The Review of Critical Chain Project Management (CCPM)

MOHAMMAD MEHRABAN CHAKOSARI

PMP, MSc in Industrial Engineering (Macroeconomics Systems Modelling), PhD Candidate,
Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University (TMU)
Email: muhammadmehraban@[Link] , [Link]@[Link]

Seyed Kamal Chaharsooghi1

Professor at the School of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Department of Industrial and Systems
Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University (TMU)
Email: skch@[Link]

Abstract
CCPM bases on Theory of Constraints (TOC) created a revolution in
project management, so that traditional methods of project
management, such as PERT, GERT, and the CPM are now less widely
used. CCPM application is important to the project manager in that
regard it provides the project manager with unique facilities for project
planning and control. This article reviews CCPM studies from 1997 to
2018.

Keywords: Critical Chain Project Management (CCPM), Theory of Constraints

(TOC), Project Management.

1
Corresponding author: (Tel: +9821-82883345, Email: skch@[Link])

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Introduction
According to TOC, the five factors of the inherent uncertainty of the time of activities, student
syndrome, Parkinson law, multiplicity, and lack of concentration of resources are mentioned as the
main reasons for the failure of the projects(Goldratt, 1997). The Jewish physicist E. M. Goldratt, in
TOC, tries to solve the problem in a real system throughout five basic steps to define system
constraints, ensuring maximum output for the bottleneck of the system, the coordinating of all the
components of the system to the bottleneck, the creation of a beat based on the bottleneck, and
monitoring the above steps, if failure to solve the bottleneck problem and repetition of the mentioned
steps(Goldratt, 1997). CCPM was also formed based on TOC in 1997(Cox & Schleier, 2010). Due to
the importance of buffer sizing in CCPM, so far, different methods have been proposed to determine
the project, feeding, and resource buffer size(CHAKOSARI & Chaharsooghi, 2019a). The evaluation
of methods for determining the buffer size in CCPM shows the strengths and weaknesses of each
method in practice(CHAKOSARI & Chaharsooghi, 2019b).

Review of CCPM studies within 22 years ago

CCPM based on TOC was introduced by E. M. Goldratt in 1997(Goldratt, 1997). Newbold
described CCPM through a practical example(Newbold, 1998). Leach introduced CCPM as an
innovation in the project management(Leach, 1998). Ehresman also reviewed the studies in
CCPM(Ehresman, 1998). Cabanis-Brewin also explained the principles of CCPM based on
TOC(Cabanis-Brewin, 1999).
Simpson and Lynch, while investigating on the organizational communication, suggests the use of
CCPM based on TOC to avoid multi-tasking phenomenon(Simpson & Lynch, 1999a).
Simpson and Lynch, during interviews with project CCPM experts, investigated the critical factors
in project success in CCPM(Simpson & Lynch, 1999b).
Leach, investigates the relationship between project performance and the use of CCPM, based on a
better performance indicator over time, cost, and project scope(Leach, 1998).
Duncan, while explaining the principles of CCPM, reviewed CCPM in accordance with the project
management standard of PMBOK(Duncan, 1999).
While researching the application of TOC in project management, Michael and Elizabeth Umble,
suggest the use of CCPM for the success of project management(Umble & Umble, 2000).
Schuyler, while outlining CCPM, has simulated CCPM through Monte Carlo simulation
method(Schuyler, 2000a).
In another study, Schuyler optimized the decisions of the project plan, based on the division, the
network structure of activities, resources and the start time of each activity(Schuyler, 2000b).
Rand conducted a review of the studies until 2000 in the field of CCPM(Rand, 2000).
Pritchard investigated the issue of risk management in CCPM(Pritchard, 2000).
Piney provided a mixed model of project management using the critical path and critical chain
methods(Piney, 2000).
Peterson et al. investigated on CCPM of Earned Value Management (EVM) in CCPM (Peterson &
Filiatrault, 2000).
In another study on the risk management in CCPM, five model behaviors were suggested
including: preservation of estimates; commitment time management of implementation of activities
against the estimated time of implementation; initiating activities as early as possible; managing key
resources (Constraints Management); and multi-tasking of resources; in which the appropriate
response to them can reduce the risk(Filiatrault & Peterson, 2000).
Yeo and Ning, while studying the disadvantages of Engineering, Procurement, and Construction
(EPC) projects, proposed a supply chain and CCPM through research in the area of CCPM integration
and supply chain in EPC projects(Yeo & Ning, 2001).
Steyn proposes CCPM as a new tool for project management (Herman Steyn, 2001). Pitagorsky,
while studying the average rate of 40-60% of project failures, considers CCPM to be a scientific
approach to reduce resource constraints in the project and thus to improve the trend of the progress of
the project(Pitagorsky, 2001).

