in the
upper part of a previously formed density gradient. Due to the force
In a centrifuge, the particles move at speeds that depend on mass and
they sediment in different zones of the gradient. The maximum density of the gradient has not
to exceed that of the particles to be separated.

Isopycnic centrifugation: Isopycnic centrifugation separates particles in a

density gradient as a function of their density. The particles are
they move in the gradient until they reach a point where their density and that of the
gradiente son idénticas (de aquí el nombre de ‘isopícnico’). En este caso, es condición
It is essential that the maximum density of the final gradient must always exceed the
density of the particles. For this reason, final sedimentation does not occur if it
they control the centrifugation conditions, as the particles float on a
"mattress" made of material that has a density higher than that of these. This technique is
it is used, for example, to separate particles that are similar in size but different
density. In this sense, isopycnic centrifugation is an appropriate method for
separate nucleic acids or different cellular organelles.
3.10 CYCLONES.
Although there is a classic procedure for separating powdered substances by means of
of sieves (screens, with meshes of various thickness), such a system cannot be applied in
many occasions.
Indeed, when trying to collect dust from a gas stream (air, by
for purifying said fluid c to take advantage of the solids it contains, is
It's hard to imagine how such an end could be achieved with some sieves. In these cases, one...
they use cyclones like the one shown in the figure. The air or gas loaded with dust enters
tangentially and at high speed in a cylindrical body.
The centrifugal force, created by the rotary motion, expels the dust outwards.
walls, where, by collision, it loses speed and falls, being collected by the part
inferior, which is funnel-shaped. The treated air exits from the top.
This procedure, which was mandatory whenever a problem arose
as mentioned earlier, it is increasingly used, as it has become
increasingly common. Until relatively few years ago, the transport of
powdery substances or fine granules inside a factory was carried out by
means of wheelbarrows, tipping carts, shovels, etc.
Nowadays, modern factories increasingly use pneumatic transportation, that is,
the sine of an air current, because it offers clear advantages (greater automation,
less labor, technical simplicity, since the transport of fluids obeys laws
very defined, etc.). A more well-known application of this system may be the
manipulation and loading of cereals (wheat) in modern silos and docks.
Ultimately, the cyclone is, today, a device of utmost relevance. A very machine
Similar to the previous one, although somewhat more complex, is the centrifugal separator.
the difference with cyclones lies in that, in this case, the rotational movement of the
The product is obtained by the rapid spinning of a disk, accompanied by that of
a system of palettes, whose mission is to create air currents that allow the
classification of dust; that is, these devices achieve the separation and classification of
dust in particles of various sizes. In the attached figure, the diagram can be seen.
of one of these devices, which gives an idea of its operation.

Centrifugal dust separators are commonly used in circuits with the

fine mills, circulating through the mill an airflow that, at the same time
acts as a refrigerant, extracts the dust, whose presence decreases the yields of the
milling. The charged air passes through the separator, which gives a coarse fraction, that
return to the mill, and a fine fraction that is directly utilized.
3.12 FLOATATION.
Floating is actually a form of decantation. It is used to separate a solid.
with less density than the liquid in which it is suspended. For example, in a mixture
From sand and sawdust we add water. The flotation allows for a more or less separation.
mixing manual.
3.13 CLASSIFICATION OF FLOTATION CELLS.
Conventional:
At the beginning of the 19th century, mineral concentration operations were carried out
in cells whose unit volumes fluctuate between 10 and 100 cubic feet. It is the
mark Denver with cell Sub-A (Sub-aired)
Today, cell to cell calls evolved the flotation, despite the appearance.
the back of larger volume cells and models are still relevant in plants today
where operational capabilities do not allow the use of large cells.
Other brands like agitair (Galigher) and Wenco (Enviroteck) also manufactured cells of
smaller volumes, currently discontinued
Large volume cells:
Starting in the 1960s, larger volume cells began to enter the market.
100 cubic feet, now we are talking about cells of 180, 200, 300, and 500 cubic feet, Denver and
Shaking their leaders in the manufacturing of these cells. The large volume cells are
those that are over 1000 cubic feet per unit and enter the market by the year
1975, en los proyectos de Cobriza y Tinta ya se instalan celdas de 500 pies cúbicos auto
aired and 1350 cubic feet with forced air respectively, which encourages others
lessons about installing larger volume cells, manage to prevail in the stages of
cleaning of copper and zinc, in the 90s giant cells of 3500 ft3 are installed, the
which have a new design, are rectangular in shape with a U-shaped background, it has been reached
up to 1550 cubic feet and in circular form up to 4,500 cubic feet, designed up to 7,000 cubic feet
(200m3), they operate with automatic foam level control.

Contact cells:
In recent years, it has been concluded that air retention is an important factor in the
performance of a flotation cell, the important characteristic of the Cells of
Pneumatic Flotation is the flotation time, most of these cells require little
time for
float. To improve the float time, research work sponsored by was initiated
the Canadian Government and Private Investors for
they started what they called the contact cell, whose characteristics combine the best
of pneumatic cells, column cells and air injection system, the characteristics
the main cell contacts are:
USBM Air Injection System, to control the size of the bubbles
2. Pressurized contact system for better control over the retention of air inside the
contacted.
3. Separation and disengagement system in equipment similar to a flotation column.
Parts of the contact cell:
Concentrator: where the mixing of air and slurry takes place.
-The Separator: where the mixture separates into two products:
Concentrate and tailing, it works very similarly to a column cell, however,
its height is only one third and it does not have air spreaders; the air mixture-
pulp enters one meter above the bottom, the concentrate receives washing water. The
results of these investigations have reported improvements in:
a. Coarse and fine particles
b. Rougher flotation and cleaning.

CONCLUSION:
The methods of separating mixtures are physical processes that can separate
components of a mixture. This undergoes a treatment that divides it into more than two
different substances. The most common methods are: Decantation, filtration, magnetization,
["extraction","screening","evaporation","distillation","chromatography","centrifugation"]
There are also another type of mixtures, which are divided into homogeneous mixtures that consist of
en que sus componentes no se pueden distinguir a simple vista; y mezclas heterogéneas
that we can distinguish its components at first glance. In this research
we also realize the types of solutions that are unsaturated solution,
saturated and supersaturated. Of the four types of mixtures into which they can be divided
heterogeneous mixtures which are; colloids, solution, gel, suspensions, and emulsions.

And finally, the solutions that can be provided according to the amount of solute dissolved.
in each solvent These methods help us a lot since they separate substances,
components, and all this refers to almost all the matter that exists on our planet.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:
a) Foust, Wenzel Principles of Unit Operations John Wiley and Sons 1990.
b) Perry Chemical Engineer Handbook McGraw-Hill Comp. New York
c) McCabe and Smith Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering McGraw-Hill 1998.
d) Peters Basic Operations of Chemical Engineering Barcelona 1999.