20 PHYSICIST SCIENTISTS

Albert Einstein Charles-Augustin de Coulomb Evangelista Torricelli

HARLES-

ANTOINE HENRI BECQUEREL HENRY MARCONI GEORGE SIMON OHM

GALILEO GALILEI ISAAC NEWTON COPERNICUS, NICOLAS

BERNOULLI, DANIEL FARADAY, MICHAEL DESCARTES, RENÉ

Murray Gell-Mann John Cockcroft J.J. Thomson

Albert Einstein Ulm, German Empire, March 14, 1879 - Princeton, United States, April 18, 1955) was a German physicist, later naturalized as a Swiss citizen and
American. He is considered the most well-known and popular scientist of the twentieth century. In 1905, when he was an unknown young physicist working at the Office of
Berne patents published his theory of special relativity. In it, he incorporated, within a simple theoretical framework based on simple physical postulates,
concepts and phenomena studied earlier by Henri Poincaré and Hendrik Lorentz. As a logical consequence of this theory, he deduced the equation of the most fundamental physics
popularly known: the mass-energy equivalence, E=mc². That year he published other works that would lay the foundations for statistical physics and quantum mechanics.
Contribution Albert Einstein: Einstein signed the General Theory of Relativity, Einstein's contributions were related to Brownian motion, the photoelectric effect
or the mass-energy equivalence. In addition, he was a pioneer with his Quantum Theory of Radiation, essential for the functioning of laser technology, and the so much of
fashion Global Positioning Systems (GPS).

CHARLES-AUGUSTIN DE COULOMB French physicist and military engineer. He was educated at the École du Génie in Mézières and graduated in 1761 as a military engineer.
with the rank of First Lieutenant. Coulomb served in the West Indies for nine years, where he oversaw the construction of fortifications in Martinique.
In 1774, Coulomb became a correspondent of the Academy of Sciences of Paris. Contributions In his honor, the unit of electric charge is named after him.
coulomb (C). Among other theories and studies, he is credited with the theory of straight torsion and an analysis of soil failure within Soil Mechanics. He shared the
first prize of the Academy for his article on magnetic compasses and he also received the first prize for his classical work on friction, a
study that was not surpassed for 150 years. During the following 25 years, he presented 25 articles to the Academy on electricity, magnetism, torsion and
applications of the torsion balance, as well as several hundred reports on engineering and civil projects. He also made contributions in the field of
ergonomics. Coulomb's greatest contribution to science was in the field of electrostatics and magnetism.

EVANGELISTA TORRICELLI Italian physicist and mathematician. Born in Faenza, he became orphaned at an early age, and was raised under the guardianship of his uncle.
Jacobo Torricelli, a Camaldolese monk who taught him humanities. In 1627 he was sent to Rome to study sciences with the Benedictine Benedetto Castelli.
(1577–1644), called by Urban VII to teach mathematics at the Sapienza college and one of Galileo's earliest disciples. AFTER MANY
observations, concluded that the variations in the height of the mercury column are due to changes in atmospheric pressure. In its title Geometric Opera,
published in 1644, also exposed his findings on fluid mechanics phenomena and the motion of projectiles. Among the new discoveries
what was done, there is a principle that says that if a series of bodies are connected in such a way that, due to their movement, their center of gravity does not
it can rise or fall, then, these bodies are in equilibrium. He also discovered that the envelope of all the parabolic trajectories described by
The projectiles launched from a point with equal speed, but in different directions, form a paraboloid of revolution. Likewise, he employed and perfected the
Cavalieri's method of indivisibles. He also made important improvements to the telescope and microscope, producing numerous lenses.
recorded with his name, which are still preserved in Florence.

ANTOINE HENRI BECQUEREL (December 15, 1852 – August 25, 1908) was a French physicist who discovered radioactivity and was awarded the Prize
Nobel Prize in Physics of 1903. Son of Alexandre-Edmond Becquerel and grandson of Antoine César Becquerel, one of the founders of electrochemistry. He studied and
He earned a doctorate in Sciences at the Polytechnic School in the French capital. He was a professor at the Natural History Museum in 1892 (the third member of his family to do so).
and from the École Polytechnique in 1895. CONTRIBUTIONS He conducted research on phosphorescence, spectroscopy, and light absorption. In his honor, a
unit of measurement of radioactive activity in the International System of Units: the becquerel. In his honor, the Becquerel crater has also been named.
Luna, and the Becquerel crater on Mars. In 1903 he shared the Nobel Prize in Physics with Pierre and Marie Curie in recognition of their extraordinary services for
the discovery of spontaneous radioactivity.

