ESTIMATION AND VALUATION

BCE-7TH SEMESTER
 INTRODUCTION
 AN ESTIMATE IS AN EXPRESSION OF OPINION OR THE PREDICTION OF
THE PROBABLE FUTURE COSTS OF CERTAIN CONSTRUCTION ACTIVIBES,
USUALLY BASED ON SOME DATA HAVING AN ACCEPTABLE DEGREE OF
RELIABILITY.
Estimating is the technique of calculating or Computing the various
quantities and the expected Expenditure to be incurred on a particular
work or project.

THE SUCCESS OF THE BUSINESS WILL BE DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL TO

THE QUQLITY OF THE ESTIMATING PROCESS AND THE RELIABILITY OF ITS
RESULTS.
 Principle PROCEDURE

1. Preparing detailed
To Find Out : Estimate.
2. Calculating the rate of each
unit of work
1. What We Need ?
3. Preparing abstract of
2. How much We Need?
3. How much it Costs ? estimate
4. It is in our Financial Limits ?
5. Change Required or
Proceed ?
 Importance And Purpose
• To Fix The Budget For The Project
• FOR THE ADMINISTRATIVE APPROVAL of Budget
• To Calculate Required Quantity Of Resources - Such As
Money, Men, Materials And Machines,
• To Draw A Work Schedule For The Project
• Identifying The Needs For Alternative Solutions To
Achieve Economy In Construction,
• Scheduling And Monitoring Of The Project Time And
Cost,
• To Prepare And Submission Of Tenders Or Bills
• To Prepare Valuation Of Property.
 Estimated Cost and Actual Cost
Estimated Cost
 Before Undertaking the Construction
 Theoretical
 Based on Mathematical Calculation of Drawings,
Specification, District rate, Rate Norms etc.
 Depends on Experience of the Estimator.

Actual Cost
 After Completion of Work
 All Expenditure Summed Up (Maintained Day to Day)
 Tool for Checking of Estimation Accuracy
 System Of Units
SI Units
1. Length – meter (m)
2. Mass – Kilograms (KG)
3. Time – Second (Sec)
Units of Measurement and Payment of
Materials
 Units of Measurement and Payment of
Works
Civil Construction
Sl. No. Units of measurement Unit of payment
Works
Earthwork: Excavation,
1 m3 m3
filling, cutting, banking
2 Surface dressing m2 m2
3 Cutting of trees Number Per number
Stones: quarrying,
4 m3 m3
blasting
Concrete: PCC, RCC,
5 m3 m3
Precast
6 Jail works m2 m2
7 Damp proof course m2 m2
Brick work of any
8 m3 m3
description
9 Thin partition wall m2 m2
String course, drip
10 course, water course m m
coping etc.
 Stone work of any
11 m3 m3
description
Stone work in wall
12 facing (thickness m2 m2
specified)
Wood work: truss,
13 m3 m3
rafter, beam etc.
14 Door, window shutters m2 m2
15 Door, window fittings Number Per number
Timbering, boarding,
sawing of timber,
16 m2 m2
timbering of trenches,
partition, etc.
17 Steel work Quintal Per quintal
Expanded metal, fabric
18 reinforcement, cutting cm2 cm2
angles, plates, tees
Threading; welding;
19 cm Per cm
solder of sheets
Iron gate, grill
20 collapsible gate, rolling m2 m2
shutter
21 Iron railing m m
Roofing: tiled,
corrugated iron, caves
22 m2 m2
board (thickness
specified)
23 Centering, shuttering m2 m2
Ridges; valleys; gutters
24 m m
(girth given)
Expansion and
25 m m
contraction joints
Ceiling timber, A.C.
26 m2 m2
sheet, board, etc.
Plastering; pointing;
white washing;
distempering; painting;
27 m2 m2
varnishing; polishing;
coal tarring; removing
of paints
28 Flooring of any kind m2 m2
29 Pipes, laying of pipes m m
Dismantling of brick
30 m3 m3
masonry
31 Grouting m2 m2
Grouting of cracks,
32 m m
joints
Supply of sand; brick
33 ballast; aggregates; m3 m3
timber
34 Supply of cement Bag Per bag
Supply of steel, G.I.
35 sheet, bare electric Quintal Per quintal
line
36 Supply of GI sheet m2 m2
Supply of sanitary
37 Number Per number
items
Supply of paint,
38 Liter Per liter
varnishes
Supply of explosives,
39 Kg Per kg
stiff paint
 Data Requirement for Estimating
• Drawings
• Specification
– General Specification
– Detailed Specifications
• Schedle of Rates
• Method of Estimation
Methods of Measurements of Building
and Civil Engineering Works
Depends Upon:-
 Shape
 Size
 Nature of Work
General Rules
 Each Items Shall be fully Described
• Measurement shall be made for finished item of work and
• description of each item shall include materials, transport,
labour,
• fabrication tools and plant and all types of overheads for
finishing
• the work in required shape, size and specification.
• Same type of work under different conditions and nature shall
be
• measured separately under separate items
 Booking Dimension Order
 Length
 Width
 Height
 Weight
Tolerences
Measurement of Dimensions – 0.01 m
Except for
1. Thickness of Slab 0.005m
2. Steel Work or wood work 0.001m
Measurement of Areas – 0.01 m2
Except for Steel Work Areas 0.001 m2
Measurement of Volumes – 0.01 m3
Except for Wood Work 0.001 m3
Subheads of Various Items of Work
1. Earthworks 5. Iron Works
1. Cutting 6. Flooring Works
2. Filling
1. Screeding
2. Masonary Works
2. Punning
1. Brick Work
2. Stone Work 3. Tile and
3. Concrete Works Marbles
1. PCC 7. Roofing Works
2. RCC 8. Plastering Works
4. Wood Works 9. Painting Works etc.
 Various Method of Calculation of
Quantities
• Center Line Method
• Long and Short Wall Method
• Crossing Method
 Center Line Method
• Centre line approach is relevant to the square
constructing with symmetrical offsets. To calculate
the quantities of substances, you need to multiply the
overall centre line length with breadth and depth of
the construction.
• The centre line period might be reduced with the aid of
half of breadth of each junction
• the total center line length of walls in a building is first
calculated, then the center line length is multiplied
with the breadth and depth of the respective items to
get the total quantity at a time.
 First, we need to calculate
the total center line length
of the building.
Total center line length =
2 x 5.3 + 2 x 4.3 = 19.2 m.

