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Materials for engineering (University of Santiago de Chile)

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PROBLEMABNBºB1
Se ensaya a tracción una barra de sección circular de 2cm de diámetro y 10cm de longitud
built with a material exhibiting elastoplastic behavior characterized by a first elastic phase
lineal con módulo de Young igual a 2x106kgf/cm² and maximum elastic deformation of 0.2% and, prior to
the rupture, a second plastic period in which, without an increase in load compared to the previous period, the material
alcanza una deformación de 8 veces el valor de la deformación elástica. Se pide:
a) Graphical representation of the mechanical behavior of the material and the type of fracture it presents.
b) Elastic limit of the material.
c) Maximum tensile load at which the bar can be tested to work in the elastic regime.
d) Longitud de la barra bajo una carga de tracción de 100000 N.
e) If after reaching a deformation of 0.3% in the test we stop applying the load, calculate the length of
la barra tras la descarga. Representar gráficamente el proceso de carga-descarga.
f) Can the bar be rehearsed again? Justify your answer.

ANSWERS.-

a) For the graphical representation of mechanical behavior, it is necessary to know the stresses and
deformations of the elastic and plastic zone.
elastic= 0,2% = 0,002 (cm/cm) ; plastic =
8x0.002 = 0.016 (cm/cm)
elastic = E x elástica = 2 x 10 x 0.002 = 4000
6

(Kgf/cm ) ; assuming that 1 kgf= 10 N

2

elastic= 400 (MPa)

The rupture is plastic as the material in its graph shows significant deformations.

b) The elastic zone of the material is established when the stress is proportional to the strain and its value
maximum corresponds to the yield limit. From the previous question, it is established that the yield limit occurs
when: σelástica = 400 (MPa)

c)Pmax =σelástica xA = 4000 (Kgf/cm2) x (p x 22)/4 =12560 (Kgf)

Pmax = 12560(Kgf125600(N)

d)σ1 = tension for a tensile load of 100000 (N)

σ1= P/A = 100000/ (π x 0.022)/4 = 318.4 (MPa)
Then: σ1˂σelastic; this indicates that the bar under a load of 100000(N) is in regime
elastic.

Therefore: E = σ/ε => ε = σ/E = 318.4 MPa / 2x105MPa

ε = 0.0016 (cm/cm)
Additionally: ε = ∆L/L
And the final length is: Lf = L0 + ∆L = 10 + 0.016
=> ∆L = 0.0016 x 10 = 0.016 (cm)

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Lf10,016 (cm)

e) The deformation at 0.3% exceeds the maximum in the elastic regime, which is 0.2%, so by removing the
carga, la barra solicitada recuperará su deformación elástica y queda con una remanente.

εremanente = εtotal – εelastic=0,003-0,002

0.001

εremnant=∆L/L => 0.001 = ∆L/L

=> ∆L = 0.001xL = 0.001x10 = 0.01 (cm)

Then the final length is: Lf = L0+ ∆L = 10 + 0.01

Lf10.01 (cm)

Yes, since the plastic deformation of the material prior to rupture has not been completed.

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PROBLEMABNºBB2

RESPUESTA.-B

Data:
Largo = 200 mm
p = 1 mm (thread pitch)
Es 200 GPa
As 36 mm2
Ep= 7.5 GPa
Ap= 960 mm2
n = 1 (number of turns)

Ecuación de equilibrio:
Pp= 2Ps (1)
Ps forces in steel bolts
Ppforce in polymer cylinder

Compatibility equation np = number of turns (n) per the step of the

∆Ls + ∆Lp np (2) ring (p)
∆Lselongation of the steel bolt
∆Lp = acortamiento del cilindro de polímero

Knowing that: E = σ/ε => ε = σ/E and ε = ∆L/L

=> ∆Ls= PsxL/EsxAs (3) and ∆Lp= PpxL/EpxAp (4). Substituting (3) and (4) into equation (2):

PsxL/EsxAs + Pp xL/Ep xAp = np (5). Solving with (1) and (5), we have:

Pp = 2npEsAsEpAp ; Then the effort of σp=Pp/Ap = 2npEsAsEp

BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBL(2EscompressionAs+EpAp) in the polymer is: L(2EsAs+EpAp)
BBB
BBBBBB
Sustituyendo valores: σp= 2*1*1mm*200GPa*36mm2*7.5GPa
200mm(2*200GPa*36mm2+7.5GPa*960mm2)

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Therefore: σp = 25 MPa.

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PROBLEMABNºBB3
B B BUn tornillo con diámetro de 0,5” atraviesa un orificio en una placa de acero. La cabeza hexagonal del
tornillo queda adosada directamente contra la placa y el radio del círculo circunscrito del hexágono es de
0.40”. The thickness of the screw head is 0.25” and a force of 1,000 Lb is applied.f según la fig. Se pide
determine the normal stress in the section of the screw that passes through the plate and between the hexagonal head of
tornillo y la placa. Además del esfuerzo cortante en la cabeza del tornillo.