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 Leach, while outlining CCPM, has investigated the quality of project risk management with a
CCPM approach(Leach, 2001).
Kendall et al. believe that the use of CCPM approach, in that it improves the performance of the
project management organization, is also a success of the project(Kendall, Pitagorsky, & Hulett,
2001).
Steyn, while studying the theoretical applications in project CCPM, considers the application of
project risk management and project cost management with CCPM approach to be more in projects(H.
Steyn, 2002).
Cerveny et al. consider CCPM to be a comprehensive solution for aligning the quality and quantity
methods of project management(Cerveny & Galup, 2002).
According to Taylor et al., considering the possibility of eliminating the negative effects of
uncertainty over the time and cost of activities in CCPM, the conditions for strategic budgeting of the
project are proposed using CCPM(Taylor & Rafai, 2003).
Spoede et al., while explaining the principles and outlining CCPM benefits, explain critical chain
schedule in four main steps: the definition of the critical chain, the support of the critical chain, the
creation of a Drum Buffer Rope (DBR) based on the critical chain, and the avoidance of resource
contentions(Spoede & Jacob, 2003).
Sood and Brigham, in their research, while exploring CCPM, mention CCPM as the best method
for project management and resource management(Sood & Brigham, 2003).
According to the Raz et al., CCPM is not able to meet all of the project CCPM needs, such as
project management processes, despite of the benefits of implementation, such as reducing the time
and cost of implementing project activities(Raz, Barnes, & Dvir, 2003).
Ramgopal, while explaining the difference in risk and uncertainty and their importance,
investigated CCPM and project's uncertainty management(Ramgopal, 2003).
In 2004, E. M. Goldratt later wrote a book entitled "THE GOAL", in which he described a CCPM
method in the form of a story(Goldratt & Cox, 2004).
In addition to explaining the principles of the dynamic systems, Sonawane investigated on the
application of the dynamic systems in CCPM, to develop project management of a modern
construction project(SONAWANE, 2004).
Miranda, in response to the uncertainties involved in the development of software projects, due to
the probable activities and the need to redirect the project, during the implementation time, proposed a
combination of CCPM and Incremental Development (ID), in the implementation of software
projects(Miranda, 2004).
Lee et al. used the combination of CCPM and dynamic systems to solve multifunctional problems
and resource contentions in software projects(LEE & MILLER, 2004). Lee considers it essential the
use of CCPM to run software projects, given the uncertainty surrounding the project activity(Lee,
2004).
As a result of Darren and Miller's research at the Naval Maintenance Center, it was concluded that
TOC and CCPM of about 99 percent of operation lines of the Navy's Maintenance Center resulted in
improved performance at this Center(Darren & Miller, 2004).
Brokman et al., while explaining the project planning and control processes and the principles of
CCPM, and presenting the history of the inventory of the Project Management Office (PMO), suggests
the use of CCPM in scheduling complex projects in terms of execution(Brokman, Kfir, & Pilovsky,
2004).
In a research project entitled "Project Scheduling," from theory to practice, Herroelen addressed the
issue of project scheduling, including project activities, with prerequisite relationships and resource
constraints(Herroelen & Leus, 2005).
Casey, in his research, while explaining the principles of CCPM, mentions CCPM as an innovative
approach in managing project scheduling(Casey, 2005).
Davis et al., have used training and facilitation in the implementation of CCPM in the project,
taking into account the resource constraints(Davis, Samanlioglu, Stanfield, & Davis, 2006).