Brickwork in superstructure = 19.2 x 3.5 x 0.3 = 20.16 m3

2. Concrete in foundation = 19.2 x 0.9 x 0.3 = 5.18 m3

3. a) Brickwork in foundation for 1st footing = 19.2 x 0.6 x 0.3 m3
b) Brickwork in foundation for 2nd footing = 19.2 x 0.5 x 0.3 = 2.88 m3

CONCRETE
 Long and Short Wall Method
• In this method, the wall along the length of room
is considered to be long wall while the wall
perpendicular to long wall is said to be short wall.
• external out-to-out length of walls running in the
longitudinal direction generally is considered as
“long wall” while the in-to-in internal length of
walls running in the transverse direction is called
as “short wall”
• For calculating quantity multiply the length into
the breadth and height of the wall.
 Crossing Method
• In this method, lengths and breadths of the
masonry walls at the plinth level are taken
(internal dimension of the room + thickness of
the walls) for calculating quantities.
• In the crossing method of estimation, one
calculates the overall perimeter of the building
and subtracts from this four times the wall’s
thickness to determine the center-line length.
• This method is now rarely used.
 Abstracting Bill of Quantities
• Abstraction is the process of collating all the
quantities 'taken off' into a single total for each
element that can then be transferred into the bill
of quantities.
• It is the statement of the various items of work
giving the description, quantities, and unit, rates.
• The amount of quantity when multiplied by the
corresponding rates and totaled, gives estimated
cost of project.
 S.N. Description Units Quantity Rates Amount Remarks

Clearing the site of all the

vegetation, roots and other
unuseful materials including
excavation of top soil to a depth of
15 cm, removing bushes, trees and
levelling the Site for stacking the
useful items in specified space and
Civ. 1 disposing other item before Sqm 326.96
commencing the construction work
& Placing project description sign
board as per instruction of the site
engineer all complete including
layout of buildings, roads and
ancillary services.
 Transportation cost, Overheads and
Conttigency
Transportation cost
Materials to the site through Vehicles.
Involves Transport and carriage charges of materials
It is the money behind making sure all things or
people get where they need to be so to get product or
service on time.
Depends upon;
 Loading Capacity of Vehicle
 Mode of Transportation
 Seasonal or peak periods
 Geographical Factors
 Other service charges
 Distance to transport
 Cost of Fuel Cost of Hiring Charges
Overheads

1. Overhead costs refer to those expenses that

are required by the organization to run its
operations and they do not cover any direct
expenses of project activities.
2. Overhead costs are all the indirect costs
3. In General overheads are Catagorized as
a. General Overheads
b. Job overheads
• General Overhead. • Job Overhead
– Establishment of office – Supervision
– Stationary – Insurance
– Printing – Compensations etc.
– Rent and Taxes
– Travelling
– Telephone etc.

