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Newton-Raphson Root Finding Method

The document describes the application of the Newton-Raphson method to find the root of the equation cos(x) - x * e^x = 0, starting with an initial guess of x = 0.5. It details the iterative process, showing calculations for three iterations that converge to the root 0.5177, accurate to four decimal places. The document also explains the derivation of the function and its derivative used in the iterations.

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abdulahadbapari
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16 views2 pages

Newton-Raphson Root Finding Method

The document describes the application of the Newton-Raphson method to find the root of the equation cos(x) - x * e^x = 0, starting with an initial guess of x = 0.5. It details the iterative process, showing calculations for three iterations that converge to the root 0.5177, accurate to four decimal places. The document also explains the derivation of the function and its derivative used in the iterations.

Uploaded by

abdulahadbapari
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

import math

def f(x):
return [Link](x) - x * [Link](x)

def df(x):
return -[Link](x) - [Link](x) * (1 + x)

x = 0.5 # Initial guess


print(f"Initial guess: {x}")
print(f"f({x}) = {f(x)}")
print(f"df({x}) = {df(x)}")

print("\nIterations:")
for i in range(1, 6):
fx = f(x)
dfx = df(x)
h = -fx / dfx
x_new = x + h
print(f"n={i}: x_{i-1}={x:.6f}, f(x)={fx:.6f}, f'(x)={dfx:.6f},
x_{i}={x_new:.6f}")
if abs(x_new - x) < 0.00005: # Convergence check for 4 decimal
places
print(f"Converged to {x_new:.6f}")
break
x = x_new

Initial guess: 0.5


f(0.5) = 0.05322192654030866
df(0.5) = -2.9525074446543953

Iterations:
n=1: x_0=0.500000, f(x)=0.053222, f'(x)=-2.952507, x_1=0.518026
n=2: x_1=0.518026, f(x)=-0.000817, f'(x)=-3.043492, x_2=0.517757
n=3: x_2=0.517757, f(x)=-0.000000, f'(x)=-3.042124, x_3=0.517757
Converged to 0.517757

To find the real root of the equation cos x − x e x =0 using the Newton-Raphson method, correct to
four decimal places, we follow the steps below.

1. The Newton-Raphson Formula


f (x n)
The iterative formula is given by: x n+1=x n − ′
f (x n )

Where:
x
 f ( x)=cos x − x e
′
 f ( x) is the derivative of f (x).
′ d d x
Finding the Derivative f ′ ( x): Using the product rule for x e x: f ( x)= (cos x)− (x e )
dx dx
′ x x ′ x
f ( x)=− sin x −(1 ⋅e + x ⋅e ) f ( x)=− sin x − e (1+ x)

2. Initial Guess ( x 0)
We first locate an interval where the root lies by checking values (remember to use radians).
 f (0)=cos (0)−0=1 (Positive)
1
 f (1)=cos (1)−1 ⋅e ≈ 0.54 − 2.718=− 2.178 (Negative)
Since the sign changes between x=0 and x=1, a root exists in this interval. Since f (0) is closer
to 0 than f (1), let's choose a starting value closer to 0, say x 0=0.5 .

3. Iteration Table
We repeat the process until the value of x stabilizes to four decimal places.

Current Value Next Value (


′
Iteration (n ) ( x n) f (x n) f ( xn ) x n+1 )
1 0.5000 0.0532 −2.9525 0.5180
2 0.5180 − 0.0008 −3.0435 0.5177
3 0.5177 0.0000 −3.0421 0.5177

Detailed Calculations:
0.0532
Iteration 1: x 1=0.5 − ≈ 0.5+0.0180=0.5180
−2.9525
−0.0008
Iteration 2: x 2=0.5180 − ≈ 0.5180 −0.0003=0.5177
−3.0435
0.0000
Iteration 3: x 3=0.5177 − ≈ 0.5177
− 3.0421
Since x 2 and x 3 are identical up to four decimal places, we stop here.

Conclusion
The real root of the equation cos x − x e x =0 correct to four decimal places is:

0.5177
Would you like me to show how to check this result by plugging it back into the original
equation?

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