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 Dass et al. have conducted survey evaluation for the duration of the project on the schedule of the
project portfolio by allocating resources by TOC(Dass & Steyn, 2006).
In a case study in the aviation industry, Best has paid attention to case CCPM applications in
various projects(Best, 2006).
Yang, while comparing the traditional planning and scheduling techniques, such as PERT and
CPM, examined the application of CCPM in construction projects(J.-B. Yang, 2007).
Rabbani et al. presented an innovative method for project scheduling under resource constraints in
random networks using a critical chain approach(Rabbani, Ghomi, Jolai, & Lahiji, 2007).
Shen et al., explored the agile and CCPM in scheduling of the project(Shen & Chua, 2008).
While reviewing the studies conducted until 2008 on the project management, Prabhakar, reviewed
CCPM research in a part of his research(Prabhakar, 2008).
Blackstone et al. carried out CCPM simulation based on uniform, triangular, and exponential
distribution to assess CCPM efficiency, and found positive CCPM impacts over time and cost of
project implementation(Blackstone, Cox, & Schleier, 2009).
Balakrishnan explores the application of project management software for critical chain
analysis(Balakrishnan, 2009). Shi et al., while presenting the amount of CCPM use, suggested the use
of CCPM in portfolio management of construction projects(Shi, 2009).
Sarapinas et al., while explaining TOC, introduced the application of TOC in project-oriented
organizational structures(Sarapinas & Sudžius, 2009).
Peng et al. presented the modified critical chain and optimization model based on the optimal
CCPM model, as well as the issue of project scheduling under resource constraints(Wuliang Peng &
Jin, 2009).
Bevilacqua et al. investigated the critical chain and risk analysis in the perishable
industries(Bevilacqua, Ciarapica, & Giacchetta, 2009).
Simpson, while stressing the importance of implementing a project quickly and with the ability to
predict the activities of a project, considers the periodic update based on the definition of the project
baseline and the periodic report of the program as an important issue(Simpson, 2010).
In order to improve the performance of a system in a cross-sectional manner, it is possible to
improve the system in a cross-sectional manner easily by detecting and solving the constraints(Cox &
Schleier, 2010).
Zhao et al. investigated the innovative use of CCPM for project planning and control under
resource constraints and uncertainty(Zhao, You, & Zuo, 2010).
After 10 years of the birth of TOC, Startton reviewed the studies on TOC and CCPM (Stratton,
2010). Robinson et al.(Robinson & Richards, 2010), also in another study(Paper, 2010), explained
CCPM, reviewing the research on the critical chain and CCPM.
Reyck et al. investigated the effective planning of the project using the appropriate planning tools
such as CCPM, using the Agile software(Reyck, 2010).
In his research, Doyle described the principles of CCPM, providing examples using simulation
tools in CCPM(Doyle, 2010).
Sharon et al. while comparing project management and engineering management systems, have
applied TOC and critical chain in system management(Sharon, Weck, & Dori, 2011).
Gupta reviewed the studies conducted until 2011 on TOC and critical chain(Gupta, 2011).
Tsou et al., using the analytical approach, presents a TOC-based model for solving the problem of
project scheduling, which the performance of each scheduling strategy using simulation techniques
parameters can be evaluated(Tsou, 2012).
Yang, while explaining CCPM, uses a fuzzy triangular numbers to implement CCPM method
during a sample accounting project(Y. Yang, 2012).
Toulasi et al., while presenting a review article, focused on TOC(Tulasi, Rao, & Tirupati, 2012).
Prestin et al., in their research, tried to reduce Work In Process (WIP), using network analysis and
critical chain, in production space(Prestin & Bingman, 2012).
Peng et al. analyzed the project risk scheduling, using the chain of events method, in the form of
aerial terminal project(Wei Peng, Shen, & Liu, 2012).

