Thermochemical Reactions and Calculations
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ScribdTranslationsThermochemical Reactions and Calculations
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ScribdTranslationsEXERCISES
1. Using the normal formation heat table, write the equations
thermochemical processes for the formation of:
a) NH (g)
3
NH3 + O2 = NO + H2O
b) KClO (s)
3
KCLO3 = KCL + O2
c) Al O (s)
2 3
Al2O3 = Al + O2
d) In SO (s)
2 4
2 NaOH + H2SO4 → 2 H2O + Na2SO4
e) CaCO (s)
3
CaCO3 = CaO + CO2
2. Based on the enthalpies of formation, calculate the standard enthalpy of the reaction:
4NH3(g)+ 502(g) 4NO(g)+6H2O(g)
ΔH⁰ = [6 · (-241.8) + 4 · 90.4] - [4 · (-46.2) + 5 · 0] = -904.4 kJ
3. Based on the table values, calculate the ΔH° of the following reaction:
C H + 50 3CO + 4H2O(ℓ)
3 8(g) 2(g) 2(g) 2
∆H =∆U + P∆V
• Clearing the variation of internal energy (heat of reaction at constant volume):
∆U = ∆H - P∆V
• The problem gives us the heat of combustion at constant pressure, which
corresponds to the variation of enthalpy:
∆H = -2218.8 kJ/mol
• The term P∆V is calculated according to the ideal gas law, knowing that P and T are
constants:
PΔV = ΔnRT
Δn = variation of the number of gaseous moles = 3–6 = -3
∆nRT = (- 3) · (8.31 ·10^-3) · 298 = - 7.429 kJ/mol
Then the variation of internal energy is:
∆U = -2218.8 - (-7.429) = -2211.37 kJ/mol
4. Write the thermochemical combustion equation for the following compounds:
a) C6H6 (l)
2C6H6+ 15O₂ →12CO₂ +6H₂O
b) C8H18 (g)
2C₈H₁₈ + 25O₂ → 16CO₂ + 18H₂O
5. The combustion reaction of C:
C(s)+ O2 (g) CO2 (g)
ΔH°=?
∆Hf°= -393.5 + 0 + 0 kJ/mol
ΔHf°= -393.5 kJ/mol
6. Calculate ΔH° of CH
4
C (graphite) + 2H CH ΔH° = ?
2 (g) 4 (g)
The enthalpy change for this reaction cannot be measured directly. It is necessary to
apply Hess's law to calculate.
Data:
a) C + O CO ΔH° = -393.5 KJ
(graphite) 2 (g) 2 (g)
b) 2H + O 2H O ΔH° = -571.6 KJ
2 (g) 2 (g) 2 (ℓ)
c) CH + 2O CO + 2H2O ΔH° = -890.4 KJ
4 (g) 2 (g) 2 (g) 2 (ℓ)
A C(grafito) + O2(g)→ CO2(g) ΔHº(A) = −393,5kJ
2B 2 H2(g) + O2(g)→2 H2O(l) 2ΔHº(B) =−571,8kJ
−C CO2(g) + 2 H2O(l)→CH4(g) + 2 O2(g)− ΔHº(C) = +890,3kJ
C(grafito) + 2 H2(g)→CH4(g)ΔHºR =ΔHº(A) + 2ΔHº(B)− ΔHº(C) =−75 k J
7. What is the standard entropy change for the following reaction at 25°C?
2CO(g) + O2(g) 2CO→
2
(g)
∆nRT= (0.0082) x (298) x (-2) = -4.8872 = -1.1680 kcal
∆H = 2 x (-393.5) - (-2) x (110.5)
∆H = -566 KJ = -135.28 Kcal
∆U = ∆H - ∆nRT
∆U = -135.28 Kcal - (-1.1680 kcal)
∆U= -134.112 Kcal
8. Benzene (C6H6) burns in the presence of air to produce carbon dioxide and
6 6
liquid water. How much heat is released per mole of benzene burned? The enthalpy
The standard formation of benzene is 49.04 kJ/mol.
2C6H6 (l) + 15O2 (g) 12CO2 (g) + 6H2O (l)
ΔH°rxn= Σ nΔH° (products) – Σf mΔH0(reactives)
ΔH°rxn=[12ΔHf0(CO2) +6 ΔHf0(H2O)
ΔH°rxn= [ 12x–393.5 + 6x–187.6]–[2x49.04] = -5946 kJ
-5946 kJ/2 mol = -2973 kJ/mol C6H6
9. Determine the change in internal energy for the combustion process of 1 mole of
propane at 25ºC and 1 atm, if the change in enthalpy under these conditions is -2219.8
kJ.