Note :- On construction project, Profit and

overheads are normally referred to in relation to
contractors .
-G e n e r a l l y a d d e d a s 1 5 %
contingency
 the money allotted for unexpected costs during construction.
Can not classified in any distinct item or sub-head.
Generally, (3-5) % of the estimated cost.
Saved contingencies are utilized with the approval of the
authority, to meet the expenses of extra items of works.
Some examples are
unforeseen site conditions,
changes in project scope,
unplanned repairs,
delays in timeline and
regulation changes
 A clear, detailed plan or description of how something will be
made
Specification is a statement of particulars for execution of any
item of work
Specifications are written by experts of a particular field.
It describes the nature and the class of the work, materials to
be used in the work, the workmanship and the tools and plants
which are required to complete an engineering project in
accordance with its drawing and details
Drawing doesn’t tell us ;
Details of different items of work
Proportion of materials
Workmanship
 IMPORTANCE
• The specification describes the quality and quantity of
a materials, workmanship and equipment required for
execution of the project and hence it directly affects
the cost of the project.
• Moreover, it allows the contractor to make programs
for their procurement beforehand.
• Specification provides specific guidelines for the
workmanship and the method of doing work. Thus, it
serves as a guideline for supervising staff to execute
the work.
• Specifications enable the employer to check the quality
of the materials and workmanship.
• The contractor bids the tender as per the specification
and is paid as per the tendered price. Any change in
specification changes the tender rate.
• It is a powerful contract documents.
 PURPOSE
• Guide the Site engineer in execution of work
• Guide the bidder at the time of bidding.
• Guide for the checking, supervising, testing
• Guide for preparation of required quality of
items
• Guide for ordering and managing of materials,
equipments, labours etc as per the requirement.
• Dispute resolution.
 Types of Specification
• General specification
• Detail specification
• Contract specifications
• Standard specification
• Special specification
• Open or manufacturer’s specification
 General Specification
 In General Specifications
Nature And Class Of The Work,
 Names Of Materials, And
 The Proportions That Should Be Used In The Various
Items Of The Work Are Described.
Only A Brief Description Of Each And Every Item Is Given.
 It Is Useful For Estimating The Project Without Going Through
Lengthy Detailed Specifications
Materials Nature And Class Of The Work Can Be Known From The
General Specifications
 Detail Specification
The detailed specifications describe the item of work in details,
accurately and complete in all respects in relation to the drawings
of the works.
 Detailed specification for a particular item specify the
qualities, quantities
proportion of the materials
the method of preparation
Execution
mode of measurements
 The method and duration of protection of finished works as
required are specified in the detailed specifications.
The detailed specifications are arranged in the same sequence of
order as the work carried out.
The detailed specifications form an important part of contract
document.
 Contract specification
The specifications written for a particular construction project given
contract to accompany the detailed drawings are called contract
specifications or project specifications