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 Mitra et al. provided lesson learned on the implementation of major projects in Saudi Arabia in the
form of an article(Mitra & Tan, 2012).
DEAC et al. went on to study quantitative project management techniques and CCPM reviews as a
modern project planning technique(DEAC, VRINCUT, & BRANZAS, 2012a).
In a review article, HALL has studied on recent developments and study opportunities in the field
of project management(HALL, 2012). Grant, while reviewing CCPM history, has, at a glance,
explained the status of CCPM in the field of project management(Grant, 2012).
In his research on qualitative project CCPM techniques, DEAC et al. presented a modern approach
to project management using CPM(DEAC & VRÎNCU, 2012). According to DEAC et al., project
CCPM and CPM are similar in terms of time reserve creation, but the amount and location of
assignment of precautionary periods varies in each of the methods(DEAC, VRINCUT, & BRANZAS,
2012b).
A number of Chinese researchers, while exploring CCPM, have proposed a method for improving
multi project management in the critical chain(HUANG, LI, CHUNG, HSU, & Chih-Hung TSAI,
2013).
Cooper, while introducing CCPM, in his research, introduces a condition for improving the focus
and predictability of project goals in the use of CCPM methodology(Cooper, 2013).
The researchers believe that like monitoring and continuous control of a project in CCPM, the
choice of service provider in the supply chain can also be carried out(Wei & Ying, 2013).
Huang et al., while explaining the principles of CCPM as well as the strategy and tactic trees,
conducted a study to improve management of projects portfolios using CCPM(HUANG et al., 2013).
DEAC et al. provided comprehensive software using the qualitative techniques of CCPM in the
Romanian market(DEAC, VRINCUT, & PAUN, 2013). DEAC et al., in their research on
comprehensive CCPM Software in the Romanian market, investigated the compatibility of Microoft
Project (MSP) Schedule Software components in CCPM(DEAC et al., 2013). According to DEAC et
al., the requirements for successful implementation of CCPM steps in the organization, as well as how
to manage the project portfolios by CCPM, has an important role in the efficient and effective
management of the project(DEAC & VRÎNCU, 2013).
According to Kirpes, the use of CCPM can commit the project obligations in a timely manner and
within the framework of the projected budget(Kirpes, 2014).
Anantatmula et al., while explaining CPM, mentions CCPM as a revolution in project
management(Anantatmula & Webb, 2014).
Zhang et al., while persuading experts to innovate in project management, and introduce
competitive advantages and efficiency of CCPM, will use this approach by experts in projects to
increase the efficiency of the project(M. Zhang & Jin, 2014).
Warchalowski et al., acknowledge that CCPM has significant effects on improving the time
between implementation of operations, timely delivery of output, the high efficiency of project
resources, as well as increased project profits(Warchalowski & Patrick, 2014).
Yung et al. in order to solve the problem of scheduling multi-project resources in managing a
research and development project in the automotive industry presented a multi-project scheduling
system based on the intuitional and critical chain of activities based on priorities(S. Yang & Fu, 2014).
The American researchers, while reviewing the history of research on project CCPM and TOC of
constraints, which forms the basis of CCPM, provide statistics on the number of articles published in
various areas of project management, including TOC between 1999 and 2013(Johnson, Creasy, & Fan,
2015a).
Parker et al. described the benefits of using TOC and several other theories in strategic
planning(Parker, Parsons, & Isharyanto, 2015).
Zhang et al. have conducted a research on dynamic monitoring and effort-centered project control
using software that is based on risk management determinants(J. Zhang, Shi, & Diaz, 2015).
The degree of understanding the planning and scheduling theory in construction projects and the
case study of the Omani construction projects has been evaluated by AlNasseri et al (AlNasseri &
Aulin, 2015).