C3H8(g) + 5 O2(g) → 3 CO2(g) + 4 H2O(l)
∆H =–2219.8 kJ
nreactives= 1 + 5 = 6 ;
nproducts= 3 (only moles of gases)⇒ ∆n = -3
∆U = ∆H – ∆n R T = –2219 kJ + 3 mol x (8.3 J x mol–1x K–1) x 298 K = -2214 kJ
10. Knowing the standard enthalpies of formation of butane (C H), liquid water, and CO,
4 10 2
whose values are respectively -124.7, -285.8, and -393.5 kJ/mol, calculate the enthalpy
butane combustion standard.
The combustion reaction of butane is:
C4H10(g) +13/2O2(g) → 4 CO2(g) + 5H2O(l) ; ∆H 0 = ?
ΔH° = Σ np∆Hf(products) - Σ nr∆Hf° (reactives) =
4 mol(–393,5 kJ/mol) + 5 mol(–285,8 kJ/mol)–1 mol(–24,7 kJ/mol) =–2878,3 kJ
Then the standard enthalpy of combustion will be:
∆H°= -2878.3 ∆H kJ x mol−1
since ∆H° must be divided by the number of moles of burned butane.
0
11. Determine Hf of ethene (C2H4from the heat of reaction of the following
chemical reactions:
0
(1) H2(g) + ½ O2(g)→ H2O(l); H1-285.8 kJ
0
(2) C(s) + O2(g)→ CO2(g); H2– 393'13 kJ
0
(3) C2H4(g) + 3O2(g)→ 2CO2(g) + 2 H2O(l); H3-1422 kJ
The vaporization reaction is: (3) H2O(l) → H2O(g) ∆H 0 3 = ? (3) can be expressed as
(1)–(2), then:
ΔH°3= ∆Hf° − ∆ H2°= -241.8 kJ - (-285.8 kJ) = 44 kJ
∆Vaparagraph(water) = 44kJ x mol−1
The combustion enthalpies of glucose (C H O) and ethanol (C H OH) are2–2815
6 12 6 5
kJ/mol y –1372 kJ/mol, respectively. With this data, determine the energy.
exchanged in the fermentation of one mole of glucose, a reaction in which is produced
ethanol and CO. Is the reaction exothermic?
2
CHO + 6O2 → 60 6H O
6 12 6 2 + 2
C H OH + 30 2 → 2CO 3H O
2 5 2 + 2
The fermentation reaction of glucose is:
C H O C H OH + 2CO ∆H°3=?
6 12 6 2 5 2
It can be expressed as (1)–2 x (2), then
ΔH°3=∆H1-∆H2= - 2815 kJ–2( -1372 kJ) = -71kJ
And the reaction is exothermic.
0
13. Calculate S for the following chemical reactions:
a) N2(g) + O2(g)→ 2 NO(g);
b) 3 H2(g) + N2(g)→ 2 NH3(g).
0 –1 –1
Data: S (J·mol ·K ): H2(g) = 130,6; O2(g) =205;
N2(g) = 191,5; NO(g) = 210,7; NH3(g) =192,3
∆S°=Σ nandx S° (products) - Σ S° (reactants)
∆S°= 2mol x 210.7 J x mol−1x K−1-(191.5 J x mol−1x K−1+ 205 J x mol−1x K−1
∆S°= 2mol x 192.3 J x K−1-(3mol x 130.6 J x mol−1x K−1+ 191.5 J x mol−1x K−1)
-198.7 J x K−1
14. Will the following reaction be spontaneous or not: 2H O (l)→ 2H2O (l) + O (g) in
2 2 2 2
standard conditions?
0
Data: H (kJ/mol) H O(l) =–285,8; H O (l) =–187,8 ;
f 2 2 2
0 1 1)
S (J·mol K H O(l) = 69,9; H O (l) = 109,6; O (g) =205,0
2 2 2 2
0 0
H°=Σ np H (products) -Σ nr H (reactives)
f f
0 0
=2 H° (H 2O) + H (02) - 2 H (H2O2)
f f f
= 2 mol (-285.8 kJ/mol) - 2 mol (-187.8 kJ/mol) = -196.0 kJ
S°=Σ npS° (products) -Σ nrS° (reactants)
= 2 S° (H2O) + S° (02) - 2 S° (H2O2)
= 2 mol (69.9 kJ/mol) - 1 mol (205 kJ/mol)
-2 mol (109.6 J/mol.k) = 1260 J/k = 126 kJ/k
G°= H°-T. S°
-196.0 kJ–298 k. 0.126 kJ/k
-233.5 kJ will then be spontaneous