HENRY MARCONI was raised in a town near Bologna. His Irish mother often took Marconi to visit his relatives in England, the young man took a...
formal education. But in Bologna, his neighbor, the distinguished physicist Righi, influenced Guglielmo to take an interest in electricity in general and in the
Hertz's work in particular. Marconi repeated Hertz's experiments in the attics of his house. Hertzian Waves were produced by the sparks of a
circuit transmitting at very short distances initially, which is why Marconi developed a circuit that transmitted Hertzian Waves over a distance of several
kilometers, which is why he was interested in unsuccessfully appealing to the Italian Ministry of Telegraphy. CONTRIBUTION Marconi's achievement was to produce the waves
transmissible over long distances. Experiments and demonstrations continued. In 1901, the first Transatlantic signals were received. He also invented the
tuning (1899), the magnetic detector (1902), the directive antenna (1905), the rotary oscillator, the spark gap system for the generation of continuous waves (1902),
the beam system or directive networks, etc. perfected microwave devices; author of Wireless Telegraphy; Radiocommunication; Received the Nobel Prize for
Physics in 1909 jointly with K.F. Braun. The inventions of the diode rectifier valves made it possible to transmit voice and music.

GEORGE SIMON OHM Both his father, a locksmith by profession, with a broad culture for the time obtained in a self-taught way, like his mother, took care of
to impart knowledge of mathematics, physics, chemistry, and philosophy to the children. Around 1805, Georg Simon entered the University of Erlangen, which he left
After the third semester, due to the interference of his dissolute lifestyle with his studies. For that reason, his parents sent him to Switzerland, where he began to work.
As a teacher at a school in Gottstadt near Nydan, he continued studying mathematics. Contributions As a result of his research, in 1827 Georg Simon
Ohm discovered one of the fundamental laws of electric current, which we now know as 'Ohm's Law'. This important law postulates that 'the current that
It circulates through a closed electric circuit, is directly proportional to the voltage applied, and inversely proportional to the resistance it offers.
I pass the load that is connected.

GALILEO GALILEI (February 15, 1564 – January 8, 1642) was an astronomer, philosopher, mathematician, and physicist who was closely related to the ...
scientific revolution. Galileo was born in Pisa, Italy, on February 15, 1564. The eldest son of seven siblings, his father Vincenzo Galilei, born in Florence in 1520, was
mathematician and musician, and he wanted his son to study medicine. His family belonged to the lower nobility and made a living through trade. Until the age of ten
Years he was educated by his parents. They moved to Florence, leaving a neighboring priest in charge of Galileo. Through him, he gained access to the convent of Santa
Maria of Vallombrosa in Florence where she received religious training. CONTRIBUTIONS He has been considered the "father of modern astronomy", the "father of
modern physics" and the "father of science." His experimental work is considered complementary to the writings of Francis Bacon in the establishment of
The modern scientific method and his scientific career complement that of Johannes Kepler. His work is considered a break from established ideas.
Aristotelian and their confrontation with the Roman Catholic Church is often taken as the best example of the conflict between authority and freedom of thought in
Western society.

ISAAC NEWTON was born in Woolsthorpe, Lincolnshire, England; he was the son of two Puritan farmers, although he never came to know his father, as he had died.
in October 1642. He studied at the Free Grammar School in Grantham and at the age of eighteen entered the University of Cambridge to continue his
studies. Newton never regularly attended his classes, as his main interest was the library. He graduated from Trinity College as a mediocre student.
Due to his mainly self-taught background, reading some of the most important books on mathematics and natural philosophy of the time. CONTRIBUTIONS
The contributions made by Newton in the field of sciences are still completely relevant. The three laws of motion, known as the Laws of
Newton, a basic requirement in every physics course, and his discoveries are essential study for those knowledgeable in the natural sciences.

COPERNICUS, NICOLAS (Poland, February 19, 1473–Poland, May 24, 1543) He was the astronomer who formulated the first Heliocentric Theory of the System
Solar. His book, 'De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium' (On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres), is usually conceived as the starting point of astronomy.
modern. He studied at the University of Krakow (1491-94) under the guidance of the mathematician Wojciech Brudzewski. He traveled through Italy and enrolled at the University
from Bologna, (1496-99), where he studied Law, Medicine, Greek, and Philosophy, and worked as an assistant to the astronomer Domenico da Novara. Contributions Copernicus is
considerado como el fundador de la astronomía moderna, proporcionando las bases que permitieron a Newton culminar la revolución astronómica, al pasar de un
from a geocentric cosmos to a heliocentric universe, irreversibly changing the view of the cosmos that had prevailed until then. Thus, what is known
As the Copernican Revolution, its formulation of the heliocentric theory, according to which the Earth and the other planets revolve around the Sun.

