CHAPTER TWO

Introduction to .NET

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 Topics
Introduction to .NET Framework
Components of .NET Framework
Architecture of .NET Framework
Design Principle of .NET Framework
Introduction to Visual Studio
[Link](Active server pages Network enabled
Technologies)
SDI And MDI Forms
Controls
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 .NET Framework
 .NET (Pronounced "Dot Net Framework“)

 The .NET Framework is a software development platform developed by Microsoft.

 .NET Framework is a platform that provides tools and technologies you need.

 The objective of the .NET Framework is to provide a fully managed, object-oriented

environment where code can be executed reliably, securely, and without the performance
issues common in older interpreted languages.

 .NET Framework is part of the .NET platform, a collection of technologies for building apps
for Linux, macOS, Windows, iOS, Android, and more.

 First version .NET framework 1.0 in 2002

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 Cont.…
 It provides a controlled environment for developing and running applications,
including:-

 Desktop, web based , and mobile applications.

 To build Networked Applications and Distributed Web Services

 Form-based Applications.

 The .NET Framework supports more than 60 programming languages such as

C#, F#, [Link], J#, VC++, [Link], APL, COBOL, Python, Cobra, etc.

 The software programs written in .NET are executed in the execution

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environment, which is called CLR (Common Language Runtime).
 .NET Components
 The architecture of the .Net framework is based on the following key components;
1. Common Language Runtime (CLR)
 It is the foundational execution engine or Environment and virtual machine.
 It is responsible for managing the execution of all .NET programs at runtime (often called
managed code), providing a highly consistent, secure, and reliable run-time environment.
 It is a program execution engine that loads and executes the program.
 Converts the program into native code.
 Controls the interaction with the OS(Operating System).
 It has other responsible:-
 Garbage collection and Memory safety
 Type safety
 Exception Handling
 Integrated security
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 Garbage Collection(GC)
• Garbage Collection is the process of cleaning up unused memory inside the .NET
process.
• The CLR allocates memory into the managed heap when an object is created.
• Since memory is a finite resource, hence it needs to be freed up at some point in
time based on availability.
• i.e. GC is the component responsible for automatic memory management inside
of the CLR.

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 Why Garbage Collection(GC)
 The developer does not have to manage memory.
 Memory allocation is efficient.
 Provide more safety in terms of making
sure, one object cannot use content of the other.
 Finds out and clean unused memory
automatically.

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 .NET Framework
Common Language Runtime
 The CLR defines the Common Type System (CTS), which is a standard
type system used by all .NET languages.
 Type-safety
 type safety is the extent to which a programming language
discourages or prevents type errors
 Writing safe code also means to prevent data loss during
conversion of one type to another.
 Memory management, etc...

Common Language Runtime

Operating System

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 .NET Framework
Framework Class Library

 Provides the core functionality of .Net Framework architecture .

 It contains a huge library of reusable types. classes, interfaces, structures, and
enumerated values.
 FCL organized in a hierarchical tree structure and it is divided into Namespaces.
 Namespaces is a logical grouping of types for the purpose of identification.
 The System Namespace is the root for types in the .NET Framework.

.NET Framework (Base Class Library)

Common Language Runtime
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 .NET Framework
Framework Class Library
Following are the commonly used namespaces:
Namespaces Description

It includes all common datatypes, string values, arrays

System
and methods for data conversion.

[Link], [Link], [Link], These are used to access a database, perform commands
[Link], [Link] on a database and retrieve database.

[Link], [Link],
These are used to access, read and write files.
[Link]

These namespaces are used to create Windows-based

[Link], [Link]
applications using Windows user interface components.
[Link], [Link],
These are used for authentication, authorization, and
[Link], [Link],
encryption purpose.
[Link]

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 .NET Framework
Framework Class Library
.NET Framework Namespaces

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 .NET Framework
[Link]
 IT is a core data access technology in the .NET Framework used to interact with data
sources such as databases, XML files, and web services.
 It provides a bridge between your application and a data source, enabling operations
like retrieving, inserting, updating, and deleting data.
 Also, It allows connection to data sources for retrieving, manipulating, and updating
data.
 It provides access to data sources like SQL server, OLE DB((Object Linking and
Embedding, Database).), XML etc…

ADO .NET and XML

.NET Framework (Base Class Library)
Common Language Runtime

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Operating System
 .NET Framework
[Link] & Windows Forms
 Create application’s front-end – Web-based user interface, Windows
GUI, Web services, etc.…
 IIS(Internet Information Services ) -execute an ASP. Net application.
 IIS can be used to host, deploy, and manage web applications using technologies
such as [Link] and PHP.

ASP .NET Windows

Web Forms Web Services
Forms
Mobile Internet Toolkit

ADO .NET and XML

.NET Framework (Base Class Library)

Common Language Runtime

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 [Link]
 Web Technology
 Rich set of [Link] server controls
 Framework for building Web applications and Web services in any .NET
language
– C#, C++, [Link], JScript, etc.
[Link] is a part of Microsoft .Net platform.

 [Link] is used to produce interactive,

data-driven web applications
over the internet.
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 Common Language Specification (CLS)
 CLS is a set of basic language features that .Net Languages needed to develop
Applications and Services , which are compatible with the .Net Framework
 Ensures complete interoperability among applications, regardless of the language
used to create the application.
 CLS defines a subset of Common Type System (CTS) .
 CTS describes a set of types that can use different .Net languages have in common ,
which ensure that objects written in d/t languages can interact with each other.
 CTS provides base set of Data Types which is responsible for cross language
integration.