Área del triangulo equilatero

Área del hexágono

Area of resistance between the head of the screw and the plate
A = area of the hexagon - area of the screw where it goes through the plate

Normal stress in the section that passes through the screw 5092.95

Effort between the hexagonal head and the plate = = 4524,88

Shear stress at the head of the screw = = 2546.47

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PROBLEMABNBºB4
A copper tube surrounds a steel bolt and the nut is turned until it is just snug (see fig.).
efforts are produced in steel and copper, respectively, if now the screw is tightened a quarter turn
de tuerca. El tubo de cobre tiene una longitud de 16 in y un área transversal de 0,6 in2and the steel bolt
tiene un área transversal de 0,2 in2The thread pitch of the screw is 0.052 in. The elastic modulus of copper
is 16x106Lbf/in2 and the steel is 30x106Lbf/ in2.

Development.
In the case of a bolt, each turn of the nut will cause its movement along the bolt.
a distance equal to the pitch of the screw. Then the distance traveled by the nut is equal to the amount of
vueltas (no necesariamente un entero) por el paso. Así el giro de la tuerca puede estirar o comprimir un
body.
In this case, the displacement corresponds to: ¼ x 0.052 in = 0.013 in
Then the displacement in the system is:
0.013 in (1)
Con:
Elongation of the bolt
Shortening of the nut
The force analysis provides us with an equilibrium equation where:
PT= PP(2)
This means that by adding the forces in the horizontal direction, the obvious fact is established that
that the compressive force in the copper tube (PT) is equal to the tensile force in the steel bolt (PP).
Knowing that: AP Section of the bolt and AT= Sección de la tuerca ; tenemos:
y

From (1):

From (2):

Luego los esfuerzos son: 15000 psi

5000 psi

BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
PROBLEM NO B5
B B B Se ensayan a tracción tres materiales diferentes identificados por A, B y C, con probetas de 0,505” de
diameter and calibrated lengths of 2”. In the fracture, it can be seen that the distances between the calibration marks
they are 2.13", 2.48" and 2.78" respectively. It is also observed that in the fracture the cross sections

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of the diameters are 0.484", 0.398" and 0.253" respectively. Determine the percentage elongation and the
porcentaje de reducción de área en cada probeta e indique si el material es frágil o dúctil.

a) Alargamiento porcentual = x 100=( ) x100 ; con:0= 2"

l

=( ) x100

b) Percentage of area reduction = x100 x100

Si: df= diámetro final y d0= diámetro inicial:

Luego con d0= 0.505": area reduction percentage = x100

Material Lf (in) Df (in) Percentage elongation (%) Area reduction (%) Fragile or ductile
A 2.13 0,484 6.5 8,14 Fragile
B 2.48 0,398 24 37.88 ductile
C 2.78 0.253 39 74.9 ductile

Problem B6.- The concrete column in the figure is reinforced with 6 steel bars, each with a diameter of 1⅛".
Knowing the Es= 29x106steel and concrete psi Ec= 4.2x106 psi. Determine the normal stress in the
steel and concrete when a centered axial force of 350 kip is applied to this column.

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Knowing that:

Pc = Porción de la fuerza axial ocupada por el hormigón.

Ps = Porción de la fuerza ocupada por seis barras de acero.

Ec= Ec= Pc=

Es = Es = Ps=

Luego: P = Pc+ Ps =

Pro:

Additionally:

L = 4,5 ft = 54

ProblemaB7.-Dos bloques de caucho, cada uno de ancho w= 60mm, están unidos a un soporte rígido y a una
mobile plate AB. Knowing that a force of magnitude P = 19 KN causes a displacement due to shear of
3mm, determine el módulo de rigidez del caucho utilizado.

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If we consider the upper rubber block, the force applied is

1/2P, then the shear stress is:

; AcShear area

Ac= (180 mm)(60 mm) = 10,8 = 10,8

P = 19

0.87963

Problem B8.- The union of the figure is fixed with two bolts, in plates whose thickness is 20mm. Determine the
required diameter of the bolts if the allowable shear stress is 110 MPa and the load is distributed
en partes iguales en cada perno.

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d = 0,0152 = 15,2

PROBLEM NO. BB9

La barra AB es absolutamente rígida y esta soportada por tres varillas, las varillas extremas son de acero tiene
una sección transversal de 3cm²; la central es de cobre y de una sección de 9cm², todas las varillas tienen
2.10m in length and equal spacing, the modulus of elasticity for steel is 2.1x106Kg fcm² and for the
copper 1.2x106Kgf/cm², despreciar el peso de la barra. Las cargas están centradas entre las varillas.
Find the forces in each of the bars.

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Development.
Diagrama de cuerpo libre

ProblemaB10.-B

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ProblemB11.-

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ProblemB12.-B

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