Slide 1 CHAMOMILE

Hello, my name is Alicer Verdugo, my companions are Kevin Ibarra, Michelle

Mendoza and Lupita Herrera. We are going to address different aspects regarding
the "Manzanilla"

Slide 2 History

Before we delve deeper into the topic, there are a couple of questions that need to be addressed.
{"question_1":"What is a medicinal plant?","question_2":"And how were they discovered?"}
What capabilities do these plants have? Medicinal plants are those that
they can be used whole or in specific parts to treat diseases of
people or animals.

The use of different plants for medicinal purposes is a very ancient practice, that
perhaps data since the beginning of human history, the full contact of
man with nature was gradually granted the knowledge of
empirical way about the use of different medicinal plants that existed in their
environment, and also realized which plants were most suitable for healing
certain diseases, the way they were prepared, administered and
they dosed, if they had side effects and/or contraindications and different
generalities and most importantly, learned to cultivate and use them.

Over time, this knowledge was expanded, moving from

generation to generation until it reaches our days. Among the different plants
Among medicinal herbs, chamomile stands out as a plant that has a flavor.
pleasant, its flowers form a yellow head surrounded by white petals,
which have different healing properties and medicinal uses.

Diapositiva 3 NOMBRE Y DESCRIPCIÓN

Chamomile is a plant with small flowers that have white petals, resembling those of the
marguerites, scientifically known as Matricaria recutita. It is mainly used
for medicinal and therapeutic purposes. Its name is due to the fact that its aroma is reminiscent of
all from an apple. The variety of uses that this herb can have makes it
an essential natural remedy. In teas, drops, and even inhaled, it has
healing qualities: it is soothing, decongests the respiratory tract, reduces inflammation
the intestines and it is an aid in diseases such as flu and cold,

Botanical Description

Chamomile is an annual, herbaceous, erect plant, glabrous, very branched, that

it can reach 60 cm in height. The leaves are sessile, deeply divided
in lacinias, very thin and threadlike; the peripheral flowers are female, in color
white. The central flowers are hermaphroditic, yellow, and tubular.
The fruit is a very small achene, greenish-yellow. The inflorescences have
a specific smell very similar to green apple, it is pleasant and has a taste
sweet.

Slide 4 commercial presence

It is common to see them in their natural state in the markets, but they also
they market tea bags, packaged remedies, droppers, cosmetics, and many others
other natural remedies. Chamomile is also an ingredient in pastas
fluoride-free dental products and mouthwashes.

Slide 5 agronomic aspects

The chamomile flower has seeds from which it carries out its
reproduction. The seed is really very small: a thousand seeds hardly reach
a weight of 0.140 grams. They can also be manually sown in gardens.
a plant that requires a lot of sunlight, especially for flowering and
production of the essential oil. The harvest consists of cutting the flowers, drying them to
the shadow and keep them for a maximum of one year in a closed place and
dark.

Slides 6 morphological characteristics of the plant

Chamomile, perhaps the most popular of all medicinal plants, is an herb.

perennial with an upright and branched stem, with few highly divided leaves. At the part
At the top of the stem, isolated heads appear, with a swollen receptacle and
hollow. Their flowers have a golden central disc and white petals. The leaves taste
the herb and are aromatic; the flowers are a bit bitter and release the
characteristic chamomile scent

Slide 7 taxonomic characteristic of the plant

The taxonomic characteristic goes from the kingdom to the species type of the
manzanilla, the kingdom in which chamomile is found is the kingdom Plantae and its
Subkingdom is the Tracheobionta, On the other hand, it belongs to the Division Magnoliophyta
which are defined as plants whose flowers have arranged whorls or spirals of
petals, stamens, and carpels. It belongs to Class Magnoliopsida, its Subclass is the
Asteridae is from the Order Asteral: it is ain
orderof flowering plants that includes, among
others, to thethe familyofthe asteraceaeamong which stand out thesunflowersythe
[Link] belongs to the Asteraceae family and its subfamily is Asteroideae, its
The genus is Matricaria and recutita is its species. This is why chamomile...
Scientifically, it is known as Matricaria recutita.
Slide 8. preparation

When a planting takes place, regardless of what is being sown, there is

a series of factors that must be taken into account such as the soil
where the planting will take place, the frequency of irrigation, what pests may
wandering through the planting, what diseases can arise from poor
harvest, and although it may seem obvious, the care that the seed must have.

Soil

When the crop is established with direct sowing, the soil must be very well
leveled and soft. Under these conditions, the seed remains on the soil surface,
so it is necessary to pass a roller, in order to achieve greater contact of the
seed with the soil.

Irrigation

It is necessary to carry out an initial deep watering, while the subsequent ones should
be shallow and frequent, if there is no precipitation. The plants have great
exposed surface (filiform leaves) and they are sensitive to dehydration in the
first stage of development.

Pests and diseases

Like all plants and flowers, chamomile can also contract
diseases or pests, although it is capable of repelling many of them. The pests
more common are aphids and thrips, and they affect the plant mainly in
spring, summer and autumn.
Aphids: This pest appears during the months with higher temperatures. Their
appearance may be due, for example, to an excess of organic matter,
Trips: Insects that locate on the underside of plant leaves to feed
from the sap. When they are found in large quantities, the plant loses vitality
and it can lead to death.