Special specification
 Some items that are not covered or work not well covered by
the departmental standard specifications
special specifications for such items are drawn up by engineer-
in-charge approved and included in the tender paper under a
heading special specifications.
 Standard specification
Preparation of detailed specification for an item is a time and
labor extensive job.
There are scopes for deviations and omissions while writing
lengthy specifications.
 standardized specifications for most of works are prepared by
the engineering department which serves as a standard guide to
the department.
These standard specifications are numbered.
 After standardizing specifications, it is not necessary to write
detailed specifications, with all the contract documents.
 While preparing the contract document only the serial number
of standard specifications is written.
This saves time, labor and other expenditures.
 SPECIFICATION WRITING
FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED:
1. Specification Language
 Dual Meaning Should be avoided
 Simple and easy to understand
2. Brief
• Refer to national and international standards (NBC, IS) code of
practice.
3. Standard size and Pattern
• Available material in market should be included
• For eg 15mm bars unavailable in the market
4. Repepition of Information
• Repetition should be avoided
5. Inclusion of all Item
• All items affecting cost should be included.
 Arrangement of Specification
Specification should be arranged in the following sequences:
 Materials that is required for work.
 Specifications for materials.
 Preliminary work, before the construction.
 Procedure for executive the work.
 Tests, if any.
 Clearing on completion.
 Mode of measurements.
 General specifications for first class building
1. Foundation and plinth: Foundation and plinth shall be of first class brick work in
1:6 cement mortar over 1:4:8 cement concrete.
2. Damp proof course: DPC shall be of 25 mm thick cement concrete (1:1.5:3), mixed
with one kg of any water proofing material per bag of cement.
3. Superstructure: Superstructure shall be of 1st class brickwork with 1:6 cement
mortar. Lintels over doors and windows shall be of R.C.C.
4. Roofing: Roof shall be of 100 mm thick R.C.C. (1:2:4) slab with 100 mm lime
terracing above over RCC lab as required. Height of the room shall not be less than
3.5 m.
5. Flooring: Mosaic/Marble flooring shall be provided in all floors including staircase.
6. Finishing: Inside and outside wall shall be finised with 12 mm cement mortar
plaster (1:8). Inside shall be distempered over 2 coats of white wash. Outside shall
be snowcem washed two coats over one coat of white wash.
7. Doors and windows: Chaukhats shall be seasoned teak wood and shutters shall be
40 mm paneled glazed. All fittings shall be provided with iron grills. All wooden and
grills shall be painted with enamel paint over one coat of priming.
8. Miscellaneous: Rain water pipe shall be of cast iron. Building shall be provided with
1st class sanitary, water fittings and electrical installations.
 Detailed specification of for lime concrete in foundation
Lime
The lime used for the concrete shall be freshly burnt and slaked. It should be free
from clayey particles and ashes. Unslaked stone particles should be removed by
shifting.
Broken bricks
The over burnt bricks and the pieces of well burnt bricks are to be broken to sizes
ranging from 20 mm to 40 mm and stacked for easy measurement. The brick bats
shall be free from dirt, dust, rubbish, leaf etc.
Fine aggregates
Surki made from well burnt brick bats is to be used as fine aggregate. It should pass
through I.S. sieve no.48 and free from dust and dirt.
Proportioning
Lime, surki and broken bricks are to be mixed in the proportion of 1:2:5 by volume.
The materials are to be measured loose without shaking or ramming.
Mixing
The mixing shall be done only by mechanical mixer. The broken bats are to be
soaked in clean water for at least 2 hours before mixing. The materials are first
mixed Estimation and Professional Practices 65 to get uniform distribution and then
water is gradually added. The mixing process is to be continued till all the brick bats
are coated with mortar uniformly and a workable concrete is obtained.
Laying and compacting
The concrete shall be laid to the required thickness, not more than 200
mm and a time, and compacted by ramming with rammers weighing 4.5
to 55 kg.
Curing
The lime concrete, so laid, is to be kept wet for at least 7 days.
Measurement
The measurement shall be taken in cu. m. for the finished concrete. The
length and breadth shall be measured correct to 1 cm and depth correct
to 05 cm
 TYPES
1. Preliminary Estimate or Approximate or Rough Cost
Estimate.
1. Plinth Area Estimate
2. Cube rate Estimate or Cubical Content Estimate
3. Approximate Quantity Method Estimate
2. Detailed Estimate or Item Rate Estimate
3. Revised Estimate.
4. Supplementary Estimate
5. Annual Repair or Maintenance Estimate
6. Extension and Improvement of Estimates
7. Complete Estimate
 APPROXIMATE ESTIMATE
• Required for preliminary studies of various aspects of a work or project, to decide the
financial position and policy for administrative sanction by the competent administrative
authority.
• In case of commercial projects as Irrigation projects, Residential building project and similar
projects which earn revenue income, the probable income may be worked out, and from the
preliminary estimate the approximate cost may be known and then it may be seen whether
the investment, on the project is justified or not.
• For non-commercial projects or for projects giving no direct return, their necessity, utility,
availability of money, etc., may be considered before final decision is taken.
• The approximate estimate is prepared from the practical knowledge and cost of the similar
works.
• This estimate is prepared showing separately the approximate cost of all important items of
work as cost of land, cost of each building, cost of roads, water supply sanitary works,
electrification, etc.
• The estimate is accompanied by a brief report explaining the necessity and utility of the
project and showing how the cost of separate items have been arrived at.
• This is also accompanied with a site plan or layout plan.
• A percentage of about 5% to 10% is added as contingencies.
The preliminary estimate may be prepared by various ways for different
structures and Works :-