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 Common Type System(CTS)
 CTS is a rich type system built into the CLR
 Implements various types (int, float, string, …)
 which is responsible for cross language integration
 Isa standard which defines
» How the types are declared, used and managed
»Basic data types that IL(Intermediate Language ) understands
For Example,
• CTS defines a type int32, an integral data type of 32 bit which is mapped by C#
through int and [Link] through its Integer datatype

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 Con…
 i.e. CLR can load and execute the source code written in any .NET language, only if the
type is described in the CTS.
What Common Language Specification
 CLS is a set of specifications that all languages and libraries need to follow
 Guaranteed your code to be usable in any other .NET language
 Ensure interoperability between languages
• command-line interface: A platform-independent development system from Microsoft that
enables programs written in different programming languages to run on different types of hardware .

C# CLS [Link]
CLI CTS
CLR/CTS
CLS Fortran
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 Cont…
• CTS Main Goals
• Language Interoperability – allows different .NET languages to share
data.
• Type Safety – ensures that all operations on data types are valid.
• Consistent Behavior – all .NET languages behave the same way for the
same data types.

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 Common Language Specification

 implementation of language integration.

Common Language Specification

ASP .NET Windows
Web Forms Web Services Forms
Mobile Internet Toolkit
ADO .NET and XML
.NET Framework (Base Class Library)

Common Language Runtime

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Operating System
 Programming Languages
 Use your favorite language
 Languages provided
C++ C# VB Perl J# … by Microsoft
Common Language Specification – C++, C#, J#,
ASP .NET [Link], Jscript…
Windows
Web Forms Web Services
Forms  Third-parties
Mobile Internet Toolkit languages
ADO .NET and XML – Perl, Python,
Pascal, APL,
.NET Framework (Base Class Library) COBOL, Eiffel,
Haskell, ML, …
Common Language Runtime  Advanced multi-
Operating System
language features
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 Visual Studio .NET
 Visual Studio is a powerful and customizable programming environment
that contains all the tools you need to build programs quickly and
efficiently.
 Is a fully featured software package which supports more than 60
programming language.

The Visual Studio

Environment

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 Visual Studio .NET
.NET Framework Architecture
C++ C# VB Perl J# …

Common Language Specification

Visual Studio .NET

ASP .NET Windows
Web Forms Web Services
Forms
Mobile Internet Toolkit

ADO .NET and XML

.NET Framework (Base Class Library)

Common Language Runtime

Operating System
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 .NET Framework Design Principle
Interoperability
 Language interoperability is the ability of code to interact with code that
is written using a different programming language.
 It can help maximize code reuse.
 Example: application built on an older version Net framework, say 2.0,
executed without problem in 3.5.
Portability
 Applications built on the .Net framework can be made to work on any
Windows platform.

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 Con…
Security
 The .NET Framework has a good security mechanism.
 is used to grant the user access to the code.
Memory management
 Automatic memory management is one of the services that the CLR
provides during Managed Execution.
 The capability to see those resources, which are not used by a running
program.
 The garbage collector runs at regular intervals and keeps on checking
which system resources are not utilized.

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 Con…
Language independence-
 The .NET Framework is language independent.
Simplified deployment
Type-Safety
 Type-safe code cannot perform an operation on an object that is invalid for
that object.
 prevents type errors, data loss during conversion of one type to another

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 Multiple Language Support
 Microsoft Intermediate Language – MSIL
 Are not compiled to machine code. But they are compiled to an IL.
 IL (MSIL) – Intermediate Language, Common Intermediate Language(CIL)
 During the compile time , the compiler convert the source code into MSIL .
 When a compiler produces MSIL, it also produces Metadata.
 MSIL includes
instructions for loading, storing, initializing, and calling methods on
objects, as well as
instructions for arithmetic and logical operations,
control flow, direct memory access, exception handling, and other
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 Microsoft Intermediate Language - MSIL
 Itis low-level (machine) language, like Assembler, but is Object-
oriented
 MSIL is a CPU-independent set of instructions.
 CLR accepts the IL code and recompile into machine code. The
recompilation is called meaning it is done as soon as a function is called.
 CLR's Just
in Time(JIT) compiler converts the IL code into native code to
the Operating System.(CIL).

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 Code Compilation and Execution

Compilation
Also called
Source Language Code
MSIL Assembly
Code Compiler Metadata

- First time each

method is called
Execution
Native JIT - Install time
Code Compiler precompilation

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 SDI and MDI
 Microsoft Foundation Class Library (MFC) makes it easy to work with
both single-document interface (SDI) and multiple-document interface
(MDI) applications.
 SDI applications allow only one open document frame window at a
time.
 MDI applications allow multiple document frame windows to be open
in the same instance of an application.

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 Difference Between SDI and MDI
SDI MDI
• should not be container • is a container administration
administration. • cope many applications at a time
• cope only one software program at a
time.
• SDI exists independently
• stand-alone

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 Controls
• Controls are small building blocks of the graphical user interface,
which include text boxes, buttons, check boxes, list boxes, labels,
and other tools.
Control Name Applicable Events Description
Label None It is used to display text.
TextBox TextChanged It is used to create a text input in the form.
Button Click, Command It is used to create a button.
It is used to create a button that looks similar to the
LinkButton Click, Command
hyperlink.
It is used to create an imagesButton. Here, an image works
ImageButton Click
as a Button.
DropDownList SelectedIndexChanged It is used to create a dropdown list control.
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ListBox SelectedIndexCnhaged It is used to create a ListBox control like the HTML control.
 THE END
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