Seed

Regarding the amount of seeds used for planting, the common amount is 8 to
10 kilograms per hectare, although some go up to using 11 and even 12 kilograms
per hectare.

Slide 9. Growing conditions

During the post-harvest, they must select the chapters before separating them.
passing them through a mesh of 7 to 12 millimeters. The manual operation is
clean and selective, so no further selection is required.
Drying is done by natural or artificial method, with temperatures that do not
exceed 45°C. The moisture content must not exceed 10%, and the
material should be dried in the shade, keeping in mind the ventilation.

the dry product must always maintain its characteristic color and aroma. For the
packaging and preservation use moisture-resistant containers
located in a cool, dry, and shaded place.

Weather

Chamomile is a species that adapts to various climates, although the most

performance and the best quality are obtained in temperate to temperate-warm climates
average annual temperature between 15 and 23°C

The sowing

This type of chamomile is grown year-round in fairly loose soil.

moistened.

For planting, the seeds should be placed at a depth that is double

or triple the size of the original. Special care must be taken with this because if it
They are buried very deep and do not germinate.

SUBSTRATE
It is advisable to add compost at least once a year to ensure that we are
a good crop.

LIGHT
They prefer to be in full sun, so it is advisable to place them in sunny spaces.

Slide 10. cultivation and harvesting process

Sowing Methods

The sowing is done very superficially, in lines spaced 10 cm to 15 cm apart.

cm and its multiples, depending on the type of machine used, not exceeding 40 cm and 45
cm respectively; the most accepted is the separation at 30 cm. According to the
characteristics of the seed, care must be taken to sow on days of
little wind and low humidity.
Harvest

Manual harvest.

The harvest index for a single harvest is determined when 70% of the
The inflorescences have the disk flowers of each chapter (yellow) open.
They also recommend doing it between 3 and 5 days after flowering starts, since
that would then contain more essential oil.

Mechanical harvesting

Automated harvesters have been manufactured based on the basic principles of

the semi-mechanical harvesting systems. They do a good job of cutting and
collection, but its cost must be justified with significant operations. In the
currently 70% of the cultivated area is harvested with these machines.

Duration of the harvest

The heads should be harvested 5 to 6 months after the crop is established.

collection must be completed before the inflorescence matures.
the harvest of a plant can be completed with 2 or 3 collections, in a period
of 4 weeks, leaving a remainder of immature flowers (5 to 7%).

Slide 11. Drugs and active ingredient

Drugs

According to the European Pharmacopoeia, it consists of the dried floral chapter of the

chamomile. (Matricaria recutita), with a minimum content of 4 milliliters per

kilogram of essential oil and a 0.25% of apigenin 7-glucoside, both regarding
to the dry drug.

Active ingredient

The active ingredients of chamomile are responsible for providing numerous

properties. Among them are: essential oil, flavonoids, coumarins,
mucilages, bitter principles and mineral salts.

The essential oil produces an anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, and antispasmodic effect.

carminative, emmenagogue and slightly sedative, actions to which the
coumarins and flavonoids. The bitter principles are responsible for their activity
appetizer, digestive and choleretic. In external use, it is anti-inflammatory, analgesic,
healing and antiseptic. It is also used in many hair lotions to
lighten the hair.

Slide 12. Chemical composition and characteristics

Essential oil is found in (0.3% to 1.5%)

It is the most important component obtained from the heads of the plant and
they constitute the lipophilic group of the drug.

The Azulenos are between (26 and 46%)

Mainly camazulene which has a percentage of (6 to 15) and to a lesser extent

Guajazuleno. It is a volatile oil that gives the bluish color to the essence.
and that appears due to the action of heat during the extraction process. Therefore not
they are present in traditional infusions.

Flavonoids are found in smaller proportion with a percentage of (1 to

3%)

They, along with the mucilages, constitute the hydrophilic group of the drug.

there are other compounds among which can be found:

["Valeric acid","Ascorbic acid","Fatty acids","Salicylic acid","Steroids"]

derivatives of stigmasterol, phenolic acids, angelic acid, mucopolysaccharides
antemic acid, mineral salts and resins.

Characteristics of chamomile

Chamomile is an aromatic herb that originates from Europe, it is known and

used since ancient times, especially for its healing properties. It
it is mainly characterized by being anti-inflammatory, relaxing, and slightly sedative.

Slide 13. Uses and useful structure of the plant.

The dry inflorescences, collected between 60 and 70 days, are used.

after planting. It is used as an anti-inflammatory, disinfectant, diaphoretic and
calming, in the form of tea. The essential oil and flavonoids would be responsible
of all known pharmacological effects.

Extract
The flower extract acts as an anti-inflammatory in medicinal preparations.

In Europe, its main use is in the form of infusion, which has experienced a
growing consumption in recent years as it has transitioned from a 'medicinal tea' to
to become a commonly used drink, highly sought after sweetened with honey.