LEIBNIZ, GOTTFRIED (July 1, 1646 – Hannover, November 14, 1716) was a German philosopher, mathematician, jurist, and politician of Sorbian origin, born in
Leipzig in July 1646. He was one of the great thinkers of the 17th and 18th centuries, and he is recognized as the 'last universal genius'. He made profound and important
contributions in the areas of metaphysics, epistemology, logic, philosophy of religion, as well as to mathematics, physics, geology, jurisprudence, and history. He holds a
equally important place in the history of Philosophy as well as in that of Mathematics. Contributions He discovered infinitesimal calculus, independently
of Newton, and his notation is the one used since then. He also discovered the binary system, the foundation of virtually all architectures of the
current computers. Its philosophy is also linked to the scholastic tradition and anticipates modern logic and analytical philosophy. Leibniz also did
contributions to technology, and anticipated notions that appeared much later in biology, medicine, geology, probability theory, psychology, engineering,
and information sciences. Leibniz was considered a universal genius by his contemporaries. His work addresses not only mathematical problems and philosophy, but also
also theology, law, diplomacy, politics, history, philology, and physics.

SNELL, GEORGE DAVIS (Massachusetts, December 19, 1903 – Maine, June 6, 1996). American geneticist; He obtained a Ph.D. from the University of
Harvard in 1930. Studied at the University of his hometown. Professor of Zoology at Dartmouth and Brown University. In 1935 he worked as
associate investigator at the Jackson Laboratory in Bar Harbor (Maine). He was a member of the Academy of Sciences of the United States, of the French Academy of
Science and honorary member of the British Transplant Society. Co-recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine in the year 1980, along with
Baruj Benacerraf and Jean Dausset, for their discovery of Major histocompatibility complex genes, which encode the molecules on the surface of cells,
importance for the immune system to differentiate between self and non-self. His work helped to discover the genetic factors involved
in the process of organ transplants between individuals of the same species. It was defined that the success of transplant operations depended on the molecules
cell surface proteins, which are antigens that have characteristic shapes and structures and are different from one individual to another.

GALVANI, LUIGI (Italy, September 9, 1737 – id., December 4, 1798) Italian physician, physiologist, and physicist, his studies allowed him to decipher nature
electric impulse of the nervous system. He was born in the university city of Bologna in 1737. From an early age, he became interested in theology and studied it for a time.
but then he abandoned her for medicine, enrolling in the university of his city. There he discovered his interest in uncovering how things worked
senses of the anatomy and surgery in his university shortly after having received his degree (1762). Contributions With his explanations, Galvani had finally
disregarding the ancient theories of Descartes who thought that the nerves were merely tubes that transported fluids. The true nature of the system
nervioso como un dispositivo eléctrico enormemente eficiente había sido comprendida por fin. Desafortunadamente, en tiempos de Galvani no existían
measuring instruments capable of determining the very low voltage levels that circulate through the nerves: the task was necessarily left in the hands of
later scientists equipped with more advanced technology.

DANIEL BERNOUlli Daniel Bernoulli was the second son of Johann Bernoulli and nephew of Jacob Bernoulli, and brother of Nicolás Bernoulli and Johann Bernoulli. In the
In the year 1725, Daniel and his brother Nicolás were invited to work at the Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg. There, he collaborated with Euler, who arrived in St. Petersburg.
in the year 1727. In the year 1731, Daniel expanded his research to cover issues of life and health statistics. In the year 1733, Daniel returned to
Basel where he taught anatomy, botany, philosophy, and physics.

ContributionsHis most important work was in hydrodynamics, which considered the most important properties of fluid flow: pressure, density, and
speed and gave its fundamental relationship known now as Bernoulli's Principle or Dynamic Theory of fluids. He also established the basis of the theory.
kinetics of gases. Between the years 1725 and 1749, he won ten awards for his work in astronomy, gravity, tides, magnetism, ocean currents and the
behavior of a vessel at sea.

FARADAY, MICHAEL (Newington, September 22, 1791 – London, August 25, 1867) was a British physicist and chemist, who studied in depth
determinant of electromagnetism and electrochemistry. Son of James Faraday, he was born in a town called Newington, on the outskirts of London (England),
received little academic training, starting at the age of 13 to work as an apprentice with a bookbinder in London. During the 7 years he spent there, he read books on
scientific themes and conducted experiments in the field of electricity, developing a keen interest in science that never left him. Contributions He achieved
demonstrate the relationship between magnetic and electric phenomena, the basis of transformers, motors, and generators (among others). He performed
contributions in the field of electricity. In 1821, after the Danish chemist Oersted discovered electromagnetism, Faraday built two
devices to produce what he called electromagnetic rotation, in reality, an electric motor. Ten years later, in 1831, he began his most famous
experiments with which he discovered electromagnetic induction, experiments that still today are the basis of modern electromagnetic technology.
Working with static electricity, he demonstrated that electric charge accumulates on the outer surface of the charged electrical conductor, regardless of what
What could be inside it. This effect is used in the device called Faraday cage.
DESCARTES, RÉNÉ (March 31, 1596 – died February 11, 1650). He was a French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist. René believed that his mother died at his birth.
It is true that he died a year later, during the birth of a brother who also did not survive. He was a student at the Royal College of La Flèche, run by the Jesuits, from 1604.
In 1612, education in La Flèche provided him, during the first five years, with a solid introduction to classical culture, having learned Latin and Greek.
the reading of authors such as Cicero, Horace, and Virgil, on one side, and Homer, Pindar, and Plato, on the other. In September 1649, Queen Christina of Sweden gave him
llamó a Estocolmo. Allí murió de una neumonía el 11 de febrero de [Link] científico, Descartes produjo al menos dos importantes revoluciones. En
mathematics simplified algebraic notation and created analytic geometry. He was the creator of the Cartesian coordinate system, which paved the way for
development of differential and integral calculus by the English mathematician and physicist Sir Isaac Newton and the German philosopher and mathematician Gottfried Leibniz.