5
 Three researchers, while studying a number of articles on TOC that is the foundation of CCPM,
concluded that the number of articles published in TOC since 2010 has been reduced(Johnson, Creasy,
& Fan, 2015b).
In a research, while exploring and explaining the principles of CCPM, it is recommended to use the
benefits of CCPM for project planning and control(Jayaraman, 2016).
In a research, practical application of CCPM and Scrum, which is the software development
framework of the Agile Thinking Methodology series, in the flexible management of multiple projects
has been addressed(Almeida, Souza, & Produção, 2016).
Several researchers have researched on the comparisons of traditional planning methods, such as
CPM and PERT, with CCPM for information technology projects and related software development,
and provided significant benefits to CCPM use(ALMA, COŞKUN, & UĞUR, 2016).
Fan, in the computer simulation, distinguishes between the traditional method of CPM and the new
method of critical chain(Fan, 2016).
Using CCPM of the total duration of project implementation in railway projects of India dropped
by 3%, which would certainly reduce the total cost of the project, which is a very significant result of
the project(Sarkar & Babu, 2016).
Pawiński et al. have implemented the scheduling problem under resource contention by considering
CCPM constraints on a computer in the internal network environment as well as a personal
computer(Pawiński & Sapiecha, 2016).
EVM in project control and during a specific project has been examined and, at the end of the
research, the use of EVM has been proposed in CCPM(Nkiwane, Meyer, & Steyn, 2016).
Goto et al. conducted research on a solution to the problem of project resource contention using a
genetic algorithm in CCPM(Yokoyama & Goto, 2017). Goto et al., using the Max Plus Linear model
under the name of MPL, presented the leading managerial framework of CCPM, focusing on projects
with probable time and limited resources under the title CPM-MPL(Yokoyama & Goto, 2017).
Two researchers, while pointing out the importance of improving project management in
companies to improve the company's performance, recommends the use of CCPM to experts(Apaolaza
& Lizarralde, 2017). Apaolaza et al., in a case study, explaining the principles of CCPM, described the
importance of implementing a new project management method and the need for fundamental changes
in management of companies to achieve efficient and effective management(Apaolaza & Lizarralde,
2017).
In a research, the combination of repetitive and non-repeat scheduling methods has been devoted to
the unique application of these scheduling methods, and a new scheduling method for repeatable
projects has been introduced based on the combination of linear scheduling and CCPM(Salama, Salah,
& Mosel hi, 2018).
Poshdara et al. used a multi-objective probabilistic method for optimal time allocation of buffer
sizing, based on an optimization approach with a target search method, including practical results and
decision-maker preferences(Poshdara, Gonzálezb, Rafteryb, Orozcoc, & Cabrera-Guerrerod, 2018).
In the present study, while introducing an optimal approach to determining the buffer size in
CCPM by maximizing the buffer strength determined in project scheduling, the effective measures to
determine the buffer size in CCPM, such as network complexity, flexibility, criticality, and buffer
strength was studied(Ansari, Makuib, & Ghoddousia, 2018).
Hammad et al. developed a framework for estimating, allocating, and managing precautionary
times, using TOC and techniques of Earned Schedule Management (ESM) method, which somewhat
overcomes the negligence of CPM(Hammad, Abbasi, & Ryan, 2018).

Problem in the recent literatures

In studies conducted so far in the field of CCPM, the optimal solution for planning using CCPM
has not been investigated. A significant part of the delays in the projects is due to the lack of sufficient
knowledge of the planning team and, consequently, the lack of precise sequencing of activities, the
lack of precise estimation of the time and cost of implementing activities. The tool for detecting and

6
correcting planning errors in CCPM was envisaged under Fever Chart (FC), but unfortunately, in none
of the studies on CCPM, FC was investigated in the planning phase.

Suggestions for future researches

The provision of an integrated solution for critical chain planning, such as being able to determine
and allocate optimal buffer sizes during scheduling through CCPM, is very important for future
research.

Figure 1: Share of Topics in CCPM Studies

Figure 1: Share of Topics in CCPM Studies, shows that Out of 216 management researches, 57 articles
on buffer sizing, 31 articles in the field of buffer management, and the rest, have also covered other
topics related to CCPM. Buffer sizing, with a 27% share, has been considered by many researchers.
Finding a dynamic and optimized model for continuous monitoring of FC in the planning and
implementation process groups, as a practical subject in the field of CCPM, can be investigated.

Conclusion
This article has studied the researches on the application of CCPM in projects. The use of CCPM
reduces the probability of latency in the project and is recommended in multi project environments.

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