1. Building
1. Plinth Area Basis
2. Cubic Content Basis
3. Approximate quantity method
2. Roads
1. Per Kilometer (As per nature of road surface and lanes)
3. Irrigation Channel etc.
1. Per kilometer basis depending on the capacity of the
channel. Area of land commanded
Plinth area Estimate:

• The plinth area of a building means Length x Breadth

excluding plinth offsets.
• The estimates are prepared on the basis of plinth areas
of the various buildings proposed to be constructed.
• The rates are being arrived at by dividing the total cost
of construction by its plinth area.
• Using this rate as the basis of the next construction,
the approximate or rough cost of the proposal can be
arrived at by multiplying the plinth area of the
proposed building with this plinth area rate.
Prepare a preliminary types of estimate for a framed four-storied office
building having a carpet area of 300 sq. m, for each floor. Assume area
occupied by corridor, verandah, lavatories, staircase, etc, as 25% of built-up
area and that occupied by walls and columns as 8.5% of the same.
Given,
(i) Built-up area rate for ground floor (excluding foundation) = Rs. 1,500/-
per sq. m.
(ii) Build-up area rate for 1st. & 2nd. floor = Rs. 1,650/- per sq.m.
(iii) Build-up area rate for 3rd floor = 1,800/- sq.m
(iv) Extra for foundation = 20% of super-structure cost.
(v) Extra for special Architectural treatment = 1% of Bldg. Cost.
(vi) Extra for water supply and sanitary = 7% of Bldg. cost.
(vii) Extra for Electricity= 8% of Bldg. cost.
(viii) Extra for Work Charged establishment = 10% of overall cost.
(ix) Extra for other source = 5% of building cost Built up area
(x) Extra for Contigency= 4% of overall cost.
Solution:
Built up area i.e., the plinth area = Carpet area + circulation area+ area occupied by
walls and columns.
Carpet area= 300 sq m (given):
Let P sq m be the plinth area.
or, P = 300 + 25% of plinth area +8.5% of plinth area.
or, P = 300 +0.25x P + 0.085 × P
or, P-0.25P-0.085P = 300 sq m. or, 0.665 P = 300 sq m.
⁂ P = 451.13 sq m.
GF 451.1 1500 676695
FF, SF 902.3 1650 1488729
TF 451.1 1800 812034
Sub-Total for Super str 2,977,458.00
20% for foundation added 3,572,949.60
Architectural treatement 35,729.50
Water supply and sanitation 250,106.47
Electrical 285,835.97
Other sources 178,647.48
Overall cost 4,323,269.02
Contigency 172,930.76
Work charge establishment 432,326.90
Grand Total 4,928,526.68
b) Cubical Contents Method:
•This method is generally used for multistoried buildings.
•It is more accurate than the other two methods viz., plinth area method and
approximate quantity method.
•The cost of a structure is calculated approximately as the total cubical
contents (Volume of buildings) multiplied by Local Cubic Rate.

•The volume of the building is obtained by Length x breadth x depth or height.

Example: Prepare the rough estimate for a proposed commercial complex for a
municipal corporation for the following data.
Plinth Area = 500m²/floor
Ht of each storey = 3.5m
No: of storeys = G+2
Cubical content rate = Rs. 1000/m³
Provided for a following as a percentage of structured cost
water supply & Sanitary arrangement -8%
Electrification -6%
Fluctuation of rates – 5%
Contractors profit -10%
Supervision & contingencies -3%
Solution:
Cubical content = [Link] storeys (Plinth Area x height of each storey)
= 3(500×3.5) = 5250m³
Structural cost = Cubical content x cubical content rate
= 5250 x 1000 = 52.5 Lakhs
Approximate quantity method
• According to this method, the cost of the structure is
determined by multiplying the total number of units by the
unit rate of each item.
• In case schools and colleges, the unit is considered to be ‘one
student and in the case of the hospital, the unit is ‘one bed’.
• The unit rate is calculated by dividing the actual expenditure
incurred or cost of a similar building in the nearby locality by
the number of units.