Murray Gell-Mann (New York, September 15, 1929) is an American physicist. He studied at the
Yale University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Professor since 1955 at the California Institute of Technology (Pasadena), where he served
Since 1967 the Chair of Theoretical Physics, was a member of NASA since 1964. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1969 for his discoveries about
elementary particles. Gell-Mann's theory brought order to the chaos that arose when nearly 100 particles were discovered inside the atomic nucleus.
DescubrimientoVarias son las aportaciones de Gell-Mann al campo de la física de partículas, de la que está considerado como una de las figuras más relevantes. En
1953 defined a new quantum property, which it named 'strangeness', to explain the strange decay patterns of certain classes of mesons.
(spin particles of one or zero, characteristics of strong interactions). Gell-Mann's theory brought order to the chaos that arose with the discovery of nearly 100
particles inside the Atomic Nucleus. These particles, in addition to protons and neutrons, were made up of other elementary particles called
quarks. Quarks are held together by the exchange of gluons.

John Cockcroft (May 27, 1897 - September 18, 1967) was a British physicist. He received the Nobel Prize in Physics for being the first to disintegrate a
atomic nucleus, and was crucial in the development of nuclear energy. Cockcroft was born in Todmorden, England. He was educated at the secondary school of
Todmorden studied mathematics at the University of Manchester. Discovery During World War II, he was involved in the development of radar and
the atomic bomb. In 1946, he led atomic research for peaceful uses at the Harwell center, where the first atomic piles were built
British.

Joseph John 'J.J.' Thomson was born on December 18, 1856, in Cheetham Hill, a district of Manchester in England, and had Scottish ancestry.
In 1870, he studied engineering at Owens College, now part of the University of Manchester, and moved to Trinity College, Cambridge in [Link]
Thomson investigated the nature of cathode rays and demonstrated that electric fields could cause their deflection, and he experimentally observed their deviation.
under the combined effect of electric and magnetic fields, seeking the relationship between charge and mass of particles, a proportionality that is
remained constant even when the material of the cathode was altered. In 1897, he discovered a new particle and demonstrated that it was approximately a thousand times more
lighter than hydrogen. All these works helped Thomson to establish a model of the structure of the atom, although incorrect, as he assumed that the
positively charged particles were homogeneously mixed with the negatively charged ones.

Guglielmo Marconi was an Italian electronic engineer, entrepreneur, and inventor, known as one of the most prominent pioneers of radio transmission.
long distance, due to the establishment of the Marconi law, as well as the development of a wireless telegraphy (WT) or radiotelegraphy system. It is pointed out that
sometimes like the inventor of the radio and shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1909 with Carl Ferdinand Braun in recognition of his contributions in the
development of wireless telegraphy, however, in 1943 the Supreme Court of the United States revoked the patent and recognized Nikola Tesla as the sole inventor
from the radio. .DiscoveryHis first achievement was in 1886 when he transmitted the first radio telegraphic message with the receiver being 250 meters away from the transmitter.
From this and other discoveries, he was convinced that Hertzian waves follow the curvature of the Earth and do not travel in a straight line. In 1890 he was
very interested in wireless telegraphy and around 1895 had already invented a device with which he managed to send signals several kilometers away
through a directional antenna.

Francis Crick received, along with James Dewey Watson and Maurice Wilkins, the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1962 'for their discoveries concerning the
molecular structure of deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA) and its importance for the transfer of information in living matter Discovery Many
Scientific discoveries were made in the 20th century; however, the most important was that of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecule discovered by
Francis Crick and James Watson. The contribution of these two scientists was the double helix structure or also spiral staircase that allowed for a deeper understanding of the
knowledge about life on Earth. Due to his discoveries, it allowed the development of molecular biology and a great contribution to science beyond
other important researchers.