How to use

I will mention some uses of chamomile:

Infusion of 3g per cup, this can be used as a relaxant and to treat

stomach pain.
For skin use, chamomile should be boiled and once boiled, it is put in
in the refrigerator and left to cool for a couple of hours.
As an anti-inflammatory, it should be boiled with grain salt, and once it has
boiled, cloths will be introduced into the infusion which will be placed on the
affected party.

Slide 14. medicinal properties

chamomile, as we have been saying, has many medicinal properties

for example, it is protective and restorative of the gastric membrane so it is therefore
very suitable for all those conditions in which some organ of the system
digestive system is affected. It aids in difficult digestions and helps to expel the
gases of the intestinal tract.

In the same way, the efficiency of chamomile has been proven in cases of
intestinal spasms, which makes it very suitable for stomach pain.

Chamomile essential oil has anti-inflammatory properties,

antispasmodic, carminative, emmenagogue and slightly sedative, due to the
coumarins and flavonoids.

Sesquiterpene lactones are responsible for their appetizing and digestive activity.
and choleretic.

Slide 15. conservation of plant material for medicinal use

For preservation, insulating containers of humanity are used that are located in
a cool, dry, and shaded place.

Slide 16. Medicinal benefits

chamomile has numerous medicinal benefits, among which are
they find;

Reduce pain caused by arthritis.

Reduces skin inflammations.
Reduces symptoms in allergies.
Useful for treating digestive problems.
Helps in wound healing.
It is antispasmodic.
It is a natural eye anti-inflammatory (conjunctivitis).
Excellent relaxing and slightly sedative.
Facilitates menstruation and helps to relieve discomfort.
In cosmetology, it is used to lighten hair and decongest the skin.
Help with sinusitis, gout, and arthritis.
Helps with asthma and flu problems.

Slide 17. Pharmacological Actions

Having discussed the medicinal benefits of chamomile, we proceed with the

pharmacological actions of it, the vast majority of these (if not all)
they are found in essential oil and flavonoids, these would be the compounds
responsible for almost all pharmacological effects of chamomile,
highlighting its sedative, antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory, and digestive activity.

Anti-inflammatory Activity

In the tests of inflammatory edema conducted on rats, mice, and rabbits, it has been
it has been established that the anti-inflammatory activity of chamomile includes the
interaction of flavonoids (mainly) and components of essential oil

Dermatological Activity

Natural α-bisabolol has proven to be much more effective than its equivalent.
synthetic in the treatment of burns, as well as in the reduction of the
skin temperature exposed to ultraviolet radiation.

Slide 18. Medicinal applications

Plants have contributed greatly to modern Western medicine in different ways.

ways since they yield purified compounds from plants that are
used directly as medicines or their active principles are also obtained
para producir nuevas medicinas. Hay muchas formas de uso de las plantas
medicinal, and these act according to their different mode of preparation, on the level
físico o mental. Muchas de las plantas medicinales tienen múltiples formas de uso y
many of these remedies can complement each other or have similar effects
There are species that are used to treat different ailments, among the most
common we find chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.), which they use for
cough, inflammation of the stomach, and stomach pains.
Slide 19. Diseases that chamomile cures

Relieves headache
Relieves menstrual pain
Relaxing
Treats digestive problems
Camomile for gastritis, ulcers, and intestinal problems
Uses for liver care
Chamomile to induce vomiting
To treat the nerves
●Fluid retention and obesity
Cholesterol

Slide 20. Derivative drugs

There is a long list of drugs that contain chamomile as part of their

components:

drugs such as the

Eye drops (navilipo)

Tea compresses
Chamomile hydrosol (oil)
Ointment
Chamomile capsules
Oral drops (Iberogast)

For example

Slide 21. Dietary Supplements

Chamomile, a flower from the daisy family, is a dietary supplement.

popular for a variety of uses including sleep problems, anxiety,
digestive discomfort, sores in the mouth, skin infections, wound healing
colic and dermatitis.

Slide 22 has many things

how to take it

Chamomile is available in capsules, liquid extracts, tinctures, and creams.

topical among other preparations

Who should not take it?

Those with allergies

Those with bleeding disorders and who take medications that
they can increase the risk of bleeding
Pregnant and breastfeeding women.

Drug interactions

Drowsiness
 Risk of bleeding
Risk if combined with medications that affect blood sugar or
blood pressure
Interfere with hormonal therapy

Slide 23. relationships with cosmetics

Numerous cosmetic products intended for general skin care are

they include the benefits they produce on this.

It is present in cosmetics formulated for sensitive skin.

It stabilizes the skin and also exerts a calming action on the
nerve endings
Leaves the skin rested and relaxed
They keep the skin deflated and decongested
Lip balms

Slide 24. Types of market

Domestic market

The demand for domestic chamomile ranges between 120 and 180 tons.
per year. It responds to the consumption of herb shops, liquor stores, and companies
they are packaged in small bags. It is a very small and slow market.
expansion.

External market

The main demand for chamomile comes from the external market. Its
The fundamental use is for infusion, he mixes it with chamomile.
from Egypt, Hungary, and Yugoslavia.

The external market demands about 98% of the national production.

Slide 25.

This is all from our side, do you have any questions?