Example: To prepare the rough cost estimate of a hostel building that

accommodates 150 students. The cost of construction including all
provisions is Rs. 15,000/- per student. Determine the total cost of
the building.
Solution:
• [Link] students= 150
• Cost of construction including all L.S. provisions = Rs. 15.000/ Total
Cost of hostel building = 150 x 15000 = Rs. 22, 50.000/
 Detailed Estimate
• It is an acurate estimate and consists of
working out quantities of each items of works.
• The dimensions of L, B, H of each item are
taken out correctly from drawing and
quantities of each items are calculated.
• It is done in 2 stages.
• Calculations of quantities
• Abstract of estimated cost
 PURPOSE OF APPROXIMATE METHOD
• To investigate feasibility
• To save time and money
• Adjustment of planning
• To investigate benefit and comparison of cost
with utility
• To obtain administrative approval
 DETAILED ESTIMATE
• After getting Administrative approval on a rough cost
estimate. detailed estimates are prepared.
• At the end of the detailed quantities, an abstract of
cost giving quantities of each item and rate of every
item according to the sanctioned schedule of rates
shall be attached.
• the work proposed to be constructed is located in a
remote place, the provision for the carriage of the
material shall be added in the estimate to avoid any
excess over the administratively approved estimate
later on.
• Detailed specifications & reports should also be
attached with the estimate. Technical sanction is given
on a detailed estimate.
 Detailed Estimate Contains;
• Report.
• General specifications.
• Detailed specifications
• Drawings Plan, elevation, Sectional elevations, Detailed
drawings, Site Layout plan or Index plan etc.
• Calculation and designs, Designs of foundation, beam,
slab, lintel, design of channel incase of irrigation
channel, design of thickness of metal crust in case of
road etc.
• Analysis of rates
 Factors to be considered
• Quantity of Material
• Avaibility of Materials
• Transportation of Materials
• Location of Site
• Local Labour Charges
 Revised Estimates
• Revised Estimate is a detailed estimate and is
required to be prepared under any one of the
following circumstances –
– When the original sanctioned estimate is exceeded or
likely to exceed by more than5%.
– When the expenditure on a work exceeds or likely to
exceed the amount of administrative sanction by
more than 10%.
– When there are material deviation from the original
proposal, even though the cost may be met from the
sanctioned amount.
The revised estimate should be accompanied by a comparative
statement showing the variations of each item of works, its
quantity, rate and cost under original and revised, side by side, the
excess or saving and reason for variation.
 Supplementary Estimate
• Supplementary Estimate is a detailed estimate
and is prepared when additional works are
required to supplement the original works.
• The Abstract should show the amount of the
original estimate and the total amount
including the Supplementary amount for
which sanction is required.
 Revised Estimate Supplementary Estimate
• The comparative statement, • No comparative abstract
an abstract form showing form is required. This is the
the probable variation for estimate for additional
quantity, rate, and amount works only.
against each item of work is • The supplementary
required. estimate is required due to
• A revised estimate is some new works or due to
required. due to a change in change of design SO
the rate or quantity of additions or revisions of
materials. So no additional drawings may be necessary.
or revisions of drawings is
necessary.
 Annual Repair or Maintenance Estimate (A.R. or A.M.
Estimate)
•Annual Repair or Annual Maintenance Estimate is a
detailed estimate
•It is prepared to maintain the structure or work in
proper order and safe condition.
•For building; this includes whitewashing, colour
washing, painting, minor repairs etc.
•For road works the A.R. estimate provides for patch
repairing, renewals, repairs of bridges and culverts, etc.
•Further, there may be special repair estimate, Monsoon
damage repair estimate, etc.
 Extension and Improvement of Estimates

• If some items are to be extended or improved from the

original form and the work cannot be carried out from the
annual repair and maintenance fund, then an extension
and improvement estimate is to be prepared.
• It is prepared when it is necessary to the extent or
improves any item or part of the project.
• The conditions may be:
1. In case of a building-opening of new doors, change
of floors, replastering walls etc.
[Link] case of roads-if the whole surface is full of
corrugation & patches, then the total surface is to be
scarified. The old metal is taken out, consolidation by
adding more metal is done and top surface is repainted.
 Complete Estimate
• This is an estimated cost of all items which are
related to the work in addition to the main
contractor to the detailed estimate.
• Most people think that the estimate of
structure includes the cost of land, cost of
materials, and labor only. But many other
direct and indirect costs are also included and
are shown below.
 Complete
Estimate

Cost of
Permit
Legal Cost of
Fee for
Cost of Expenses Material Engineerin Miscellaneou
Contigency Water
Land between Labour. g Fee s
electricit
Owner and Equipmernt
y etc
Contractor

Cost of
Cost of
Preparation of
Supervision
Drawing